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Spaccavento S, Carraturo G, Brattico E, Matarrelli B, Rivolta D, Montenegro F, Picciola E, Haumann NT, Jespersen KV, Vuust P, Losavio E. Musical and electrical stimulation as intervention in disorder of consciousness (DOC) patients: A randomised cross-over trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304642. [PMID: 38820520 PMCID: PMC11142721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of consciousness (DOC), i.e., unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) or vegetative state (VS) and minimally conscious state (MCS), are conditions that can arise from severe brain injury, inducing widespread functional changes. Given the damaging implications resulting from these conditions, there is an increasing need for rehabilitation treatments aimed at enhancing the level of consciousness, the quality of life, and creating new recovery perspectives for the patients. Music may represent an additional rehabilitative tool in contexts where cognition and language are severely compromised, such as among DOC patients. A further type of rehabilitation strategies for DOC patients consists of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation techniques (NIBS), including transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), affecting neural excitability and promoting brain plasticity. OBJECTIVE We here propose a novel rehabilitation protocol for DOC patients that combines music-based intervention and NIBS in neurological patients. The main objectives are (i) to assess the residual neuroplastic processes in DOC patients exposed to music, (ii) to determine the putative neural modulation and the clinical outcome in DOC patients of non-pharmacological strategies, i.e., tES(control condition), and music stimulation, and (iii) to evaluate the putative positive impact of this intervention on caregiver's burden and psychological distress. METHODS This is a randomised cross-over trial in which a total of 30 participants will be randomly allocated to one of three different combinations of conditions: (i) Music only, (ii) tES only (control condition), (iii) Music + tES. The music intervention will consist of listening to an individually tailored playlist including familiar and self-relevant music together with fixed songs; concerning NIBS, tES will be applied for 20 minutes every day, 5 times a week, for two weeks. After these stimulations two weeks of placebo treatments will follow, with sham stimulation combined with noise for other two weeks. The primary outcomes will be clinical, i.e., based on the differences in the scores obtained on the neuropsychological tests, such as Coma Recovery Scale-Revised, and neurophysiological measures as EEG, collected pre-intervention, post-intervention and post-placebo. DISCUSSION This study proposes a novel rehabilitation protocol for patients with DOC including a combined intervention of music and NIBS. Considering the need for rigorous longitudinal randomised controlled trials for people with severe brain injury disease, the results of this study will be highly informative for highlighting and implementing the putative beneficial role of music and NIBS in rehabilitation treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05706831, registered on January 30, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Spaccavento
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Carraturo
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benedetta Matarrelli
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Montenegro
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilia Picciola
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Niels Trusbak Haumann
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kira Vibe Jespersen
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Royal Academy of Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ernesto Losavio
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Kuyler A, Johnson E, Bornman J. Multimodal communication reported by familiar caregivers to build communication capacity in persons who are minimally conscious. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 25:523-539. [PMID: 35838322 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2022.2096926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited clinical and research evidence is available to support healthcare practitioners in the communication assessment and intervention of persons who are minimally conscious. This study placed a specific focus on the multimodal communication strategies familiar caregivers of persons who are minimally conscious observed, as well as the verbal and the nonverbal communication strategies they employed to build communication capacity. This may inform clinical practice as it provides valuable autobiographical information as well as familiar stimuli that may elicit responses from persons in a minimally conscious state. METHOD A descriptive qualitative design employing in-depth semi-structured interviews with familiar caregivers was utilised to address the purpose of the study. RESULT Familiar caregivers reported that they used both nonverbal and verbal communication strategies to obtain a response from persons who are minimally conscious. These caregivers also reported that these persons appeared to rely on nonverbal communication strategies to express 36 different communication functions. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, it is clear that caregivers can be beneficial to persons who are minimally conscious, if they are able to observe and capitalise on naturally occurring multimodal communication strategies and functions. This study emphasises that familiar caregivers respect and value the dignity of persons who are minimally conscious and want to improve their communication capacity, but often lack confidence in their own communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariné Kuyler
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Ensa Johnson
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Juan Bornman
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Bicciato G, Narula G, Brandi G, Eisele A, Schulthess S, Friedl S, Willms JF, Westphal L, Keller E. Functional NIRS to detect covert consciousness in neurocritical patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 144:72-82. [PMID: 36306692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study assesses the feasibility to detect covert consciousness in clinically unresponsive patients by means of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a real intensive care unit setting. We aimed to verify if the hemodynamic response to familiar music measured with fNIRS varies according to the level consciousness of the patients. METHODS 22 neurocritical patients and 6 healthy controls were included. The experiment consisted in 3 subsequent blocks including a first resting state recording, a period of music playback and a second resting state recording. fNIRS measurement were performed on each subject with two optodes on the forehead. Main oscillatory frequencies of oxyhemoglobin signal were analyzed. Spectral changes of low frequency oscillations (LFO) between subsequent experimental blocks were used as a marker of cortical response. Cortical response was compared to the level of consciousness of the patients and their functional outcome, through validated clinical scores. RESULTS Cortical hemodynamic response to music on the left prefrontal brain was associated with the level of consciousness of the patients and with their clinical outcome after three months. CONCLUSIONS Variations in LFO spectral power measured with fNIRS may be a new marker of cortical responsiveness to detect covert consciousness in neurocritical patients. Left prefrontal cortex may play an important role in the perception of familiar music. SIGNIFICANCE We showed the feasibility of a simple fNIRS approach to detect cortical response in the real setting of an intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bicciato
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gagan Narula
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Brandi
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Eisele
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schulthess
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Friedl
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Folkard Willms
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Westphal
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Keller
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Grimm T, Groß M, Nater UM, Summ O, Kreutz G. Psychophysiological Effects of Biographical Interventions in People With Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Minimally Conscious State. Front Neurol 2022; 13:788588. [PMID: 35599728 PMCID: PMC9120535 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.788588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various music interventions can evoke favorable behavioral responses or physiological reactions in people with disorders of consciousness (DOC), such as coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), and minimally conscious state (MCS). However, it appears that no study thus far has investigated the effects of music on the endocrine system of people with DOC. Objective This explorative study aimed to investigate the effects of biographical music and biographical language on the physiological and endocrine systems of people with UWS and MCS. Method A cohort of 20 people with DOC (10 women, 10 men; age range 19–77) received 20 min of biographical music and biographical language. Before and afterward, they were exposed to silence. Physiological and hormonal measurements were conducted before, during, and after the interventions. Results Paired t-tests showed a significant decrease of salivary cortisol in the condition with biographical language interventions. Conclusion Biographical interventions can modulate reactions in the endocrine system in people with DOC. Further studies are needed to establish whether and how individuals living with DOC show psychoneuroendocrine responses to music and other arts-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Grimm
- Public Health Department of the City of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Music, Faculty of Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Teresa Grimm
| | - Martin Groß
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Network on Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Oldenburg, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Urs M. Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Summ
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Kreutz
- Department of Music, Faculty of Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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Increase in Low-Frequency Oscillations in fNIRS as Cerebral Response to Auditory Stimulation with Familiar Music. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010042. [PMID: 35053789 PMCID: PMC8773668 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of typical patterns of brain response to external stimuli using near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) may become a gateway to detecting covert consciousness in clinically unresponsive patients. This is the first fNIRS study on the cortical hemodynamic response to favorite music using a frequency domain approach. The aim of this study was to identify a possible marker of cognitive response in healthy subjects by investigating variations in the oscillatory signal of fNIRS in the spectral regions of low-frequency (LFO) and very-low-frequency oscillations (VLFO). The experiment consisted of two periods of exposure to preferred music, preceded and followed by a resting phase. Spectral power in the LFO region increased in all the subjects after the first exposure to music and decreased again in the subsequent resting phase. After the second music exposure, the increase in LFO spectral power was less distinct. Changes in LFO spectral power were more after first music exposure and the repetition-related habituation effect strongly suggest a cerebral origin of the fNIRS signal. Recognition of typical patterns of brain response to specific environmental stimulation is a required step for the concrete validation of a fNIRS-based diagnostic tool.
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