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Virtanen PS, Ortiz KJ, Patel A, Blocher WA, Richardson AM. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption for the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors: Advances in the Past Half-Decade. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:236-249. [PMID: 38329660 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review relevant advances in the past half-decade in the treatment of primary brain tumors via modification of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. RECENT FINDINGS BBB disruption is becoming increasingly common in the treatment of primary brain tumors. Use of mannitol in BBB disruption for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics via superselective intra-arterial cerebral infusion (SIACI) is the most utilized strategy to modify the BBB. Mannitol is used in conjunction with chemotherapeutics, oligonucleotides, and other active agents. Convection-enhanced delivery has become an attractive option for therapeutic delivery while bypassing the BBB. Other technologic innovations include laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) and focused ultrasound (FUS) which have emerged as prime modalities to directly target tumors and cause significant local BBB disruption. In the past 5 years, interest has significantly increased in studying modalities to disrupt the BBB in primary brain tumors to enhance treatment responses and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piiamaria S Virtanen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle J Ortiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ajay Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Angela M Richardson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Siegel RJ, Singh AK, Panipinto PM, Shaikh FS, Vinh J, Han SU, Kenney HM, Schwarz EM, Crowson CS, Khuder SA, Khuder BS, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Extracellular sulfatase-2 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis and mediates the TNF-α-induced inflammatory activation of synovial fibroblasts. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1185-1195. [PMID: 36068294 PMCID: PMC9508225 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular sulfatase-2 (Sulf-2) influences receptor-ligand binding and subsequent signaling by chemokines and growth factors, yet Sulf-2 remains unexplored in inflammatory cytokine signaling in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we characterized Sulf-2 expression in RA and investigated its potential role in TNF-α-induced synovial inflammation using primary human RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Sulf-2 expression was significantly higher in serum and synovial tissues from patients with RA and in synovium and serum from hTNFtg mice. RNA sequencing analysis of TNF-α-stimulated RASFs showed that Sulf-2 siRNA modulated ~2500 genes compared to scrambled siRNA. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of RNA sequencing data identified Sulf-2 as a primary target in fibroblasts and macrophages in RA. Western blot, ELISA, and qRT‒PCR analyses confirmed that Sulf-2 knockdown reduced the TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, CAD11, PDPN, CCL5, CX3CL1, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Signaling studies identified the protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways as key in the TNF-α-mediated induction of proteins related to cellular adhesion and invasion. Knockdown of Sulf-2 abrogated TNF-α-induced RASF proliferation. Sulf-2 knockdown with siRNA and inhibition by OKN-007 suppressed the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ and JNK, thereby suppressing the nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κBp65 in human RASFs. Interestingly, Sulf-2 expression positively correlated with the expression of TNF receptor 1, and coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the binding of these two proteins, suggesting they exhibit crosstalk in TNF-α signaling. This study identified a novel role of Sulf-2 in TNF-α signaling and the activation of RA synoviocytes, providing the rationale for evaluating the therapeutic targeting of Sulf-2 in preclinical models of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby J Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Anil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Panipinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Farheen S Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Judy Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Sang U Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - H Mark Kenney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia S Crowson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Basil S Khuder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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