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Khatin-Zadeh O, Hu J, Eskandari Z, Banaruee H, Farsani D. Schematic Embodiment of Perseverance in Persian. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2024; 53:12. [PMID: 38340189 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-024-10055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A group of Persian speakers were asked to talk about the concept of perseverance in semi-structured interviews. Gestures that participants used to talk about this concept were analyzed. The results showed that the concept of perseverance was primarily embodied in upward head gestures, fist-shaped hand gestures, forward hand gestures, and forward leg gestures. In a significant number of cases, these four elements occurred together. This suggests that the embodiment of perseverance can be distributed in several gestures in several body parts. Although these gestures had different directions in various body parts, the pattern of occurrence of these gestures was the same in a significant number of cases. We call this process schematic embodiment. These four elements create a gestural scheme that represents the embodied realization of perseverance. We define gestural scheme as a set of dynamic, sequential, and coordinated gestures that collectively represent a concept or an event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiehui Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zahra Eskandari
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hassan Banaruee
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Education of Weingarten, Weingarten, Germany
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Familia, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Khatin-Zadeh O, Farsani D, Hu J, Eskandari Z, Zhu Y, Banaruee H. A Review of Studies Supporting Metaphorical Embodiment. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:585. [PMID: 37504032 PMCID: PMC10376178 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a review of studies that have provided evidence supporting metaphorical embodiment. These studies are divided into three categories of behavioral, neuroimaging, and corpus studies. After summing up the findings of these studies, it is concluded that metaphorical embodiment is supported by these three lines of research. This is followed by a review of a number of studies that have measured sensorimotor and action effector strengths of various concepts. Then, the idea of sensorimotor and action effector strength of concepts is linked to metaphorical embodiment to present the main idea of the paper. Based on the findings of studies that have measured sensorimotor and action effector strengths of concepts, it is suggested that the degree of involvement of sensorimotor systems in mental simulation of metaphoric actions may not be at the same level in all metaphors. It depends on the sensorimotor strength of the base of the metaphor in various modalities. If the base of a metaphor has a high degree of perceptual strength in a certain modality, that modality plays the most important role in the processing of that metaphor, while other modalities take less important roles. In other words, depending on the sensorimotor strengths of the base of a metaphor in various modalities, those modalities have various levels of importance in the processing of that metaphor. If the base of the metaphor is weak in all modalities, modal resources can come into play to process that metaphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jiehui Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zahra Eskandari
- Department of English, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar 99717-56499, Iran
| | - Yanjiao Zhu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hassan Banaruee
- Department of English, American, and Celtic Studies, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Khatin-Zadeh O, Farsani D, Hu J, Eskandari Z, Banaruee H. Gestural Embodiment of Intensifiers in Iconic, Metaphoric, and Beat Gestures. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020174. [PMID: 36829403 PMCID: PMC9952557 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the gestural embodiment of intensifiers in iconic and metaphoric gestures when these words are used with literal and metaphoric statements. We asked a group of Persian native speakers to listen to and then retell a set of Persian stories. In these stories, a number of intensifiers were used with literal and metaphoric sentences. The results showed that when an intensifier was used with a literal sentence, there was a higher probability of using an iconic or beat gesture than when there was no intensifier in the sentence. Also, when an intensifier was used with a metaphoric sentence, there was a higher probability of using a metaphoric or beat gesture than when the sentence contained no intensifier. These results suggested that an intensifier in a literal or metaphoric sentence can strengthen the mental simulation and the embodiment of objects, ideas, or situations. When an intensifier is used with a literal or metaphoric sentence, the strength of activation in the premotor areas may be amplified and spread to motor areas. In contrast, when no such intensifier is used in a literal or metaphoric sentence, there is a higher probability of simulation in premotor areas without spreading to the primary motor areas. The production of an internal force and expressing emphasis are two other possibilities that may explain the higher use of gestures with intensifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiehui Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zahra Eskandari
- Department of English, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar 99717-56499, Iran
| | - Hassan Banaruee
- Department of English, American, and Celtic Studies, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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The Impact of Manner Adverb on the Gestural Embodiment of Actions Described by Literal and Metaphoric Sentences. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020155. [PMID: 36829384 PMCID: PMC9952255 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of manner adverbs on the gestural embodiment of actions that are described by literal and metaphoric sentences. We asked a group of participants to read and then orally retell four stories. Each story had two versions. In one version, literal and metaphoric sentences describing literal and metaphorical actions did not include manner adverbs. In the other version of each story, the same sentences included a manner adverb that provided more information about literal or metaphoric actions. Participants' reproductions of stories were recorded with a camera and were analyzed to make a comparison between gestures that accompanied sentences that included a manner adverb and sentences that did not include a manner adverb. The results showed that when literal and metaphoric sentences included a manner adverb, there was a higher probability of using a gesture than when these sentences were used without a manner adverb. In other words, using a manner adverb increases the probability of using a gesture with literal and metaphorical sentences. Therefore, it is suggested that adding a manner adverb to a literal or metaphoric sentence can strengthen the process of embodiment of the action described in that sentence. We present two explanations for this observation.
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Khatin-Zadeh O, Farsani D, Hu J, Farina M, Banaruee H, Marmolejo-Ramos F. Distributed embodiment of metaphorical hope in hand, head, and eyebrow gestures. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1139881. [PMID: 37034906 PMCID: PMC10075202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the embodied conceptualization of hope through metaphors. We asked a group of participants to discuss their hopes in a semi-structured interview. We examined the types of hand, head, and eyebrow gestures produced when they were talking about their future hopes. The obtained results showed that when participants talked about their future hopes, they mainly used forward hand gestures, rightward head gestures, and upward eyebrow gestures. Based on these results, it is suggested that various semantic components and emotional associations of hope are metaphorically embodied in different manners in various parts of the body. The future aspect of hope is conceptualized as a forward movement and is embodied as a forward hand gesture. The good or positive emotional aspect associated with future hopes is metaphorically conceptualized as a rightward head gesture or an upward eyebrow gesture. We call this process distributed embodiment of a metaphorical concept. Our proposal is supported by the findings of past studies that have found future is metaphorically embodied as something in front of us (or forward movement), and good is metaphorically embodied as upper space (or upward movement) or right side (or rightward movement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Danyal Farsani,
| | - Jiehui Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mirko Farina
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Human Machine Interaction Lab, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia
| | - Hassan Banaruee
- Department of English, American, and Celtic Studies, The University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Khatin-Zadeh O, Farsani D, Eskandari Z, Marmolejo-Ramos F. The roles of motion, gesture, and embodied action in the processing of mathematical concepts. Front Psychol 2022; 13:969341. [PMID: 36312053 PMCID: PMC9616004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.969341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses perspective and frame of reference in the metaphorical description of mathematical concepts in terms of motions, gestures, and embodied actions. When a mathematical concept is described metaphorically in terms of gestures, embodied actions, or fictive motions, the motor system comes into play to ground and understand that concept. Every motion, gesture, or embodied action involves a perspective and a frame of reference. The flexibility in taking perspective and frame of reference allows people to embody a mathematical concept or idea in various ways. Based on the findings of past studies, it is suggested that the graphical representation of a mathematical concept may activate those areas of the motor system that are involved in the production of that graphical representation. This is supported by studies showing that when observers look at a painting or handwritten letters, they simulate the painter's or writer's hand movements during painting or writing. Likewise, the motor system can contribute to the grounding of abstract mathematical concepts, such as functions, numbers, and arithmetic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Familia, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Matemática, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brasil
| | - Zahra Eskandari
- Department of English, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
| | - Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
- Center for Change and Complexity in Learning, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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