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Galambus J, Tsai KY. Molecular and immune targets in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:38-51. [PMID: 36000298 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer and often confers a good prognosis. Though surgery is the gold standard of treatment, unresectable or metastatic disease can necessitate systemic therapy. Of systemic agents, there is increasing interest in the use of immunotherapies and targeted therapy. Further study into the driver mutations in cSCC has identified opportunities for targeted therapy. In this review, we discuss both current and investigational immune and molecular targets of therapy for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Galambus
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Tsai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Donald A. Adam Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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2
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Wang JY, Zhang W, Roehrl VB, Roehrl MW, Roehrl MH. An Autoantigen Atlas From Human Lung HFL1 Cells Offers Clues to Neurological and Diverse Autoimmune Manifestations of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831849. [PMID: 35401574 PMCID: PMC8987778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is accompanied by a myriad of both transient and long-lasting autoimmune responses. Dermatan sulfate (DS), a glycosaminoglycan crucial for wound healing, has unique affinity for autoantigens (autoAgs) from apoptotic cells. DS-autoAg complexes are capable of stimulating autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production. We used DS-affinity proteomics to define the autoantigen-ome of lung fibroblasts and bioinformatics analyses to study the relationship between autoantigenic proteins and COVID-induced alterations. Using DS-affinity, we identified an autoantigen-ome of 408 proteins from human HFL1 cells, at least 231 of which are known autoAgs. Comparing with available COVID data, 352 proteins of the autoantigen-ome have thus far been found to be altered at protein or RNA levels in SARS-CoV-2 infection, 210 of which are known autoAgs. The COVID-altered proteins are significantly associated with RNA metabolism, translation, vesicles and vesicle transport, cell death, supramolecular fibrils, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and interleukin signaling. They offer clues to neurological problems, fibrosis, smooth muscle dysfunction, and thrombosis. In particular, 150 altered proteins are related to the nervous system, including axon, myelin sheath, neuron projection, neuronal cell body, and olfactory bulb. An association with the melanosome is also identified. The findings from our study illustrate a connection between COVID infection and autoimmunity. The vast number of COVID-altered proteins with high intrinsic propensity to become autoAgs offers an explanation for the diverse autoimmune complications in COVID patients. The variety of autoAgs related to mRNA metabolism, translation, and vesicles suggests a need for long-term monitoring of autoimmunity in COVID. The COVID autoantigen atlas we are establishing provides a detailed molecular map for further investigation of autoimmune sequelae of the pandemic, such as “long COVID” syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y. Wang
- Curandis, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Julia Y. Wang, ; Michael H. Roehrl,
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | | | | | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Julia Y. Wang, ; Michael H. Roehrl,
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3
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van Schaik TA, Chen KS, Shah K. Therapy-Induced Tumor Cell Death: Friend or Foe of Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2021; 11:678562. [PMID: 34141622 PMCID: PMC8204251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatory treatments using surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy together with immunotherapy have shown encouraging results for specific subsets of tumors, but a significant proportion of tumors remains unsusceptible. Some of these inconsistencies are thought to be the consequence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) caused by therapy-induced tumor cell death (TCD). An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing TCD has provided valuable insights in specific signaling cascades activated by treatment and the subsequent effects on the TME. Depending on the treatment variables of conventional chemo-, radio- and immunotherapy and the genetic composition of the tumor cells, particular cell death pathways are activated. Consequently, TCD can either have tolerogenic or immunogenic effects on the local environment and thereby affect the post-treatment anti-tumor response of immune cells. Thus, identification of these events can provide new rationales to increase the efficacy of conventional therapies combined with immunotherapies. In this review, we sought to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms initiated by conventional therapies and the impact of treatment-induced TCD on the TME. We also provide some perspectives on how we can circumvent tolerogenic effects by adequate treatment selection and manipulation of key signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs A van Schaik
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Šudomová M, Berchová-Bímová K, Marzocco S, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Hassan ST. Berberine in Human Oncogenic Herpesvirus Infections and Their Linked Cancers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061014. [PMID: 34071559 PMCID: PMC8229678 DOI: 10.3390/v13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are known to induce a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from common cold sores to cancer, and infections with some types of these viruses, known as human oncogenic herpesviruses (HOHVs), can cause cancer. Challenges with viral latency, recurrent infections, and drug resistance have generated the need for finding new drugs with the ability to overcome these barriers. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its multiple biological activities, including antiviral and anticancer effects. This paper comprehensively compiles all studies that have featured anti-HOHV properties of BBR along with promising preventive effects against the associated cancers. The mechanisms and pathways induced by BBR via targeting the herpesvirus life cycle and the pathogenesis of the linked malignancies are reviewed. Approaches to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BBR and its use in clinical practice as an anti-herpesvirus drug are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Berchová-Bímová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Sherif T.S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-774-630-604
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Chen L, Qin D, Guo X, Wang Q, Li J. Putting Proteomics Into Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:593255. [PMID: 33708196 PMCID: PMC7940695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.593255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In glioblastoma, the most aggressive brain cancer, a complex microenvironment of heterogeneity and immunosuppression, are considerable hurdles to classify the subtypes and promote treatment progression. Treatments for glioblastoma are similar to standard therapies for many other cancers and do not effectively prolong the survival of patients, due to the unique location and heterogeneous characteristics of glioblastoma. Immunotherapy has shown a promising effect for many other tumors, but its application for glioma still has some challenges. The recent breakthrough of high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) systems has allowed researchers to update their strategy for identifying and quantifying thousands of proteins in a much shorter time with lesser effort. The protein maps can contribute to generating a complete map of regulatory systems to elucidate tumor mechanisms. In particular, newly developed unicellular proteomics could be used to determine the microenvironment and heterogeneity. In addition, a large scale of differentiated proteins provides more ways to precisely classify tumor subtypes and construct a larger library for biomarkers and biotargets, especially for immunotherapy. A series of advanced proteomic studies have been devoted to the different aspects of immunotherapy for glioma, including monoclonal antibodies, oncolytic viruses, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Thus, the application of proteomics in immunotherapy may accelerate research on the treatment of glioblastoma. In this review, we evaluate the frontline applications of proteomics strategies for immunotherapy in glioblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Chen
- Department of Proteomics, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Proteomics, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Department of Proteomics, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics, Tianjin, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Proteomics, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics, Tianjin, China
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Wang JY, Zhang W, Roehrl MW, Roehrl VB, Roehrl MH. An Autoantigen Atlas from Human Lung HFL1 Cells Offers Clues to Neurological and Diverse Autoimmune Manifestations of COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.24.427965. [PMID: 33501444 PMCID: PMC7836114 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.24.427965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is accompanied by a myriad of both transient and long-lasting autoimmune responses. Dermatan sulfate (DS), a glycosaminoglycan crucial for wound healing, has unique affinity for autoantigens (autoAgs) from apoptotic cells. DS-autoAg complexes are capable of stimulating autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production. Using DS affinity, we identified an autoantigenome of 408 proteins from human fetal lung fibroblast HFL11 cells, at least 231 of which are known autoAgs. Comparing with available COVID data, 352 proteins of the autoantigenome have thus far been found to be altered at protein or RNA levels in SARS-Cov-2 infection, 210 of which are known autoAgs. The COVID-altered proteins are significantly associated with RNA metabolism, translation, vesicles and vesicle transport, cell death, supramolecular fibrils, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and interleukin signaling. They offer clues to neurological problems, fibrosis, smooth muscle dysfunction, and thrombosis. In particular, 150 altered proteins are related to the nervous system, including axon, myelin sheath, neuron projection, neuronal cell body, and olfactory bulb. An association with the melanosome is also identified. The findings from our study illustrate a strong connection between viral infection and autoimmunity. The vast number of COVID-altered proteins with propensity to become autoAgs offers an explanation for the diverse autoimmune complications in COVID patients. The variety of autoAgs related to mRNA metabolism, translation, and vesicles raises concerns about potential adverse effects of mRNA vaccines. The COVID autoantigen atlas we are establishing provides a detailed molecular map for further investigation of autoimmune sequelae of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | | | | | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Efficient Delivery and Replication of Oncolytic Virus for Successful Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197073. [PMID: 32992948 PMCID: PMC7582277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer has been treated by a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. In recent years, the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has made immunotherapy a new treatment method. Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy selectively infects tumor cells with a low-pathogenic virus, lyses tumor cells by the cytopathic effects of the virus, and induces anti-tumor immunity to destroy tumors by the action of immune cells. In OV therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), vaccinia virus, adenovirus, reovirus, measles virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), are mainly used. As the combined use of mutant HSV-1 and ICI was successful for the treatment of melanoma, studies are underway to combine OV therapy with radiation, chemotherapy, and other types of immunotherapy. In such therapy, it is important for the virus to selectively replicate in tumor cells, and to express the viral gene and the introduced foreign gene in the tumor cells. In OV therapy for HNSCC, it may be useful to combine systemic and local treatments that improve the delivery and replication of the inoculated oncolytic virus in the tumor cells.
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