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Ren S, Pan R, Wang Z. Development and experimental verification of novel angiogenesis related prognostic model and immune infiltration characterization in osteosarcoma. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:411. [PMID: 39237807 PMCID: PMC11377409 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the most common primary bone cancer, osteosarcoma (OS) still lacks satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to further evaluate OS at different risk levels and identify new intervention targets. Many evidences suggest the important role of angiogenesis in OS, but further exploration is needed. METHODS We utilized public databases TARGET and GEO and employed bioinformatics algorithms such as LASSO, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and unsupervised consensus clustering to explore the role of angiogenesis-related genes (AGRGs) in OS. By calculating AGRG scores, we further analyzed OS molecular subtypes based on AGRGs. The correlation between AGRG scores and immune infiltration was subsequently examined. In vitro experiments, including WB, PCR, siRNA, migration, and invasion assays, were used to determine the value of the selected targets for OS. RESULTS Ultimately, we established an OS prognosis model based on five AGRGs (COL5A2, CXCL6, FSTL1, NRP1, and TNFRSF21) that can independently validate prognosis levels. In vitro experiments confirmed the aberrant expression of CXCL6 in OS and its potential role in migration and invasion. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the impact of angiogenesis on OS from a novel perspective and provides potential intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Ren
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Rongfang Pan
- Department of Nutrition, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhengdan Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Zhang Q, Xia Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Bao Y, Zhao GS. Targeted anti-angiogenesis therapy for advanced osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1413213. [PMID: 39252946 PMCID: PMC11381227 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1413213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, despite extensive research, the prognosis of advanced osteosarcoma has not improved significantly. Thus, patients experience a reduced survival rate, suggesting that a reevaluation of current treatment strategies is required. Recently, in addition to routine surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, researchers have explored more effective and safer treatments, including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, metabolic targets therapy, and nanomedicine therapy. The tumorigenesis and development of osteosarcoma is closely related to angiogenesis. Thus, anti-angiogenesis therapy is crucial to treat osteosarcoma; however, recent clinical trials found that it has insufficient efficacy. To solve this problem, the causes of treatment failure and improve treatment strategies should be investigated. This review focuses on summarizing the pathophysiological mechanisms of angiogenesis in osteosarcoma and recent advances in anti-angiogenesis treatment of osteosarcoma. We also discuss some clinical studies, with the aim of providing new ideas to improve treatment strategies for osteosarcoma and the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxuan Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - LiYuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixi Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang Y, Li N, Qu L, Zhang M, Li Z, Li X, Cai D. Hemoglobin nanoclusters-mediated regulation of KPNA4 in hypoxic tumor microenvironment enhances photodynamic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:473. [PMID: 39135024 PMCID: PMC11318167 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor known for its hypoxic environment, which contributes to resistance against the anticancer drug Sorafenib (SF). Addressing SF resistance in HCC requires innovative strategies to improve tumor oxygenation and effectively deliver therapeutics. RESULTS In our study, we explored the role of KPNA4 in mediating hypoxia-induced SF resistance in HCC. We developed hemoglobin nanoclusters (Hb-NCs) capable of carrying oxygen, loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) and SF, named HPRG@SF. In vitro, HPRG@SF targeted HCC cells, alleviated hypoxia, suppressed KPNA4 expression, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of PDT against hypoxic, SF-resistant HCC cells. In vivo experiments supported these findings, showing that HPRG@SF effectively improved the oxygenation within the tumor microenvironment and countered SF resistance through combined photodynamic therapy (PDT). CONCLUSION The combination of Hb-NCs with ICG and SF, forming HPRG@SF, presents a potent strategy to overcome drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by improving hypoxia and employing PDT. This approach not only targets the hypoxic conditions that underlie resistance but also provides a synergistic anticancer effect, highlighting its potential for clinical applications in treating resistant HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Nu Li
- Department of breast surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Letian Qu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Dasheng Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
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Shi YH, Xu QC, Zhu YQ, Liu ZD, Zhao GY, Liu Q, Wang XY, Wang JQ, Xu X, Su Q, Lai JM, Huang CS, Yin XY. Imatinib facilitates gemcitabine sensitivity by targeting epigenetically activated PDGFC signaling in pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther 2023; 31:503-516. [PMID: 36384875 PMCID: PMC9931609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy has become one of the main modalities of its management. However, gemcitabine resistance frequently occurs, leading to failure of PDAC therapy. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors play important roles in cancer progression and chemoresistance. We aimed to investigate the biological function and therapeutic significance of platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) in drug-resistant PDAC. Our study showed that PDGFC was abnormally highly expressed in gemcitabine-resistant PDAC. Silencing PDGFC expression can enhance the therapeutic effect of gemcitabine on PDAC. Mechanistically, the transcription of PDGFC is mediated by H3K27 acetylation, and PDGFC promotes gemcitabine resistance by activating the PDGFR-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The PDGFR inhibitor imatinib inhibits the PDGFR pathway. Imatinib and gemcitabine have a synergistic effect on the treatment of PDAC, and imatinib can significantly enhance the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in a drug-resistant PDAC patient-derived xenograft model. In conclusion, PDGFC is a potential predictor of gemcitabine-resistant PDAC. Imatinib inhibits PDGFR activation to promote gemcitabine sensitivity in PDAC. Combined modality regimen of imatinib and gemcitabine is likely to translate into clinical trial for the treatment of PDGFC-associated gemcitabine-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hao Shi
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong-Cong Xu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying-Qin Zhu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-De Liu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Yin Zhao
- Department of Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie-Qin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiao Su
- Department of Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia-Ming Lai
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen-Song Huang
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Xu N, Wang X, Wang L, Song Y, Zheng X, Hu H. Comprehensive analysis of potential cellular communication networks in advanced osteosarcoma using single-cell RNA sequencing data. Front Genet 2022; 13:1013737. [PMID: 36303551 PMCID: PMC9592772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1013737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common bone cancer in children and adolescents, and metastasis and recurrence are the major causes of poor treatment outcomes. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment is required to develop an effective treatment for OS. In this paper, a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset was taken to a systematic genetic analysis, and potential signaling pathways linked with osteosarcoma development were explored. Our findings revealed 25 clusters across 11 osteosarcoma tissues, with 11 cell types including “Chondroblastic cells”, “Osteoblastic cells”, “Myeloid cells”, “Pericytes”, “Fibroblasts”, “Proliferating osteoblastic cells”, “Osteoclasts”, “TILs”, “Endothelial cells”, “Mesenchymal stem cells”, and “Myoblasts”. The results of Cell communication analysis showed 17 potential cellular communication networks including “COLLAGEN signaling pathway network”, “CD99 signaling pathway network”, “PTN signaling pathway network”, “MIF signaling pathway network”, “SPP1 signaling pathway network”, “FN1 signaling pathway network”, “LAMININ signaling pathway network”, “FGF signaling pathway network”, “VEGF signaling pathway network”, “GALECTIN signaling pathway network”, “PERIOSTIN signaling pathway network”, “VISFATIN signaling pathway network”, “ITGB2 signaling pathway network”, “NOTCH signaling pathway network”, “IGF signaling pathway network”, “VWF signaling pathway network”, “PDGF signaling pathway network”. This research may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of OS’s molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Departments of Orthopedics, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Departments of Orthopedics, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Departments of Orthopedics, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Song, ; Xianyou Zheng, ; Hai Hu,
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Departments of Orthopedics, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Song, ; Xianyou Zheng, ; Hai Hu,
| | - Hai Hu
- Departments of Orthopedics, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Departments of Orthopedics, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Song, ; Xianyou Zheng, ; Hai Hu,
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Liu Y, Huang N, Liao S, Rothzerg E, Yao F, Li Y, Wood D, Xu J. Current research progress in targeted anti-angiogenesis therapy for osteosarcoma. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13102. [PMID: 34309110 PMCID: PMC8450128 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour with a peak in incidence during adolescence. Delayed patient presentation and diagnosis is common with approximately 15% of OS patients presenting with metastatic disease at initial diagnosis. With the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the 1970s, disease prognosis improved from 17% to 60%-70% 5-year survival, but outcomes have not significantly improved since then. Novel and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed as an adjunct to conventional treatment modalities to improve outcomes for OS patients. Angiogenesis is crucial for tumour growth, metastasis and invasion, and its prevention will ultimately inhibit tumour growth and metastasis. Dysregulation of angiogenesis in bone microenvironment involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts might contribute to OS development. This review summarizes existing knowledge regarding pre-clinical and developmental research of targeted anti-angiogenic therapy for OS with the aim of highlighting the limitations associated with this application. Targeted anti-angiogenic therapies include monoclonal antibody to VEGF (bevacizumab), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sorafenib, Apatinib, Pazopanib and Regorafenib) and human recombinant endostatin (Endostar). However, considering the safety and efficacy of these targeted anti-angiogenesis therapies in clinical trials cannot be guaranteed at this point, further research is needed to completely understand and characterize targeted anti-angiogenesis therapy in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathic SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
- Research Centre for Regenerative MedicineGuangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative MedicineGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Nenggan Huang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
| | - Shijie Liao
- Department of Spine and Osteopathic SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
- Research Centre for Regenerative MedicineGuangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative MedicineGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Emel Rothzerg
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceOEII Medical CentreNedlandsWAAustralia
| | - Felix Yao
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Yihe Li
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - David Wood
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
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Chen HQ, Chen DJ, Li Y, Han F, Jiang X, Cao J, Liu JY, Liu WB. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation associated with gene expression regulatory network during 3-methylcholanthrene induced lung cell malignant transformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144839. [PMID: 33545462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) is a typical representative PAH. It has strong toxicity and is a typical chemical carcinogen. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying 3-MCA-induced tumourigenesis are largely unknown. In this study, a model of the 3-MCA-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells was established successfully. The profiles of gene expression and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation were obtained and analysed with an Illumina HiSeq 4000. A total of 707 genes were found to be significantly up-regulated, and 686 genes were found to be significantly down-regulated. Compared to control cells, 8545 mRNA-associated differentially methylated regions and 15,121 mRNA-associated differentially hydroxymethylated regions in promoters were found to be significantly altered in transformed cells. By using mRNA expression and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation interaction analysis, 99 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among them, CA9 and EGLN3 were verified to be significantly down-regulated, and CARD6 and LCP1 were shown to be significantly up-regulated, and these genes mainly participated in cell growth, migration and invasion, indicating that these genes were key genes involved in the 3-MCA-induced malignant transformation of HBE cells. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved mainly in RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, chemical carcinogenesis, base-excision repair (BER), cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, glycerolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, cAMP signalling pathways and other signalling pathways. Our study suggested that characteristic gene alterations associated with DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation could play important roles in environmental 3-MCA-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Dong-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China; Department of Emergency, Yun Qiao Hospital, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Gaete D, Rodriguez D, Watts D, Sormendi S, Chavakis T, Wielockx B. HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Proteins (PHDs) in Cancer-Potential Targets for Anti-Tumor Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:988. [PMID: 33673417 PMCID: PMC7956578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are typically associated with unbridled proliferation of malignant cells, accompanied by an immature and dysfunctional tumor-associated vascular network. Consequent impairment in transport of nutrients and oxygen eventually leads to a hypoxic environment wherein cells must adapt to survive and overcome these stresses. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are central transcription factors in the hypoxia response and drive the expression of a vast number of survival genes in cancer cells and in cells in the tumor microenvironment. HIFs are tightly controlled by a class of oxygen sensors, the HIF-prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs), which hydroxylate HIFs, thereby marking them for proteasomal degradation. Remarkable and intense research during the past decade has revealed that, contrary to expectations, PHDs are often overexpressed in many tumor types, and that inhibition of PHDs can lead to decreased tumor growth, impaired metastasis, and diminished tumor-associated immune-tolerance. Therefore, PHDs represent an attractive therapeutic target in cancer research. Multiple PHD inhibitors have been developed that were either recently accepted in China as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) or are currently in phase III trials. We review here the function of HIFs and PHDs in cancer and related therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.G.); (D.R.); (D.W.); (S.S.); (T.C.)
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