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Zaremba A, Jansen P, Murali R, Mayakonda A, Riedel A, Philip M, Rose C, Schaller J, Müller H, Kutzner H, Möller I, Stadtler N, Kretz J, Sucker A, Bankfalvi A, Livingstone E, Zimmer L, Horn S, Paschen A, Plass C, Schadendorf D, Hadaschik E, Lutsik P, Griewank K. Genetic and methylation profiles distinguish benign, malignant and spitzoid melanocytic tumors. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1542-1554. [PMID: 35737508 PMCID: PMC9474633 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accurate classification of melanocytic tumors is important for prognostic evaluation, treatment and follow-up protocols of patients. The majority of melanocytic proliferations can be classified solely based on clinical and pathological criteria, however in select cases a definitive diagnostic assessment remains challenging and additional diagnostic biomarkers would be advantageous. We analyzed melanomas, nevi, Spitz nevi and atypical spitzoid tumors using parallel sequencing (exons of 611 genes and 507 gene translocation analysis) and methylation arrays (850k Illumina EPIC). By combining detailed genetic and epigenetic analysis with reference-based and reference-free DNA methylome deconvolution we compared Spitz nevi to nevi and melanoma and assessed the potential for these methods in classifying challenging spitzoid tumors. Results were correlated with clinical and histologic features. Spitz nevi were found to cluster independently of nevi and melanoma and demonstrated a different mutation profile. Multiple copy number alterations and TERT promoter mutations were identified only in melanomas. Genome-wide methylation in Spitz nevi was comparable to benign nevi while the Leukocytes UnMethylation for Purity (LUMP) algorithm in Spitz nevi was comparable to melanoma. Histologically difficult to classify Spitz tumor cases were assessed which, based on methylation arrays, clustered between Spitz nevi and melanoma and in terms of genetic profile or copy number variations demonstrated worrisome features suggesting a malignant neoplasm. Comprehensive sequencing and methylation analysis verify Spitz nevi as an independent melanocytic entity distinct from both nevi and melanoma. Combined genetic and methylation assays can offer additional insights in diagnosing difficult to classify Spitzoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zaremba
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz International Graduate School for Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Riedel
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz International Graduate School for Cancer Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Philip
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heinz Kutzner
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Medical faculty of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inga Möller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Stadtler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Kretz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Livingstone
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Medical faculty of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hadaschik
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ince FA, Shariev A, Dixon K. PTEN as a target in melanoma. J Clin Pathol 2022; 75:jclinpath-2021-208008. [PMID: 35534199 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-208008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is a well-known tumour suppressor protein that is frequently found to be mutated, inactivated or deleted in a wide range of different cancers. Its tumour suppressive properties result predominantly from its inhibitory effects on the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. In melanoma, numerous different PTEN mutations have been identified in both melanoma cell lines and melanoma tissue. A number of different molecules can act on PTEN to either promote its suppression of melanoma, while other molecules may antagonise PTEN to inhibit its mechanism of action against melanoma. This review will discuss how the interactions of PTEN with other molecules may have a positive or negative impact on melanoma pathogenesis, giving rise to the potential for PTEN-targeted therapies against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Akif Ince
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Artur Shariev
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Khan NH, Mir M, Qian L, Baloch M, Ali Khan MF, Rehman AU, Ngowi EE, Wu DD, Ji XY. Skin cancer biology and barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures. J Adv Res 2022; 36:223-247. [PMID: 35127174 PMCID: PMC8799916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cancer has been the leading type of cancer worldwide. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers are now the most common types of skin cancer that have been reached to epidemic proportion. Based on the rapid prevalence of skin cancers, and lack of efficient drug delivery systems, it is essential to surge the possible ways to prevent or cure the disease. Aim of review Although surgical modalities and therapies have been made great progress in recent years, however, there is still an urgent need to alleviate its increased burden. Hence, understanding the precise pathophysiological signaling mechanisms and all other factors of such skin insults will be beneficial for the development of more efficient therapies. Key scientific concepts of review In this review, we explained new understandings about onset and development of skin cancer and described its management via polymeric micro/nano carriers-based therapies, highlighting the current key bottlenecks and future prospective in this field. In therapeutic drug/gene delivery approaches, polymeric carriers-based system is the most promising strategy. This review discusses that how polymers have successfully been exploited for development of micro/nanosized systems for efficient delivery of anticancer genes and drugs overcoming all the barriers and limitations associated with available conventional therapies. In addition to drug/gene delivery, intelligent polymeric nanocarriers platforms have also been established for combination anticancer therapies including photodynamic and photothermal, and for theranostic applications. This portfolio of latest approaches could promote the blooming growth of research and their clinical availability.
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Key Words
- 5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- AIDS, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- BCC, Basal cell carcinoma
- BCCs, Basal cell carcinomas
- Basal cell carcinoma
- CREB, response element-binding protein
- DDS, Drug delivery system
- DIM-D, Di indolyl methane derivative
- Drug delivery
- GNR-PEG-MN, PEGylated gold nanorod microneedle
- Gd, Gadolinium
- Gene delivery
- HH, Hedgehog
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- IPM, Isopropyl myristate
- MCIR, Melanocortin-1 receptor
- MNPs, Magnetic nanoparticle
- MNs, Microneedles
- MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- MSC, Melanoma skin cancer
- Microneedles
- Mn, Manganese
- NMSC, Non melanoma skin cancer
- NPs, Nano Particles
- OTR, Organ transplant recipients
- PAMAM, Poly-amidoamines
- PAN, Polyacrylonitrile
- PATCH1, Patch
- PCL, Poly (ε-caprolactone)
- PDT, Photodynamic therapy
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PLA, Poly lactic acid
- PLA-HPG, Poly (d-l-lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol
- PLGA, Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers
- PLL, Poly (L-lysine)
- Polymeric nanocarriers
- QDs, Quantum dots
- SC, Skin cancer
- SCC, Squamous cell Carcinoma
- SMO, Smoothen
- SPIO, Superparamagnetic iron oxide
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- UV, Ultra Violet
- cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- dPG, Dendritic polyglycerol
- hTERT, Human telomerase reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences. Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Maria Mir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Lei Qian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Mahnoor Baloch
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Asim-ur- Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam 2329, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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Zou Y, Sun Y, Zeng X, Liu Y, Cen Q, Gu H, Lin X, Cai R, Chen H. Novel genetic alteration in congenital melanocytic nevus: MAP2K1 germline mutation with BRAF somatic mutation. Hereditas 2020; 157:35. [PMID: 32847629 PMCID: PMC7449081 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) represent a benign proliferative skin disease in the epidermis and dermis. CMN are historically known to be associated with activating NRAS or BRAF mutations. Melanoma frequently harbors the BRAF p.Val600Glu mutation, which is also commonly found in benign nevi. A recent study reported mutation of MAP2K1, a downstream effector of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway, in melanoma with an overall frequency of 8%. Later, in 2019, Jansen P detected one activating MAP2K1 mutation in acral nevi. However, it is unknown whether MAP2K1 mutations are common in CMN, and how MAP2K1 contributes to the pathogenesis of CMN remains to be determined.In this study, we report one patient clinically and histologically diagnosed with CMN, with the MAP2K1 germline mutation and a BRAF p.Val600Glu somatic hit in the lesion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of mutated BRAF and MAP2K1 in CMN, which may suggest that MAP2K1 mutations contribute to the occurrence and development of nevus expanding our knowledge of the genetics of CMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zeng
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qingqing Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ren Cai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. .,Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Zarabi SK, Azzato EM, Tu ZJ, Ni Y, Billings SD, Arbesman J, Funchain P, Gastman B, Farkas DH, Ko JS. Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) to classify melanocytic neoplasms. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:691-704. [PMID: 32291779 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study piloted a pan-solid-tumor next generation sequence (NGS)-based laboratory developed test as a diagnostic aid in melanocytic tumors. 31 cases (4 "epithelioid" nevi, 5 blue nevi variants, 7 Spitz tumors [3 benign and 4 malignant] and 15 melanomas) were evaluated. All tumors [median diameter 7 mm (range 4-15 mm); median thickness 2.25 mm (range 0.25-12 mm)] yielded satisfactory results. The number of small nucleotide variants/tumor was significantly different between melanoma (median 18/tumor, range 4-71) and all other lesions (median 8/tumor, range 3-17) (P < 0.004) and malignant (median 16/tumor, range 4-71) vs benign lesions (median 7/tumor, range 3-14) (P = 0.01). BRAF, MET, NTRK1, and ROS fusions only occurred in benign Spitz tumors; EML4 fusion, BRAF, MAP2K1 and TERT mutations occurred in malignant Spitz tumors and/or melanoma. Amplifications and NRAS and NF1 mutations only occurred in melanoma. Most melanomas contained >1 pathogenic alteration. Developed NGS-based criteria correctly classified all malignant lesions in this series. 10/12 cases showed concordance with FISH; consensus diagnosis agreed with NGS classification in FISH-non-concordant cases. This pilot study suggests that NGS may be an effective diagnostic adjunct comparable to FISH, but further studies with larger numbers of cases are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh K Zarabi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Azzato
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zheng Jin Tu
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven D Billings
- Dermatopathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Josh Arbesman
- Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pauline Funchain
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Gastman
- Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel H Farkas
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer S Ko
- Dermatopathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Sun Y, Zou Y, Wang L, Gu H, Cen Q, Chen H, Lin X, Cai R. Giant congenital melanocytic nevus of the scalp: from clinical-histological to molecular diagnosis. Hereditas 2020; 157:21. [PMID: 32430073 PMCID: PMC7236929 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) is a benign proliferative skin disease in the epidermis and dermis. Large to giant CMNs are estimated to be associated with an increased lifetime risk of malignancy. It is necessary to estimate and monitor the risk of malignant transformation for giant CMNs. To date, the clinical “ABCD” criteria and immunohistochemistry studies can be confusing and, to some extent, subjective. Accordingly, the elucidation of genomic analyses of nevi is required to better understand the malignant transformation of CMNs. Here, we describe two large to giant CMNs of the scalp with opposite clinical-histological and molecular evaluations of potential malignancy risk. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a genetic study of large to giant CMNs of the scalp in East Asia. We recommend reviewing the molecular diagnosis together with careful medical history and histological information to facilitate the evaluation of the potential malignancy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of oral pathology, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ren Cai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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