1
|
Augspach A, Rubin MA. Upcycling HOXB13: enhancing prostate cancer detection with a novel antibody †. J Pathol 2024; 262:391-394. [PMID: 38332742 DOI: 10.1002/path.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent and, upon metastasis, deadliest cancers in men. Timely identification is essential for effective treatment. Furthermore, accurate determination of prostatic origin is crucial for personalized therapy once the cancer has spread. However, current prostate cancer screening methods are lacking. A recent article in The Journal of Pathology addresses this issue by utilizing an improved antibody to reevaluate HOXB13 as a lineage marker for prostate cancer. The study's findings support the concept that, despite decreased expression in advanced prostate cancer, HOXB13 remains highly suitable for determining prostatic origin due to its androgen receptor independence, high specificity, and sensitivity. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Augspach
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Setti Boubaker N, Gurtner A, Trabelsi N, Manni I, Blel A, Saadi A, Chakroun M, Naimi Z, Zaghbib S, Ksontini M, Meddeb K, Rammeh S, Ayed H, Chebil M, Piaggio G, Ouerhani S. An insight into the diagnostic and prognostic value of
HOX A13
’s expression in non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24606. [PMID: 35853090 PMCID: PMC9459288 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have interrogated the molecular pathways and their interacting genes underlying bladder cancer (BCa) tumorigenesis, yet, the role of homeobox genes is still poorly understood. Specifically, HOXA13, which plays an important role as a major actor in the urogenital tract's development. Methods Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to inspect the differential expression of HOXA13 protein in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and non‐tumoral tissues. A semiquantitative scoring system was adopted to evaluate the IHC labeling. Correlation to clinical parameters was performed by descriptive statistics. Overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression model. The functional HOX A13 protein association networks (PPI) were obtained using String 11.0 database. Results HOX A13 exhibited cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Its expression levels were lower in high‐grade NMIBC (HG NMIBC) compared to low‐grade ones (LG NMIBC). The expression of HOX A13 was correlated to tumor grade (LG/HG) (p = 0.036) and stage (TA/T1) (p = 0.036). Nevertheless, its expression was not correlated to clinical parameters and was not able to predict the overall survival of patients with HG NMIBC. Finally, PPI analysis revealed that HOX A13 seems to be a part of a molecular network holding mainly PBX1, MEIS, ALDH1A2, HOX A10, and HOX A11. Conclusion The deregulation of HOX A13 is not associated with the prognosis of BCa. It seems to be rather implicated in the early initiation of urothelial tumorigenesis and thus may serve as a diagnostic marker in patients with NMIBC. Further experimentations on larger validation sets are mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Setti Boubaker
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Aymone Gurtner
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Nesrine Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
| | - Isabella Manni
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
| | - Ahlem Blel
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Saadi
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Marouene Chakroun
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Naimi
- Medical Oncology Department Faculty of Medicine Salah Azaiez Institute University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Selim Zaghbib
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ksontini
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Khedija Meddeb
- Medical Oncology Department Faculty of Medicine Salah Azaiez Institute University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Rammeh
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Haroun Ayed
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chebil
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
| | - Slah Ouerhani
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Złowocka-Perłowska E, Tołoczko-Grabarek A, Lubiński J. Germline HOXB13 mutation p.G84E do not confer an increased bladder or kidney cancer risk in polish population. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2022; 20:1. [PMID: 34983599 PMCID: PMC8728939 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-021-00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of HOXB13 in bladder and renal tumorigenesis is unclear. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of HOXB13 p.G84E mutation in bladder and kidney cancer patients from Poland. Materials and methods 1418 patients with bladder cancer and 813 cases with kidney cancer and 4497 controls were genotyped for HOXB13 p.G84E. Results p.G84E mutation of HOXB13 gene was detected in three of 1418 (0.2%) bladder cancer cases and in six of 4497 controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% CI 0.39–6.36; p = 0.8). Among 813 kidney cancer cases HOXB13 mutations was reported in three patients (0,4%) (odds ratio [OR], (OR = 2,8; 95% CI 0.69–11.11; p = 0.3). In cases with mutations in the HOXB13 gene, the family history of cancer was negative. Conclusion HOXB13 mutation was not associated with bladder or kidney cancer. Mutation p.G84E in HOXB13 seem not to play a role in bladder and kidney cancer development in Polish patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Złowocka-Perłowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Tołoczko-Grabarek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Mauro A, Scognamiglio G, Aquino G, Cerrone M, Liguori G, Clemente O, Di Bonito M, Cantile M, Botti G, Tafuto S, Tatangelo F. Aberrant Expression of Long Non Coding RNA HOTAIR and De-Regulation of the Paralogous 13 HOX Genes Are Strongly Associated with Aggressive Behavior of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137049. [PMID: 34208964 PMCID: PMC8268982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare diseases occurring in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. They are characterized by the loss of epithelial tubular gland elements, and by the increased expression of neuroendocrine markers. GEP-NENs are subdivided into two histo-pathological types, gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) and gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NECs). According to WHO 2017 and 2019 classification criteria are graded and staged in four categories, NET-G1, NET-G2, NET-G3, and NEC-G3. The molecular characterization of these tumors can be fundamental for the identification of new diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of the paralogous 13 HOX genes, normally involved in embryogenic development and frequently deregulated in human cancers, and of the HOX regulating lncRNA HOTAIR in GEP-NENs. The expression of HOX genes is gradually lost in the transition from GEP NET G1 to NET/NEC G3 tumors, while HOTAIR expression, inversely correlated with HOX genes expression and weakly expressed in low-grade GEP NENs, becomes aberrant in NET G3 and NEC G3 categories. Our data highlights their potential role in the molecular stratification of GEP-NENs by suggesting new prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Di Mauro
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Margherita Cerrone
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Ottavia Clemente
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815903471; Fax: +39-0815903718
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cantile M, Di Bonito M, Tracey De Bellis M, Botti G. Functional Interaction among lncRNA HOTAIR and MicroRNAs in Cancer and Other Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030570. [PMID: 33540611 PMCID: PMC7867281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aimed to describe the contribution of functional interaction between the lncRNA HOTAIR and microRNAs in human diseases, including cancer. HOTAIR/miRNAs complexes interfere with different cellular processes during carcinogenesis, mainly deregulating a series of oncogenic signaling pathways. A great number of ncRNAs-related databases have been established, supported by bioinformatics technologies, to identify the ncRNA-mediated sponge regulatory network. These approaches need experimental validation through cells and animal models studies. The optimization of systems to interfere with HOTAIR/miRNAs interplay could represent a new tool for the definition of diagnostic therapeutics in cancer patients. Abstract LncRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs mostly involved in regulation of cancer initiation, metastatic progression, and drug resistance, through participation in post-transcription regulatory processes by interacting with different miRNAs. LncRNAs are able to compete with endogenous RNAs by binding and sequestering miRNAs and thereby regulating the expression of their target genes, often represented by oncogenes. The lncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) represents a diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker in many human cancers, and its functional interaction with miRNAs has been described as crucial in the modulation of different cellular processes during cancer development. The aim of this review is to highlight the relation between lncRNA HOTAIR and different microRNAs in human diseases, discussing the contribution of these functional interactions, especially in cancer development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G.Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-590-3471; Fax: +39-081-590-3718
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G.Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maura Tracey De Bellis
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G.Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.D.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G.Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.D.B.); (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reva BA, Omelchenko T, Nair SS, Tewari AK. Immune Escape in Prostate Cancer: Known and Predicted Mechanisms and Targets. Urol Clin North Am 2021; 47:e9-e16. [PMID: 33446324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex immune evasion mechanisms and lack of biomarkers predicting responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade therapies compromise immunotherapy's therapeutic efficacy for patients with prostate cancer. The authors review established and nominated immune evasion mechanisms in prostate cancer and discuss how the precise treatment strategies can be developed to improve efficacy of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sujit S Nair
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1272, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1272, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone affect the endometrial miR-16-5p, VEGF protein expression, and angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 2020; 133:104074. [PMID: 32949576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, where vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critically involved, is an important factor in endometrial receptivity. Angio-miRNAs form a special class of microRNAs (miRNAs) that target angiogenic genes and regulate angiogenesis. Various studies have shown that ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone affect endometrial vascular density. The present research aimed to assess the impact of HMG/HCG and progesterone on miR-16-5p, VEGF protein expression, and angiogenesis in the mouse endometrium during the preimplantation period. Forty adult female mice were divided into four groups: 1) control, 2) ovarian stimulation (HMG and 48 h after HCG IP), 3) progesterone (progesterone IP for 3 days), 4) ovarian stimulation + progesterone (HMG and 48 h after HCG IP) + (progesterone IP for 3 days) groups.The mice were sacrificed 96 h following HCG administration. miR-16-5p, VEGF protein expression, and CD31-positive cell (Endothelial cell) density were specified.The results showed that endothelial cell density,VEGF protein, and miR-16-5p expression increased in all treatment groups, with the maximum increase belonging to the ovarian stimulation + progesterone group. This study provides evidence that ovarian stimulation and progesterone administration enhance endometrial angiogenesis through VEGF protein upregulation. Furthermore, except for miR-16-5p, other miRNAs and molecules appear to be involved in angiogenic pathways, thereby requiring further studies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarno S, Cerrone M, Gigantino V, Scognamiglio G, Cantile M, Botti G, Di Bonito M. Immunohistochemical detection of paralogous 13 HOX genes in phyllodes tumor of the breast as a useful diagnostic tool. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2348-2351. [PMID: 33042341 PMCID: PMC7539888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodes tumor of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial lesion characterized by a propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Its histologic classification, based on morphology, mitotic index and tumor margin, includes malignant, borderline, and benign. These tumors show similar cellular morphology, which may contribute to difficulty in classifying them histologically and in prediction of their clinical behavior. Thus, the identification of new biomarkers detectable also by in situ methods has become indispensable. Paralogous HOX13 genes (HOX A13, HOX B13, HOX C13 and HOX D13) play a relevant role in tumor development and progression in particular in breast cancer. In this study we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of paralogous HOX13 homeoproteins on a phyllodes tumor case series to validate their usefulness in histologic classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sarno
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Margherita Cerrone
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Irccs-Fondazione G. PascaleNaples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Nuclear Protein HOXB13 Enhances Methylmercury Toxicity by Inducing Oncostatin M and Promoting Its Binding to TNFR3 in Cultured Cells. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010045. [PMID: 31878059 PMCID: PMC7017003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox protein B13 (HOXB13), a transcription factor, is related to methylmercury toxicity; however, the downstream factors involved in enhancing methylmercury toxicity remain unknown. We performed microarray analysis to search for downstream factors whose expression is induced by methylmercury via HOXB13 in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), which are useful model cells for analyzing molecular mechanisms. Methylmercury induced the expression of oncostatin M (OSM), a cytokine of the interleukin-6 family, and this was markedly suppressed by HOXB13 knockdown. OSM knockdown also conferred resistance to methylmercury in HEK293 cells, and no added methylmercury resistance was observed when both HOXB13 and OSM were knocked down. Binding of HOXB13 to the OSM gene promoter was increased by methylmercury, indicating the involvement of HOXB13 in the enhancement of its toxicity. Because addition of recombinant OSM to the medium enhanced methylmercury toxicity in OSM-knockdown cells, extracellularly released OSM was believed to enhance methylmercury toxicity via membrane receptors. We discovered tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) receptor 3 (TNFR3) to be a potential candidate involved in the enhancement of methylmercury toxicity by OSM. This toxicity mechanism was also confirmed in mouse neuronal stem cells. We report, for the first time, that HOXB13 is involved in enhancement of methylmercury toxicity via OSM-expression induction and that the synthesized OSM causes cell death by binding to TNFR3 extracellularly.
Collapse
|