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Jiang XF, Zhang BM, Du FQ, Guo JN, Wang D, Li YE, Deng SH, Cui BB, Liu YL. Exploring biomarkers for prognosis and neoadjuvant chemosensitivity in rectal cancer: Multi-omics and ctDNA sequencing collaboration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013828. [PMID: 36569844 PMCID: PMC9780298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to identified the key genes and sequencing metrics for predicting prognosis and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) in rectal cancer (RC) based on genomic DNA sequencing in samples with different origin and multi-omics association database. Methods We collected 16 RC patients and obtained DNA sequencing data from cancer tissues and plasma cell-free DNA before and after nCT. Various gene variations were analyzed, including single nucleotide variants (SNV), copy number variation (CNV), tumor mutation burden (TMB), copy number instability (CNI) and mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH). We also identified genes by which CNV level can differentiate the response to nCT. The Cancer Genome Atlas database and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium database were used to further evaluate the specific role of therapeutic relevant genes and screen out the key genes in multi-omics levels. After the intersection of the screened genes from differential expression analysis, survival analysis and principal components analysis dimensionality reduction cluster analysis, the key genes were finally identified. Results The genes CNV level of principal component genes in baseline blood and cancer tissues could significantly distinguish the two groups of patients. The CNV of HSP90AA1, EGFR, SRC, MTOR, etc. were relatively gained in the better group compared with the poor group in baseline blood. The CNI and TMB was significantly different between the two groups. The increased expression of HSP90AA1, EGFR, and SRC was associated with increased sensitivity to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. The nCT predictive score obtained by therapeutic relevant genes could be a potential prognostic indicator, and the combination with TMB could further refine prognostic prediction for patients. After a series of analysis in multi-omics association database, EGFR and HSP90AA1 with significant differences in multiple aspects were identified as the key predictive genes related to prognosis and the sensitivity of nCT. Discussion This work revealed that effective combined application and analysis in multi-omics data are critical to search for predictive biomarkers. The key genes EGFR and HSP90AA1 could serve as an effective biomarker to predict prognose and neoadjuvant chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Bo-Miao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Fen-Qi Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jun-Nan Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yi-En Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shen-Hui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bin-Bin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Bin-Bin Cui, ; Yan-Long Liu,
| | - Yan-Long Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Bin-Bin Cui, ; Yan-Long Liu,
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Elucidation of the potential molecular mechanism of the active compounds of Bryophyllum pinnatum (L. f.) Oken against gastritis based on network pharmacology. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yu Z, Wu Y, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Song G, Zhang F. Systematic analysis of the mechanism of aged citrus peel (Chenpi) in oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment via network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Carballo L, Sánchez-García A, Bataller M, LLeonart ME. TSPAN1, a novel tetraspanin member highly involved in carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188674. [PMID: 34979155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tetraspanin (TSPAN) family constitutes a poorly explored family of membrane receptors involved in various physiological processes, with relevant roles in anchoring multiple proteins, acting as scaffolding proteins, and cell signaling. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated the involvement of TSPANs in cancer. In particular, tetraspanin 1 (also known as TSPAN1, NET-1, TM4C, C4.8 or GEF) has been implicated in cell survival, proliferation and invasion. Recently, our laboratory revealed a key role of TSPAN1 in the acquired resistance of tumor cells to conventional chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin). In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest research on the physiological mechanisms of TSPANs in cancer and, in particular, on TSPAN1 regulating resistance to chemotherapy. A model of TSPAN1 action is proposed, and the potential of targeting TSPAN1 in anticancer therapeutic strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoelsis Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Carballo
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Almudena Sánchez-García
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bataller
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde E LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center in Oncology, CIBERONC, Spain.
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Liu X, Yang J, Yang C, Huang X, Han M, Kang F, Li J. Morphine promotes the malignant biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer cells through the MOR/Src/mTOR pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:622. [PMID: 34823532 PMCID: PMC8613927 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine, a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, has been shown to be related to the activity of cancer cells, and a higher morphine dosage reduces the survival time of patients with lung cancer. However, the effect of morphine on the malignant behavior of lung cancer cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific molecular mechanism by which morphine regulates the malignant biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses were performed to detect MOR expression. H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells were used in this study, and cell proliferation, the cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Cell migration and invasion were detected using wound healing and Transwell assays. The effect of morphine on lung cancer development in vivo was examined by performing a xenograft tumor assay following morphine treatment. RESULTS Morphine promoted the growth of H460 cells both in vivo and in vitro. Morphine enhanced cell migration and invasion, modified cell cycle progression through the S/G2 transition and exerted an antiapoptotic effect on H460 cells. Additionally, morphine increased Rous sarcoma oncogene cellular homolog (Src) phosphorylation and activated the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Treatment with the MOR antagonist methylnaltrexone (MNTX) and the Src inhibitor protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) reduced the phosphorylation induced by morphine. Furthermore, MNTX, PP1, and the PI3K/AKT inhibitor deguelin reversed the antiapoptotic effect of morphine on lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION Morphine promotes the malignant biological behavior of H460 cells by activating the MOR and Src/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fang Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Park N, Park Y, Yadav AK, Shin Y, Bishop‐Bailey D, Choi J, Park JW, Jang B. Anti-growth and pro-apoptotic effects of dasatinib on human oral cancer cells through multi-targeted mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8300-8311. [PMID: 34318593 PMCID: PMC8419177 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib is an inhibitor of Src that has anti-tumour effects on many haematological and solid cancers. However, the anti-tumour effects of dasatinib on human oral cancers remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of dasatinib on different types of human oral cancer cells: the non-tumorigenic YD-8 and YD-38 and the tumorigenic YD-10B and HSC-3 cells. Strikingly, dasatinib at 10 µM strongly suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis of YD-38 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation of Src, EGFR, STAT-3, STAT-5, PKB and ERK-1/2. In contrast, knockdown of Src blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR, STAT-5, PKB and ERK-1/2, but not STAT-3, in YD-38 cells. Dasatinib induced activation of the intrinsic caspase pathway, which was inhibited by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Dasatinib also decreased Mcl-1 expression and S6 phosphorylation while increased GRP78 expression and eIF-2α phosphorylation in YD-38 cells. In addition, to its direct effects on YD-38 cells, dasatinib also exhibited anti-angiogenic properties. Dasatinib-treated YD-38 or HUVEC showed reduced HIF-1α expression and stability. Dasatinib alone or conditioned media from dasatinib-treated YD-38 cells inhibited HUVEC tube formation on Matrigel without affecting HUVEC viability. Importantly, dasatinib's anti-growth, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects were additionally seen in tumorigenic HSC-3 cells. Together, these results demonstrate that dasatinib has strong anti-growth, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects on human oral cancer cells, which are mediated through the regulation of multiple targets, including Src, EGFR, STAT-3, STAT-5, PKB, ERK-1/2, S6, eIF-2α, GRP78, caspase-9/3, Mcl-1 and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam‐Sook Park
- Department of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Yu‐Kyung Park
- Department of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Young‐Min Shin
- Department of DentistryCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
| | | | - Jong‐Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis GroupDivision of Convergence BiotechnologyKorea Basic Science InstituteDaejeonKorea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and TechnologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Jong Wook Park
- Department of ImmunologyCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Byeong‐Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineKeimyung UniversityDaeguKorea
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Exploring the Mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Efficacy against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5597586. [PMID: 34335829 PMCID: PMC8292061 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5597586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) has been widely shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit invasion and migration of various cancer cells. Increased evidence shows that SBG may be useful to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the biological activity and possible mechanisms of SBG in the treatment of OSCC have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the bioactive component and multitarget mechanisms of SBG against OSCC using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to predict the active components in SBG, and putative molecular targets of SBG were identified using the Swiss Target Prediction database. OSCC-related targets were screened by GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), and Therapeutic Target Database (TTD). Then, we established protein-protein interaction (PPI), compound-target-disease (C-T-D), and compound-target-pathway (C-T-P) networks by Cytoscape to identify the main components, core targets, and pharmacological pathways of SBG against OSCC via applying data mining techniques and topological parameters. Metascape database was utilized for Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis. The potential interaction of the main components with core targets was revealed by molecular docking simulation, and for the correlation between core targets and OSCC prognosis analysis, the Kaplan-Meier Plotter online database was used. Results There were 25 active compounds in SBG and 86 genes targeted by OSCC. A total of 141 signaling pathways were identified, and it was found that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may occupy core status in the anti-OSCC system. GO analysis revealed that the primary biological processes were related to apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Molecular docking results confirmed that core targets of OSCC had a high affinity with the main compounds of SBG. Conclusion Our study demonstrated multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway characteristics of SBG in the treatment of OSCC and provided a foundation for further drug development research.
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Ma J, Hu X, Dai B, Wang Q, Wang H. Bioinformatics analysis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: seeking key candidate genes and pathways. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11259. [PMID: 33954053 PMCID: PMC8052978 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Although much work has been done to optimize its treatment, patients with LSCC still have poor prognosis. Therefore, figuring out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) contained in the progression of LSCC and employing them as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers for LSCC is extremely meaningful. Methods Overlapping DEGs were screened from two standalone Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed. By applying STRING and Cytoscape, a protein–protein network was built, and module analysis was carried out. The hub genes were selected by maximal clique centrality with the CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape. UALCAN and GEPIA data were examined to validate the gene expression findings. Moreover, the connection of the hub genes with LSCC patient overall survival was studied employing The Cancer Genome Atlas. Then, western blot, qRT-PCR, CCK-8, wound healing and transwell assays were bring to use for further verify the key genes. Results A total of 235 DEGs were recorded, including 83 upregulated and 152 downregulated genes. A total of nine hub genes that displayed a high degree of connectivity were selected. UALCAN and GEPIA databases verified that these genes were highly expressed in LSCC tissues. High expression of the SPP1, SERPINE1 and Matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP1) genes was connected to worse prognosis in patients with LSCC, according to the GEPIA online tool. Western blot and qRT-PCR testify SPP1, SERPINE1 and MMP1 were upregulated in LSCC cells. Inhibition of SPP1, SERPINE1 and MMP1 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Conclusion The work here identified effective and reliable diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers by unified bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification, indicating novel and necessary therapeutic targets for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Baoqiang Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Carballo L, Castellvi J, Temprana-Salvador J, Lorente J, Benavente S, García-Pedrero JM, Allonca E, Rodrigo JP, LLeonart ME. TSPAN1: A Novel Protein Involved in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113269. [PMID: 33167355 PMCID: PMC7694336 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Therapy resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients is the main obstacle to achieve more effective treatments that improve survival and quality of life of these patients. Therefore, it is of vital importance to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire resistance to chemotherapy. We conducted a comparative proteomic study involving cisplatin-resistant cells and cancer stem cells with the aim of identifying proteins potentially implicated in the acquisition of cisplatin resistance. Through this study, we identified for the first time tetraspanin-1 (TSPAN1) as an important protein involved in the development, progression and chemoresistance of HNSCC tumors. Abstract Sensitization of resistant cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) represents a major challenge in cancer therapy. A proteomic study revealed tetraspanin-1 (TSPAN1) as a protein involved in acquisition of cisplatin (CDDP) resistance (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020159). TSPAN1 was found to increase in CDDP-resistant cells, CSCs and biopsies from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. TSPAN1 depletion in parental and CDDP-resistant HNSCC cells reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, decreased autophagy, sensitized to chemotherapeutic agents and inhibited several signaling cascades, with phospho-SRC inhibition being a major common target. Moreover, TSPAN1 depletion in vivo decreased the size and proliferation of parental and CDDP-resistant tumors and reduced metastatic spreading. Notably, CDDP-resistant tumors showed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) features that disappeared upon TSPAN1 inhibition, suggesting a link of TSPAN1 with EMT and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of HNSCC specimens further revealed that TSPAN1 expression was correlated with phospho-SRC (pSRC), and inversely with E-cadherin, thus reinforcing TSPAN1 association with EMT. Overall, TSPAN1 emerges as a novel oncogenic protein and a promising target for HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoelsis Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
- Genetic, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 643, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
| | - Laia Carballo
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
| | - Josep Castellvi
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
| | - Jordi Temprana-Salvador
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
| | - Juan Lorente
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sergi Benavente
- Radiotherapy Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juana M. García-Pedrero
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central University Hospital of Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (E.A.); (J.P.R.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Av. Roma SN, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Allonca
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central University Hospital of Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (E.A.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Juan P. Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central University Hospital of Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (E.A.); (J.P.R.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Av. Roma SN, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Matilde E. LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.C.); (J.T.-S.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934894169; Fax: +34-932746708
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