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Kerkour T, Zhou C, Hollestein L, Mooyaart A. Genetic Concordance in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma and Matched Metastasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16281. [PMID: 38003476 PMCID: PMC10671327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying primary melanoma and its corresponding metastasis has twofold benefits. Firstly, to better understand tumor biology, and secondly, to determine which sample should be examined in assessing drug targets. This study systematically analyzed all the literature on primary melanoma and its matched metastasis. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched multiple medical databases for relevant publications from January 2000 to December 2022, assessed the quality of the primary-level studies using the QUIPS tool, and summarized the concordance rate of the most reported genes using the random-effects model. Finally, we evaluated the inter-study heterogeneity using the subgroup analysis. Thirty-one studies investigated the concordance of BRAF and NRAS in 1220 and 629 patients, respectively. The pooled concordance rate was 89.4% [95% CI: 84.5; 93.5] for BRAF and 97.8% [95% CI: 95.8; 99.4] for NRAS. When high-quality studies were considered, only BRAF mutation status consistency increased. Five studies reported the concordance status of c-KIT (93%, 44 patients) and TERT promoter (64%, 53 patients). Lastly, three studies analyzed the concordance of cancer genes involved in the signaling pathways, apoptosis, and proliferation, such as CDKN2A (25%, four patients), TP53 (44%, nine patients), and PIK3CA (20%, five patients). Our study found that the concordance of known drug targets (mainly BRAF) during melanoma progression is higher than in previous meta-analyses, likely due to advances in molecular techniques. Furthermore, significant heterogeneity exists in the genes involved in the melanoma genetic makeup; although our results are based on small patient samples, more research is necessary for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamila Kerkour
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Catherine Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Loes Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Antien Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rothrock AT, Hameed N, Cho WC, Nagarajan P, Ivan D, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Curry JL, Aung PP. BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry as a useful tool in the diagnosis of melanomas with ambiguous morphologies and immunophenotypes. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:223-229. [PMID: 36377266 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report three melanoma cases in which BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry (IHC) was valuable for diagnosis. Patient 1: In a patient with a history of primary melanoma on the chest and metastatic melanoma to right breast after undergoing multiple local and systemic therapies, a lung metastasis exhibited chondroid differentiation, aberrant myofibroblastic marker expression, and rare pancytokeratin positivity, without melanocytic marker expression. Patient 2: After targeted and immunotherapy for primary melanoma on the scalp as well as regional and distant metastatic melanoma, an omental metastasis showed CDX2-positive glandular structures that were negative for melanocytic markers. It was initially misdiagnosed as primary gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. Patient 3: A patient with history of melanoma showing epithelioid morphology on the right thigh presented with multiple soft tissue nodules on skin, lymph nodes and internal organs after being lost to follow-up for 4 years. A biopsy specimen from the right thigh showed spindled cells with scattered pancytokeratin cocktail positivity and ambiguous staining for melanocytic markers. For melanomas with ambiguous morphologies and/or immunophenotypes in each of the three patients, BRAF V600E expression by IHC was maintained in both primary and metastatic melanoma specimens examined. These cases highlight the utility of BRAF V600E IHC in the diagnosis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi T Rothrock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nadia Hameed
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ng MF, Simmons JL, Boyle GM. Heterogeneity in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3030. [PMID: 35740696 PMCID: PMC9221188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that tumour heterogeneity has an imperative role in cancer development, evolution and resistance to therapy. Continuing advancements in biomedical research enable tumour heterogeneity to be observed and studied more critically. As one of the most heterogeneous human cancers, melanoma displays a high level of biological complexity during disease progression. However, much is still unknown regarding melanoma tumour heterogeneity, as well as the role it plays in disease progression and treatment response. This review aims to provide a concise summary of the importance of tumour heterogeneity in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fong Ng
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.F.N.); (J.L.S.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jacinta L. Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.F.N.); (J.L.S.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.F.N.); (J.L.S.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Soria X, Vilardell F, Maiques Ó, Barceló C, Sisó P, de la Rosa I, Velasco A, Cuevas D, Santacana M, Gatius S, Matías-Guiu X, Rodrigo A, Macià A, Martí RM. BRAFV600E Mutant Allele Frequency (MAF) Influences Melanoma Clinicopathologic Characteristics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5073. [PMID: 34680222 PMCID: PMC8533792 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma shows high variability regarding clinicopathological presentation, evolution and prognosis. METHODS Next generation sequencing was performed to analyze hotspot mutations in different areas of primary melanomas (MMp) and their paired metastases. Clinicopathological features were evaluated depending on the degree of variation of the BRAFV600E mutant allele frequency (MAF) in MMp. RESULTS In our cohort of 14 superficial spreading, 10 nodular melanomas and 52 metastases, 17/24 (71%) melanomas had a BRAFV600E mutation and 5/24 (21%) had a NRASQ61 mutation. We observed a high variation of BRAFV600E MAF (H-BRAFV600E) in 7/17 (41%) MMp. The H-BRAFV600E MMp were all located on the trunk, had lower Breslow and mitotic indexes and predominantly, a first nodal metastasis. Regions with spindled tumor cells (Spin) and high lymphocytic infiltrate (HInf) were more frequent in the H-BRAFV600E patients (4/7; 57%), whereas regions with epithelial tumor cells (Epit) and low lymphocytic infiltrate (LInf) were predominant (6/10; 60%) and exclusive in the low BRAFV600E MAF variation tumors (L-BRAFV600E). The H-BRAFV600E/Spin/HInf MMp patients had better prognostic features and nodal first metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The H-BRAFV600E MMp were located on the trunk, had better prognostic characteristics, such as lower Breslow and mitotic indexes as well as high lymphocytic infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Soria
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Felip Vilardell
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
| | - Óscar Maiques
- Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Carla Barceló
- Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (C.B.); (P.S.); (I.d.l.R.)
| | - Pol Sisó
- Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (C.B.); (P.S.); (I.d.l.R.)
| | - Inés de la Rosa
- Oncological Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (C.B.); (P.S.); (I.d.l.R.)
| | - Ana Velasco
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Cuevas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Matías-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (F.V.); (A.V.); (D.C.); (M.S.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rodrigo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Anna Macià
- Unitat de Farmacologia- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Martí
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Cichorek M, Ronowska A, Dzierzbicka K, Gensicka-Kowalewska M, Deptula M, Pelikant-Malecka I. Chloroacridine derivatives as potential anticancer agents which may act as tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110515. [PMID: 34321163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper concerns the cytotoxicity of 9-chloro-1-nitroacridine (1a) and 9-chloro-4-methyl-1-nitroacridine (1b) against two biologically different melanoma forms: melanotic and amelanotic. Melanomas are tumors characterized by high heterogeneity and poor susceptibility to chemotherapies. Among new analogs synthesized by us, compound 1b exhibited the highest anticancer potency. Because of that, in this study, we analyzed the mechanism of action for 1a and its 4-methylated derivative, 1b, against a pair of biological melanoma forms, with regard to proliferation, cell death mechanism and energetic state. METHODS Cytotoxicity was evaluated by XTT assay. Cell death was estimated by plasma membrane structure changes (phosphatidylserine externalization), caspase activation, and ROS presence. The energetic state of cells was estimated based on NAD and ATP levels, and the activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase). RESULTS The chloroacridines affect biological forms of melanoma in different ways. Amelanotic (Ab) melanoma (with inhibited melanogenesis and higher malignancy) was particularly sensitive to the action of the chloroacridines. The Ab melanoma cells died through apoptosis and through death without caspase activation. Diminished activity of TAC enzymes was noticed among Ab melanoma cells together with ATP/NAD depletion, especially in the case of 1b. CONCLUSION Our data show that the biological forms of the tumors responded to 1a and its 4-methylated analog in different ways. 1a and 1b could be inducers of regulated melanoma cell death, especially the amelanotic form. Although the mechanism of the cell death is not fully understood, 1b may act by interfering with the TAC enzymes and blocking specific pathways leading to tumor growth. This could encourage further investigation of its anticancer activity, especially against the amelanotic form of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslawa Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 St. PL, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7 St. PL, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12. PL, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Gensicka-Kowalewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12. PL, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Milena Deptula
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 St. PL, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Pelikant-Malecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 St. PL, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Central Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Medical University of Gdansk, Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland, Debinki 7 St. PL, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
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