1
|
Chen C, Sun Z, Wang Z, Shin S, Berrios A, Mellors JW, Dimitrov DS, Li W. Identification of a Fully Human Antibody VH Domain Targeting Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) with Applications in ALK-Positive Solid Tumor Immunotherapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:39. [PMID: 38804307 PMCID: PMC11130946 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK, CD247) is a potential target for antibody-based therapy. However, no antibody-based therapeutics targeting ALK have entered clinical trials, necessitating the development of novel antibodies with unique therapeutic merits. Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) bear therapeutic advantages compared to the full-length antibody including deeper tumor penetration, cost-effective production and fast washout from normal tissues. In this study, we identified a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain (VH domain) (VH20) from an in-house phage library. VH20 exhibits good developability and high specificity with no off-target binding to ~6000 human membrane proteins. VH20 efficiently bound to the glycine-rich region of ALK with an EC50 of 0.4 nM and a KD of 6.54 nM. Both VH20-based bispecific T cell engager (TCE) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR Ts) exhibited potent cytolytic activity to ALK-expressing tumor cells in an ALK-dependent manner. VH20 CAR Ts specifically secreted proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, TNFα and IFNγ after incubation with ALK-positive cells. To our knowledge, this is the first reported human single-domain antibody against ALK. Our in vitro characterization data indicate that VH20 could be a promising ALK-targeting sdAb with potential applications in ALK-expressing tumors, including neuroblastoma (NBL) and non-small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Seungmin Shin
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Abigail Berrios
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - John W. Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Guan L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Feng S, Zou A, Li Y, Zhou B, Zhang D, Che W, Liu F. A Comprehensive Pan-cancer Analysis of the Biological Immunomodulatory Function and Clinical Value of CD27. J Cancer 2024; 15:508-525. [PMID: 38169519 PMCID: PMC10758032 DOI: 10.7150/jca.85446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: CD27 is an immunological checkpoint gene, plays a critical function inInhibition or activation of cancer immunity. The CD27/CD27L axis is its pathway of action. Therefore, our goal was to examine the predictive role of CD27 in the clinical prognosis of 33 cancer types and its functions in cancer progression, as well as explore the link between pan-cancer CD27 gene expression and immune infiltration. Methods: By comprehensive use of datasets and methods from TCGA, cBioPortal, GTEx, HPA, KM-plotter, Spearman, CellMinerTM, R packages and RT-qPCR, we delved deeper into the potential impact of the CD27 on cancer development. These include expression differences, immune infiltration, matrix infiltration, gene mutations, DNA methylation, signaling pathways, TMB, MSI, and prognosis. Also, we explored CD27 interactions with different drugs. Results: The results showed that, mutated CD27 was highly expressed in most cancers. The CD27 showed strong diagnostic value in 4 cancers and marked a positive prognosis for CESC, intracervical adenocarcinoma, HNSC, and endometrial cancer, and a poor prognosis for UVM. In addition, CD27 affects multiple immune and inflammatory signaling pathways and is positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, T cell differentiation, macrophage M1 polarization, stromal infiltration, and drug sensitivity. DNA methylation is involved in CD27 expression in cancer. Conclusion: CD27, which is mutated in cancers and appears widely highly expressed and altered tumor immune invasion and stromal invasion by affecting multiple immune-related and inflammation signaling pathways, plays a significant role in CESC, HNSC, UCEC and UVM, and may be used as a therapeutic target for related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ling Guan
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yanzong Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shengjiao Feng
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Anqi Zou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yawei Li
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Botao Zhou
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weiqi Che
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fangyu Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kausar MA, Anwar S, El-Horany HES, Khan FH, Tyagi N, Najm MZ, Sadaf, Eisa AA, Dhara C, Gantayat S. Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:130. [PMID: 37830150 PMCID: PMC10622179 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary and one of the most prominent causes of the rising global mortality rate, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Specific methods have been devised to cure cancerous tumours. Effective therapeutic approaches must be developed, both at the cellular and genetic level. Immunotherapy offers promising results by providing sustained remission to patients with refractory malignancies. Genetically modified T‑lymphocytic cells have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours, haematological malignancies, and relapsed/refractory B‑lymphocyte malignancies as a result of recent clinical trial findings; the treatment is referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy (CAR T‑cell therapy). Leukapheresis is used to remove T‑lymphocytes from the leukocytes, and CARs are created through genetic engineering. Without the aid of a major histocompatibility complex, these genetically modified receptors lyse malignant tissues by interacting directly with the carcinogen. Additionally, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies reveal that CAR T‑cell therapy has proven to be a potential therapeutic contender against metastatic breast cancer (BCa), triple‑negative, and HER 2+ve BCa. Nevertheless, unique toxicities, including (cytokine release syndrome, on/off‑target tumour recognition, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, antigen escape in BCa, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours, negatively impact the mechanism of action of these receptors. In this review, the potential of CAR T‑cell immunotherapy and its method of destroying tumour cells is explored using data from preclinical and clinical trials, as well as providing an update on the approaches used to reduce toxicities, which may improve or broaden the effectiveness of the therapies used in BCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Farida Habib Khan
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | - Sadaf
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Alaa Abdulaziz Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandrajeet Dhara
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
| | - Saumyatika Gantayat
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li T, Luo R, Su L, Lv F, Mei L, Yu Y. Advanced Materials and Delivery Systems for Enhancement of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300880. [PMID: 37653606 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy is a great success and breakthrough in immunotherapy. However, there are still lots of barriers to its wide use in clinical, including long time consumption, high cost, and failure against solid tumors. For these challenges, researches are deplored to explore CAR cells to more appliable products in clinical. This minireview focuses on the advanced non-viral materials for CAR-T transfection ex vivo with better performance, delivery systems combined with other therapy for enhancement of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors. In addition, the targeted delivery platform for CAR cells in vivo generation as a breakthrough technology as its low cost and convenience. In the end, the prospective direction and future of CAR cell therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Ran Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Lina Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Qujing Medical College, Qujing, Yunnan, 655000, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Lin Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:97. [PMID: 37596653 PMCID: PMC10439661 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges of the aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Wang T, Meng X, Jiang T, Zhao X. Chitosan Thermosensitive Hydrogel Based on DNA Damage Repair Inhibition and Mild Photothermal Therapy for Enhanced Antitumor Treatment. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3755-3766. [PMID: 37506051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage repair of tumor cells limits the effect of photothermal therapy (PTT), and high temperatures induced by PTT can damage adjacent normal tissues. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel composite hydrogel (OLA-Au-Gel) based on chitosan (CS) and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP), which encapsulated olaparib-liposomes (OLA-lips) and CS-capped gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs). OLA-Au-Gel achieved the combination of mild PTT (mPTT) by CS-AuNPs and tumor DNA damage repair inhibition by OLA. The hydrogel showed good biocompatibility, injectability, and photothermal response. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, OLA-Au-Gel inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells, induced the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro, and effectively inhibited the growth of breast tumors in vivo. OLA-Au-Gel shows a promising application prospect for inhibiting tumor development and improving the antitumor effect. Collectively, we propose a novel strategy for enhanced antitumor therapy based on the combination of mPTT and DNA damage repair inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tianze Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kapitza L, Ho N, Kerzel T, Frank AM, Thalheimer FB, Jamali A, Schaser T, Buchholz CJ, Hartmann J. CD62L as target receptor for specific gene delivery into less differentiated human T lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183698. [PMID: 37646032 PMCID: PMC10461316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells are a complex and heterogeneous gene therapy product with variable phenotype compositions. A higher proportion of less differentiated CAR T cells is usually associated with improved antitumoral function and persistence. We describe in this study a novel receptor-targeted lentiviral vector (LV) named 62L-LV that preferentially transduces less differentiated T cells marked by the L-selectin receptor CD62L, with transduction rates of up to 70% of CD4+ and 50% of CD8+ primary T cells. Remarkably, higher amounts of less differentiated T cells are transduced and preserved upon long-term cultivation using 62L-LV compared to VSV-LV. Interestingly, shed CD62L neither altered the binding of 62L-LV particles to T cells nor impacted their transduction. The incubation of 2 days of activated T lymphocytes with 62L-LV or VSV-LV for only 24 hours was sufficient to generate CAR T cells that controlled tumor growth in a leukemia tumor mouse model. The data proved that potent CAR T cells can be generated by short-term ex vivo exposure of primary cells to LVs. As a first vector type that preferentially transduces less differentiated T lymphocytes, 62L-LV has the potential to circumvent cumbersome selections of T cell subtypes and offers substantial shortening of the CAR T cell manufacturing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kapitza
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naphang Ho
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerzel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Annika M. Frank
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Arezoo Jamali
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaser
- Research & Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lybaert L, Lefever S, Fant B, Smits E, De Geest B, Breckpot K, Dirix L, Feldman SA, van Criekinge W, Thielemans K, van der Burg SH, Ott PA, Bogaert C. Challenges in neoantigen-directed therapeutics. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:15-40. [PMID: 36368320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental prerequisite for the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is the presence of functional, antigen-specific T cells within the tumor. Neoantigen-directed therapy is a promising strategy that aims at targeting the host's immune response against tumor-specific antigens, thereby eradicating cancer cells. Initial forays have been made in clinical environments utilizing vaccines and adoptive cell therapy; however, many challenges lie ahead. We provide an in-depth overview of the current state of the field with an emphasis on in silico neoantigen discovery and the clinical aspects that need to be addressed to unlock the full potential of this therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wim van Criekinge
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharun K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Natesan S, Megawati D, Singh KP, Michalak I, Dhama K. A comprehensive review on pharmacologic agents, immunotherapies and supportive therapeutics for COVID-19. NARRA J 2022; 2:e92. [PMID: 38449903 PMCID: PMC10914132 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected many countries throughout the world. As urgency is a necessity, most efforts have focused on identifying small molecule drugs that can be repurposed for use as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Although several drug candidates have been identified using in silico method and in vitro studies, most of these drugs require the support of in vivo data before they can be considered for clinical trials. Several drugs are considered promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19. In addition to the direct-acting antiviral drugs, supportive therapies including traditional Chinese medicine, immunotherapies, immunomodulators, and nutritional therapy could contribute a major role in treating COVID-19 patients. Some of these drugs have already been included in the treatment guidelines, recommendations, and standard operating procedures. In this article, we comprehensively review the approved and potential therapeutic drugs, immune cells-based therapies, immunomodulatory agents/drugs, herbs and plant metabolites, nutritional and dietary for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd I. Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Opp to Airforce station HQ, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karam P. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen X. From immune equilibrium to immunodynamics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018817. [PMID: 36504800 PMCID: PMC9732466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The immunology field has long been short of a universally applicable theoretical model that can quantitatively describe the immune response, and the theory of immune equilibrium (balance) is usually limited to the interpretation of the philosophical significance of immune phenomena. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new immunological theory, namely, immunodynamic theory, to reanalyze the immune response. Methods By quantifying the immune dynamic equilibrium as the ratio of positive and negative immune power, the immune dynamic equilibrium equation was established. Then, the area under the curve of the positive and negative immune power was assumed to be equal in the whole process of immune response (regardless of correct or not), and through thought experiments based on this key hypothesis, a series of new concepts and expressions were derived, to establish a series of immunodynamic equations. Results New concepts of immune force and immune braking force and their expression equations, namely, the theoretical equations of immunodynamics, were derived through thought experiments, and the theoretical curves of immunodynamics were obtained according to these equations. Via the equivalent transformation of the theoretical equations and practical calculation of functional data, and by the methods of curve comparison and fitting, some practical equations of immunodynamics were established, and these practical equations were used to solve theoretical and practical problems that are related to the immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancers. Conclusion The traditional theory of immune equilibrium has been mathematized and transformed from a philosophical category into a new concrete scientific theory, namely the theory of immunodynamics, which solves the dilemma that the traditional theory cannot guide individualized medical practice for a long time. This new theory may develop into one of the core theories of immunology in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,CAS Lamvac (Guangzhou) Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoping Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li N, Lin J, Liu C, Zhang Q, Li R, Wang C, Zhao C, Lu L, Zhou C, Tian J, Ding S. Temperature- and pH-responsive injectable chitosan hydrogels loaded with doxorubicin and curcumin as long-lasting release platforms for the treatment of solid tumors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1043939. [PMID: 36406213 PMCID: PMC9669971 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1043939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of treating solid tumors with chemotherapy is primarily hindered by dose-limiting toxicity due to off-target effects and the heterogeneous drug distribution caused by the dense extracellular matrix. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect within tumors restricts the circulation and diffusion of drugs. To overcome these obstacles, hydrogels formed in situ at the tumor site have been proposed to promote drug accumulation, retention, and long-lasting release. We developed a thiolated chitosan (CSSH) hydrogel with a gelation point of 37°C. Due to the pH-sensitive characteristics of disulfides, the prepared hydrogel facilitated drug release in the acidic tumor environment. A drug release system composed of hydrophilic doxorubicin (Dox) and hydrophobic liposome-encapsulated curcumin (Cur–Lip) was designed to enhance the long-lasting therapeutic impacts and reduce adverse side effects. These composite gels possess a suitable gelation time of approximately 8–12 min under physiological conditions. The cumulative release ratio was higher at pH = 5.5 than at pH = 7.4 over the first 24 h, during which approximately 10% of the Dox was released, and Cur was released slowly over the following 24–120 h. Cell assays indicated that the Cur–Lip/Dox/CSSH gels effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cells. These in situ-formed Cur–Lip/Dox gels with long-term drug release capabilities have potential applications for tumor suppression and tissue regeneration after surgical tumor resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riwang Li
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chaochao Zhao
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhuan Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhuan Tian, ; Shan Ding,
| | - Shan Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhuan Tian, ; Shan Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu J, Zhang W, Jiang T. Immunogenic cell death mediation patterns reveal novel paradigm for characterizing the immune microenvironment and immunotherapeutic responses in bladder cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035484. [PMID: 36386817 PMCID: PMC9640952 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays an important role in several malignancies. However, the role of ICD-mediated patterns in bladder cancer (BCA) remains unknown. Methods: For assessing the ICD-mediated patterns based on the expression of IRGs, 4 large BCA cohorts were obtained. The ICD-mediated patterns of individual samples were quantified as an ICD score by principal component analysis. The correlations of the ICD-mediated patterns with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and responses to immunotherapy were comprehensively evaluated. The IRGs with predictive prognostic values were further validated by in vitro loss of function assays. Results: Two distinct ICD-mediated patterns were established, showing distinct clinical features and immune microenvironment features. Although ICD cluster A was associated with a poor prognosis with a high ICD score, it showed an immune activation state with a more favorable response to immunotherapy and treatment that induced ICD. The ICD-related gene, CALR, was significantly upregulated in the T24 BCA cell line relative to the control SV-HUC-1 cells. Knocking down CALR suppressed T24 cell viability and caused ER stress. Conclusion: We identified the existence of distinct ICD-mediated patterns in BCA closely associated with the remodeling of the TIME. Further in-depth examination of ICD-related features is warranted to obtain a broader prospect for therapeutic innovations and improved prognosis of BCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin L, Miao L, Lin H, Cheng J, Li M, Zhuo Z, He J. Targeting RAS in neuroblastoma: Is it possible? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108054. [PMID: 34915055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common solid tumor in children and a leading cause of cancer death in children. Neuroblastoma exhibits genetic, morphological, and clinical heterogeneity that limits the efficacy of current monotherapies. With further research on neuroblastoma, the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma is found to be complex, and more and more treatment therapies are needed. The importance of personalized therapy is growing. Currently, various molecular features, including RAS mutations, are being used as targets for the development of new therapies for patients with neuroblastoma. A recent study found that RAS mutations are frequently present in recurrent neuroblastoma. RAS mutations have been shown to activate the MAPK pathway and play an important role in neuroblastoma. Treating RAS mutated neuroblastoma is a difficult challenge, but many preclinical studies have yielded effective results. At the same time, many of the therapies used to treat RAS mutated tumors also have good reference values for treating RAS mutated neuroblastoma. The success of KRAS-G12C inhibitors has greatly stimulated confidence in the direct suppression of RAS. This review describes the biological role of RAS and the frequency of RAS mutations in neuroblastoma. This paper focuses on the strategies, preclinical, and clinical progress of targeting carcinogenic RAS in neuroblastoma, and proposes possible prospects and challenges in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Miao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiran Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China; Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Z, Yang D, Guo T, Lin M. Advances in MUC1-Mediated Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070952. [PMID: 35883508 PMCID: PMC9313386 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors among women. Fortunately, however, immunotherapy has recently become a prospective BRCA treatment with encouraging achievements and mild safety profiles. Since the overexpression and aberrant glycosylation of MUC1 (human mucin) are closely associated with BRCA, it has become an ideal target for BRCA immunotherapies. In this review, the structure and function of MUC1 are briefly introduced, and the main research achievements in different kinds of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are highlighted, from the laboratory to the clinic. Afterward, the future directions of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are predicted, addressing, for example, urgent issues in regard to how efficient immunotherapeutic strategies can be generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dazhuang Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Ting Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Mei Lin
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive form of cancer and is an absolute challenge to treat. This review discusses the standard treatments available for metastatic BC. It further highlights the rationale for targeting oncodrivers, tumor-associated antigens, and neoantigens in BC. Explaining the significance of immune response in successful immunotherapeutic studies, it draws attention towards how adoptive cell therapy can be a useful immunotherapeutic tool. We focus on adoptive cell therapy in BC covering tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, engineered T cell receptor therapy, chimeric antigen receptor therapy, dendritic cell therapy and natural killer cell therapy. In this work, we aim to provide an overview of clinical data regarding the use of cellular immunotherapies in BC. Eventually, we conclude by proposing future adoptive cell therapy approaches, which can be used to cure BC.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sagnella SM, White AL, Yeo D, Saxena P, van Zandwijk N, Rasko JEJ. Locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells in the clinic. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106329. [PMID: 35772645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies utilizing T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have garnered significant interest due to their clinical success in hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, this success has not been replicated in solid tumors, with only a small fraction of patients achieving complete responses. A number of obstacles to effective CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors have been identified including tumor antigen heterogeneity, poor T cell fitness and persistence, inefficient trafficking and inability to penetrate into the tumor, immune-related adverse events due to on-target/off-tumor toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Many preclinical studies have focused on improvements to CAR design to try to overcome some of these hurdles. However, a growing body of work has also focused on the use of local and/or regional delivery of CAR-T cells as a means to overcome poor T cell trafficking and inefficient T cell penetration into tumors. Most trials that incorporate locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells have targeted tumors of the central nervous system - repurposing an Ommaya/Rickham reservoir for repeated delivery of cells directly to the tumor cavity or ventricles. Hepatic artery infusion is another technique used for locoregional delivery to hepatic tumors. Locoregional delivery theoretically permits increased numbers of CAR-T cells within the tumor while reducing the risk of immune-related systemic toxicity. Studies to date have been almost exclusively phase I. The growing body of evidence indicates that locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells is both safe and feasible. This review focuses specifically on the use of locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Amy L White
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Nico van Zandwijk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang F, Li Z, Feng X, Yang D, Lin M. Advances in PSMA-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:11-26. [PMID: 34050265 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a transmembrane glycoprotein located on the cell membrane, is specifically and highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Besides, its expression level is related to tumor invasiveness. As a molecular target of PCa, PSMA has been extensively studied in the past two decades. Currently, a great deal of evidence suggests that significant progresses have been made in the PSMA-targeted therapy of PCa. Herein, different PSMA-targeted therapies for PCa are reviewed, including radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA-RLT, 225Ac-PSMA-RLT), antibody-drug conjugates (MLN2704, PSMA-MMAE, MEDI3726), cellular immunotherapy (CAR-T, CAR/NK-92, PSMA-targeted BiTE), photodynamic therapy, imaging-guided surgery (radionuclide-guided surgery, fluorescence-guided surgery, multimodal imaging-guided surgery), and ultrasound-mediated nanobubble destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujin Wang
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Mei Lin
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Passaro A, Brahmer J, Antonia S, Mok T, Peters S. Managing Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lung Cancer: Treatment and Novel Strategies. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:598-610. [PMID: 34985992 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A proportion of patients with lung cancer experience long-term clinical benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, most patients develop disease progression during treatment or after treatment discontinuation. Definitions of immune resistance are heterogeneous according to different clinical and biologic features. Primary resistance and acquired resistance, related to tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms, are identified according to previous response patterns and timing of occurrence. The clinical resistance patterns determine differential clinical approaches. To date, several combination therapies are under development to delay or prevent the occurrence of resistance to ICIs, including the blockade of immune coinhibitory signals, the activation of those with costimulatory functions, the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and the targeting T-cell priming. Tailoring the specific treatments with distinctive biologic resistance mechanisms would be ideal to improve the design and results of clinical trial. In this review, we reviewed the available evidence on immune resistance mechanisms, clinical definitions, and management of resistance to ICIs in lung cancer. We also reviewed data on novel strategies under investigation in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie Brahmer
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Tony Mok
- State Key Laboratory in Translational Oncology, Department of Clinical Oncology Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sugawara T, Miya F, Ishikawa T, Lysenko A, Nishino J, Kamatani T, Takemoto A, Boroevich KA, Kakimi K, Kinugasa Y, Tanabe M, Tsunoda T. Immune subtypes and neoantigen-related immune evasion in advanced colorectal cancer. iScience 2022; 25:103740. [PMID: 35128352 PMCID: PMC8800070 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elimination of cancerous cells by the immune system is an important mechanism of protection from cancer, however, its effectiveness can be reduced owing to development of resistance and evasion. To understand the systemic immune response in advanced untreated primary colorectal cancer, we analyze immune subtypes and immune evasion via neoantigen-related mechanisms. We identify a distinctive cancer subtype characterized by immune evasion and very poor overall survival. This subtype has less clonal highly expressed neoantigens and high chromosomal instability, resulting in adaptive immune resistance mediated by the immune checkpoint molecules and neoantigen presentation disorders. We also observe that neoantigen depletion caused by immunoediting and high clonal neoantigen load are correlated with a good overall survival. Our results indicate that the status of the tumor microenvironment and neoantigen composition are promising new prognostic biomarkers with potential relevance for treatment plan decisions in advanced CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Sugawara
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Specialized Surgeries, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Artem Lysenko
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jo Nishino
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Institute, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamatani
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Takemoto
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keith A. Boroevich
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou W, Chen W, Wan X, Luo C, Du X, Li X, Chen Q, Gao R, Zhang X, Xie M, Wang M. Benefits of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Genet 2022; 12:815679. [PMID: 35126471 PMCID: PMC8811184 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.815679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to study the benefits and risks of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells in adults with B-cell lymphoma. Methods: From October 2015 to October 2021, we treated five patients with B-cell lymphoma, comprising two with mantle cell lymphoma, one case of Burkitt lymphoma, one case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and one case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. The patients were given the FC regimen 5 days before the infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T-cells. The median total number of CAR T-cells infusions was 350*10^6 (88*10^6–585*10^6). Results: 1) Patients who received CAR T-cell induction therapy achieved complete remission (CR) in Case 1 and Case 3 and partial remission (PR) in Case 2. Case 3’s ATM and D13S25 gene deletions were negative 42 days after CAR T-cell therapy, and molecular biology CR (mCR) and minimal residual disease (MRD) were negative for 5 years and 6 months. The patient in Case 3 was cured. 2) Case 4 patient’s TP53 gene mutation became negative 1 month after CAR T-cell therapy. MRD was negative after CAR T-cell therapy at 41 and 42 months in Cases 4 and 5, respectively. 3) Case 1∼Case 3 patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) without encephalopathy syndrome, accompanied with serious adverse events. CRS can be effectively managed with tocilizumab, etanercept, glucocorticoids, and plasmapheresis. Conclusion: Anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is effective in treating relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma, and the side effects of CAR T-cell therapy can be properly managed. CAR T-cell therapy has high efficacy and presented no side effects in the treatment of MRD in B-cell lymphoma (NCT03685786, NCT02456350).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyujing Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Chen,
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changru Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shenzhen BinDeBioTech Co., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiwen Gao
- Research Management and Supporting Department, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu W, Li S, Li M, Zhou H, Yang X. Upregulation of CD3ζ and L-selectin in antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by eliminating myeloid-derived suppressor cells with doxorubicin to improve killing efficacy of neuroblastoma cells in vitro. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24158. [PMID: 34861064 PMCID: PMC8761462 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Agglomeration of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumors impedes immunotherapeutic effects. Doxorubicin (DOX) is currently the most specific drug used for the selective removal of MDSCs. Here, we study the feasibility and mechanism of eliminating MDSCs by DOX to improve antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)‐killing neuroblastoma (NB) cells in vitro. Methods CTL and MDSC were prepared; then, CTLs, NB cells, MDSCs, and DOX were mixed and cultivated in different collocation patterns and divided into different groups. The levels of cluster of differentiation 3ζ chain (CD3ζ) and L‐selectin in CTL in different groups were detected. Thereafter, the killing rate of NB cells and secretion of interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ were measured and compared. Results By real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot test respectively, the proliferation and killing effect of CTLs on NB cells were all inhibited by MDSC through downregulating CD3ζ (p = 0.002; p = 0.001) and L‐selectin (p = 0.006; p < 0.001). However, this inhibitory effect was reversed by DOX. Significant differences were observed in the levels of interleukin‐2 (p < 0.001), interferon‐γ (p < 0.001), and the killing rate (p < 0.001) among the groups, except between the CTL +SK‐N‐SH and CTL +SK‐N‐SH +DOX groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions Targeted elimination of MDSCs by DOX can improve Ag‐specific CTL killing of NB cells in vitro by upregulating CD3ζ and L‐selectin. This study provides a novel method to enhance the immunotherapeutic effects of NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Suolin Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Massafra M, Passalacqua MI, Gebbia V, Macrì P, Lazzari C, Gregorc V, Buda C, Altavilla G, Santarpia M. Immunotherapeutic Advances for NSCLC. Biologics 2021; 15:399-417. [PMID: 34675481 PMCID: PMC8517415 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s295406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with antibodies against PD-1 or PD-L1, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, has revolutionized treatment paradigms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without oncogenic driver alterations. These agents, namely immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have also widely demonstrated a remarkable efficacy in locally advanced as well as in early-stage NSCLC. Assessment of tumor PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry has entered into routine clinical practice to select patients for immunotherapy, even though its predictive role has long been debated. Despite improved survival outcomes over standard chemotherapy, treatment with ICIs is associated with initial low response rate, with a significant proportion of patients not responding to these agents. Hence, novel appealing predictive biomarkers, such as those related to tumor cell signaling pathways, metabolism or the tumor microenvironment, have emerged as potentially useful to select those patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Moreover, most patients ultimately develop acquired resistance to ICI treatment over time and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to overcome or delay resistance. Herein, we provide an overview on recent advances in immunotherapy in NSCLC, focusing on updated results from studies on ICIs in different disease settings and at different lines of treatment. We further describe currently emerging predictive biomarkers, beyond PD-L1, to optimize patient selection and novel strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Massafra
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Ilenia Passalacqua
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gebbia
- Medical Oncology and Supportive Care Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Macrì
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzari
- Department of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Vanesa Gregorc
- Department of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Carmelo Buda
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altavilla
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chasov V, Zaripov M, Mirgayazova R, Khadiullina R, Zmievskaya E, Ganeeva I, Valiullina A, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Promising New Tools for Targeting p53 Mutant Cancers: Humoral and Cell-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707734. [PMID: 34484205 PMCID: PMC8411701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor and oncosuppressor protein p53 is considered as one of the most promising molecular targets that remains a high-hanging fruit in cancer therapy. TP53 gene encoding the p53 protein is known to be the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. The loss of transcriptional functions caused by mutations in p53 protein leads to deactivation of intrinsic tumor suppressive responses associated with wild-type (WT) p53 and acquisition of new pro-oncogenic properties such as enhanced cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Hotspot mutations of p53 are often immunogenic and elicit intratumoral T cell responses to mutant p53 neoantigens, thus suggesting this protein as an attractive candidate for targeted anti-cancer immunotherapies. In this review we discuss the possible use of p53 antigens as molecular targets in immunotherapy, including the application of T cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a novel powerful approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Zaripov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Regina Mirgayazova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Raniya Khadiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aigul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Patel NP, Doukas PG, Gordon LI, Akhter N. Cardiovascular Toxicities of CAR T-cell Therapy. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:78. [PMID: 33937946 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides a contemporary overview of current studies outlining the incidence and characteristics of CAR T-cell cardiotoxicity in an effort to identify future directions for research and potential opportunities for prevention and intervention. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiovascular events occurred in anywhere between 10 and 36% of patients in CAR T-cell clinical trials, ranging from tachycardia, hypotension, arrhythmia, decreased left ventricular systolic function to cardiogenic shock and death. Cardiac events are more often associated higher grades (> 2) of cytokine release syndrome and frequently proceeded by an elevated troponin. There is a growing recognition of cardiotoxicities of CAR T-cell therapy but has a limited study in this area. The mechanism of left ventricular dysfunction due to CAR T-cell therapy is also unknown. As CAR T-cell use expands, it becomes imperative to truly understand the mechanism behind cardiac injury and to assess long-term follow-up data as this will allow for surveillance, early intervention, and potentially prevention of cardiotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita P Patel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Arkes Suite 2330, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peter G Doukas
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Arkes Suite 2330, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Leo I Gordon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 N. St. Clair St. Ste 21-100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nausheen Akhter
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 N. St. Clair St. Ste 19-100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ray SK, Meshram Y, Mukherjee S. Cancer Immunology and CAR-T Cells: A Turning Point Therapeutic Approach in Colorectal Carcinoma with Clinical Insight. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:221-236. [PMID: 32838717 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200824103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy endeavours in harnessing the delicate strength and specificity of the immune system for therapy of different malignancies, including colorectal carcinoma. The recent challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to practice and develop molecular immunology tools to create tactics that efficiently and securely boost antitumor reactions. After several attempts of deceptive outcomes, the wave has lastly altered and immunotherapy has become a clinically confirmed treatment for several cancers. Immunotherapeutic methods include the administration of antibodies or modified proteins that either block cellular activity or co-stimulate cells through immune control pathways, cancer vaccines, oncolytic bacteria, ex vivo activated adoptive transfer of T cells and natural killer cells. Engineered T cells are used to produce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to treat different malignancies, including colorectal carcinoma in a recent decade. Despite the considerable early clinical success, CAR-T therapies are associated with some side effects and sometimes display minimal efficacy. It gives special emphasis on the latest clinical evidence with CAR-T technology and also other related immunotherapeutic methods with promising performance, and highlighted how this therapy can affect the therapeutic outcome and next upsurge as a key clinical aspect of colorectal carcinoma. In this review, we recapitulate the current developments produced to improve the efficacy and specificity of CAR-T therapies in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Ray
- Independent Researcher, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| | - Yamini Meshram
- Independent Researcher, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design and Efficacy in Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073495. [PMID: 33800608 PMCID: PMC8037934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our increased understanding of tumour biology gained over the last few years has led to the development of targeted molecular therapies, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) antagonists, poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutants), increasing survival and improving the quality of life. However, the majority of ovarian cancer (OC) patients still do not have access to targeted molecular therapies that would be capable of controlling their disease, especially resistant or relapsed. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are recombinant receptor constructs located on T lymphocytes or other immune cells that change its specificity and functions. Therefore, in a search for a successful solid tumour therapy using CARs the specific cell surface antigens identification is crucial. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as studies on humans, prove that targeting overexpressed molecules, such as mucin 16 (MUC16), annexin 2 (ANXA2), receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (HER2/neu) causes high tumour cells toxicity and decreased tumour burden. CARs are well tolerated, side effects are minimal and they inhibit disease progression. However, as OC is heterogenic in its nature with high mutation diversity and overexpression of different receptors, there is a need to consider an individual approach to treat this type of cancer. In this publication, we would like to present the history and status of therapies involving the CAR T cells in treatment of OC tumours, suggest potential T cell-intrinsic determinants of response and resistance as well as present extrinsic factors impacting the success of this approach.
Collapse
|
27
|
Strategies to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 154:151-160. [PMID: 33684660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) allowed the achievement of impressive long-term survival results in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but most patients develop resistance to ICI treatment over time. Resistance to ICIs is mediated by several complex mechanisms affecting, but not limited to, tumour cell-intrinsic alterations and the tumour microenvironment. The possibility of modulating the immune response by interfering with specific alternative immune receptors, pathways and mediators might provide additional strategies to delay or prevent the development of resistance. Therefore, a greater in-depth investigation and understanding of these mechanisms aims to identify novel classes of immune targets and subsequently to evaluate potential new strategies for overcoming resistance, which will be assessed in this review.
Collapse
|
28
|
Iqbal Yatoo M, Hamid Z, Rather I, Nazir QUA, Bhat RA, Ul Haq A, Magray SN, Haq Z, Sah R, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Bilal M, Harapan H, Dhama K. Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1897-1909. [PMID: 33577374 PMCID: PMC7885722 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1871295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created havoc worldwide. Due to the non-availability of any vaccine or drugs against COVID-19, immunotherapies involving convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal), and the use of immunomodulatory agents to enhance immunity are valuable alternative options. Cell-based therapies including natural killer cells, T cells, stem cells along with cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) based therapies are also being exploited potentially against COVID-19. Future research need to strengthen the field of developing effective immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators with a thrust of providing appropriate, affordable, convenient, and cost-effective prophylactic and treatment regimens to combat global COVID-19 crisis that has led to a state of medical emergency enforcing entire countries of the world to devote their research infrastructure and manpower in tackling this pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zeenat Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Izhar Rather
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Qurat Ul Ain Nazir
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Suhail Nabi Magray
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zulfqar Haq
- ICAR-Centre for Research on Poultry, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - SenthilKumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Titov A, Zmievskaya E, Ganeeva I, Valiullina A, Petukhov A, Rakhmatullina A, Miftakhova R, Fainshtein M, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Adoptive Immunotherapy beyond CAR T-Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:743. [PMID: 33670139 PMCID: PMC7916861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACT) is a vibrant field of cancer treatment that began progressive development in the 1980s. One of the most prominent and promising examples is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell hematologic malignancies. Despite success in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and leukemia, CAR T-cell therapy remains mostly ineffective for solid tumors. This is due to several reasons, such as the heterogeneity of the cellular composition in solid tumors, the need for directed migration and penetration of CAR T-cells against the pressure gradient in the tumor stroma, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To substantially improve the clinical efficacy of ACT against solid tumors, researchers might need to look closer into recent developments in the other branches of adoptive immunotherapy, both traditional and innovative. In this review, we describe the variety of adoptive cell therapies beyond CAR T-cell technology, i.e., exploitation of alternative cell sources with a high therapeutic potential against solid tumors (e.g., CAR M-cells) or aiming to be universal allogeneic (e.g., CAR NK-cells, γδ T-cells), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) T-cell immunotherapies. In addition, we discuss the strategies for selection and validation of neoantigens to achieve efficiency and safety. We provide an overview of non-conventional TCRs and CARs, and address the problem of mispairing between the cognate and transgenic TCRs. Finally, we summarize existing and emerging approaches for manufacturing of the therapeutic cell products in traditional, semi-automated and fully automated Point-of-Care (PoC) systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Hematology Research Centre, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Aygul Rakhmatullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hematopoietic versus Solid Cancers and T Cell Dysfunction: Looking for Similarities and Distinctions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020284. [PMID: 33466674 PMCID: PMC7828769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysfunction of the immune T cell compartment occurs in many hematopoietic as well as solid cancers and hampers successful application of new immunotherapeutic approaches. A complete understanding of T cell dysfunction might improve the outcome of such therapies, but an overview in the various cancers is still lacking. We aim to map areas of similarities and differences in solid versus hematopoietic malignancies, providing a high-level rather than a detailed perspective on T cell dysfunction in those tumors. Abstract Cancer cells escape, suppress and exploit the host immune system to sustain themselves, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) actively dampens T cell function by various mechanisms. Over the last years, new immunotherapeutic approaches, such as adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been successfully applied for refractory malignancies that could only be treated in a palliative manner previously. Engaging the anti-tumor activity of the immune system, including CAR T cell therapy to target the CD19 B cell antigen, proved to be effective in acute lymphocytic leukemia. In low-grade hematopoietic B cell malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, clinical outcomes have been tempered by cancer-induced T cell dysfunction characterized in part by a state of metabolic lethargy. In multiple myeloma, novel antigens such as BCMA and CD38 are being explored for CAR T cells. In solid cancers, T cell-based immunotherapies have been applied successfully to melanoma and lung cancers, whereas application in e.g., breast cancer lags behind and is modestly effective as yet. The main hurdles for CAR T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors are the lack of suitable antigens, anatomical inaccessibility, and T cell anergy due to immunosuppressive TME. Given the wide range of success and failure of immunotherapies in various cancer types, it is crucial to comprehend the underlying similarities and distinctions in T cell dysfunction. Hence, this review aims at comparing selected, distinct B cell-derived versus solid cancer types and at describing means by which malignant cells and TME might dampen T cell anti-tumor activity, with special focus on immunometabolism. Drawing a meaningful parallel between the efficacy of immunotherapy and the extent of T cell dysfunction will shed light on areas where we can improve immune function to battle cancer.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zmievskaya E, Valiullina A, Ganeeva I, Petukhov A, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Application of CAR-T Cell Therapy beyond Oncology: Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010059. [PMID: 33435454 PMCID: PMC7827151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) has long been at the forefront of the battle with cancer that began last century with the therapeutic application of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) against melanoma. The development of novel ACT approaches led researchers and clinicians to highly efficient technologies based on genetically engineered T lymphocytes, with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells as the most prominent example. CARs consist of an extracellular domain that represents the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) responsible for target recognition and the intracellular domain, which was built from up to several signaling motifs that mediated T cell activation. The number of potential targets amenable for CAR-T cell therapy is expanding rapidly, which means that the tremendous success of this approach in oncology could be further translated to treating other diseases. In this review, we outlined modern trends and recent developments in CAR-T cell therapy from an unusual point of view by focusing on diseases beyond cancer, such as autoimmune disorders and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.V.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.V.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.V.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Almazov National Medical Research Center, Institute of Hematology, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.V.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.V.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Filin IY, Solovyeva VV, Kitaeva KV, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA. Current Trends in Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120621. [PMID: 33348704 PMCID: PMC7766207 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an effective drug to treat oncological diseases, which have become the main scourge of mankind, has generated a lot of methods for studying this affliction. It has also become a serious challenge for scientists and clinicians who have needed to invent new ways of overcoming the problems encountered during treatments, and have also made important discoveries pertaining to fundamental issues relating to the emergence and development of malignant neoplasms. Understanding the basics of the human immune system interactions with tumor cells has enabled new cancer immunotherapy strategies. The initial successes observed in immunotherapy led to new methods of treating cancer and attracted the attention of the scientific and clinical communities due to the prospects of these methods. Nevertheless, there are still many problems that prevent immunotherapy from calling itself an effective drug in the fight against malignant neoplasms. This review examines the current state of affairs for each immunotherapy method, the effectiveness of the strategies under study, as well as possible ways to overcome the problems that have arisen and increase their therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y. Filin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.Y.F.); (V.V.S.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.Y.F.); (V.V.S.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Kristina V. Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.Y.F.); (V.V.S.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK;
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.Y.F.); (V.V.S.); (K.V.K.)
- Republic Clinical Hospital, 420064 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-905-316-7599
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Matsumoto T, Okayama H, Nakajima S, Saito K, Nakano H, Endo E, Kase K, Ito M, Yamauchi N, Yamada L, Kanke Y, Onozawa H, Fujita S, Sakamoto W, Saito M, Saze Z, Momma T, Mimura K, Kono K. Tn Antigen Expression Defines an Immune Cold Subset of Mismatch-Repair Deficient Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239081. [PMID: 33260328 PMCID: PMC7730766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells often express Tn antigen, a tumor-associated truncated immature O-glycan (GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr) that can promote tumor progression. Immunotherapies against Tn antigen have been developed and are being evaluated in clinical trials. Tn antigen can also be considered a novel immune checkpoint that induces immunosuppressive signaling through glycan-biding lectins to lead effector T cell apoptosis. We evaluated the correlation of Tn antigen expression by immunohistochemistry with mismatch-repair (MMR) status, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor cell PD-L1 expression, and clinicopathological characteristics in 507 CRC patients. Although 91.9% of CRCs showed negative or weak Tn antigen staining (Tn-negative/weak), we identified a small subset of CRCs (8.1%) that displayed particularly intense and diffuse distribution of Tn antigen immunoreactivity (Tn-strong) that closely related to deficient MMR (dMMR). Moreover, 40 dMMR CRCs were stratified into 24 Tn-negative/weak dMMR tumors (60.0%) exhibiting dense CD8+ lymphocyte infiltrate concomitant with a high rate of PD-L1 positivity, and 16 Tn-strong dMMR tumors (40.0%) that demonstrated CD8+ T cell exclusion and a lack of PD-L1 expression, which was comparable to those of proficient MMR. Our finding suggests that the immune cold subset of patients with Tn-strong dMMR CRC may be effectively treated with immune checkpoint blockade therapy or cellular immunotherapy targeting Tn antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Hirokazu Okayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-24-547-1259
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
- Department of Medical Electrophysiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Eisei Endo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Koji Kase
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Misato Ito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Naoto Yamauchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Leo Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Yasuyuki Kanke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Hisashi Onozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Shotaro Fujita
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Motonobu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Zenichiro Saze
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Tomoyuki Momma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kosaku Mimura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.M.); (S.N.); (K.S.); (H.N.); (E.E.); (K.K.); (M.I.); (N.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.); (H.O.); (S.F.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Z.S.); (T.M.); (K.M.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Precision Approaches in the Management of Colorectal Cancer: Current Evidence and Latest Advancements Towards Individualizing the Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113481. [PMID: 33238500 PMCID: PMC7700522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular underpinnings of metastatic colorectal cancer have been studied for decades, and the applicability of these findings in clinical decision making continues to evolve. Advancements in translating molecular studies have provided a basis for tailoring chemotherapeutic regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment, which have informed multiple practice guidelines. Various genetic and molecular pathways have been identified as clinically significant in the pathogenesis of metastatic colorectal cancer. These include rat sarcoma (RAS), epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, microsatellite instability, mismatch repair, and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog b1 (BRAF) with established clinical implications. RAS mutations and deficiencies in the mismatch repair pathway guide decisions regarding the administration of anti-EGFR-based therapies and immunotherapy, respectively. Furthermore, there are several emerging pathways and therapeutic modalities that have not entered mainstream use in mCRC treatment and are ripe for further investigation. The well-established data in the arena of targeted therapies provide evidence-based support for the use or avoidance of various therapeutic regimens in mCRC treatment, while the emerging pathways and platforms offer a glimpse into the future of transforming a precision approach into a personalized treatment.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin WY, Wang HH, Chen YW, Lin CF, Fan HC, Lee YY. Gene Modified CAR-T Cellular Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228655. [PMID: 33212810 PMCID: PMC7697548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With advances in the understanding of characteristics of molecules, specific antigens on the surface of hematological malignant cells were identified and multiple therapies targeting these antigens as neoplasm treatments were developed. Among them, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, which got United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for relapsed/refractory (r/r) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as well as for recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) within the past five years, and for r/r mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) this year, represents one of the most rapidly evolving immunotherapies. Nevertheless, its applicability to other hematological malignancies, as well as its efficacy and persistence are fraught with clinical challenges. Currently, more than one thousand clinical trials in CAR T-cell therapy are ongoing and its development is changing rapidly. This review introduces the current status of CAR T-cell therapy in terms of the basic molecular aspects of CAR T-cell therapy, its application in hematological malignancies, adverse reactions during clinical use, remaining challenges, and future utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Fu Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435403, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435403, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28757491; Fax: +886-2-28757588
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Unterrainer M, Ruzicka M, Fabritius MP, Mittlmeier LM, Winkelmann M, Rübenthaler J, Brendel M, Subklewe M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Ricke J, Kunz WG, Cyran CC. PET/CT imaging for tumour response assessment to immunotherapy: current status and future directions. Eur Radiol Exp 2020; 4:63. [PMID: 33200246 PMCID: PMC7669926 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent immunotherapeutic approaches have evolved as powerful treatment options with high anti-tumour responses involving the patient's own immune system. Passive immunotherapy applies agents that enhance existing anti-tumour responses, such as antibodies against immune checkpoints. Active immunotherapy uses agents that direct the immune system to attack tumour cells by targeting tumour antigens. Active cellular-based therapies are on the rise, most notably chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, which redirects patient-derived T cells against tumour antigens. Approved treatments are available for a variety of solid malignancies including melanoma, lung cancer and haematologic diseases. These novel immune-related therapeutic approaches can be accompanied by new patterns of response and progression and immune-related side-effects that challenge established imaging-based response assessment criteria, such as Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid tumours (RECIST) 1.1. Hence, new criteria have been developed. Beyond morphological information of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) emerges as a comprehensive imaging modality by assessing (patho-)physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, which enables more comprehensive response assessment in oncological patients. We review the current concepts of response assessment to immunotherapy with particular emphasis on hybrid imaging with 18F-FDG-PET/CT and aims at describing future trends of immunotherapy and additional aspects of molecular imaging within the field of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Ruzicka
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias P Fabritius
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena M Mittlmeier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Winkelmann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Kunz
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens C Cyran
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- DIE RADIOLOGIE, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zafar A, Wang W, Liu G, Wang X, Xian W, McKeon F, Foster J, Zhou J, Zhang R. Molecular targeting therapies for neuroblastoma: Progress and challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:961-1021. [PMID: 33155698 PMCID: PMC7906923 DOI: 10.1002/med.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for childhood cancers. Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric solid tumor, and accounts for ~15% of childhood cancer‐related mortality. Neuroblastomas exhibit genetic, morphological and clinical heterogeneity, which limits the efficacy of existing treatment modalities. Gaining detailed knowledge of the molecular signatures and genetic variations involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma is necessary to develop safer and more effective treatments for this devastating disease. Recent studies with advanced high‐throughput “omics” techniques have revealed numerous genetic/genomic alterations and dysfunctional pathways that drive the onset, growth, progression, and resistance of neuroblastoma to therapy. A variety of molecular signatures are being evaluated to better understand the disease, with many of them being used as targets to develop new treatments for neuroblastoma patients. In this review, we have summarized the contemporary understanding of the molecular pathways and genetic aberrations, such as those in MYCN, BIRC5, PHOX2B, and LIN28B, involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma, and provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular targeted therapies under preclinical and clinical investigations, particularly those targeting ALK signaling, MDM2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS‐MAPK pathways, as well as epigenetic regulators. We also give insights on the use of combination therapies involving novel agents that target various pathways. Further, we discuss the future directions that would help identify novel targets and therapeutics and improve the currently available therapies, enhancing the treatment outcomes and survival of patients with neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Zafar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Stem Cell Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Stem Cell Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Hematology-Oncology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Noh JY, Seo H, Lee J, Jung H. Immunotherapy in Hematologic Malignancies: Emerging Therapies and Novel Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8000. [PMID: 33121189 PMCID: PMC7663624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is extensively investigated for almost all types of hematologic tumors, from preleukemic to relapse/refractory malignancies. Due to the emergence of technologies for target cell characterization, antibody design and manufacturing, as well as genome editing, immunotherapies including gene and cell therapies are becoming increasingly elaborate and diversified. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment of the target disease is critical, as is reducing toxicity. Although there have been many successes and newly FDA-approved immunotherapies for hematologic malignancies, we have learned that insufficient efficacy due to disease relapse following treatment is one of the key obstacles for developing successful therapeutic regimens. Thus, combination therapies are also being explored. In this review, immunotherapies for each type of hematologic malignancy will be introduced, and novel targets that are under investigation will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Huiyun Seo
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Korea;
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dees S, Ganesan R, Singh S, Grewal IS. Emerging CAR-T Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2409-2421. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): current status and future perspectives. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:619-631. [PMID: 33025047 PMCID: PMC7907037 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been a rapid progress in developing genetically engineered T cells in recent years both in basic and clinical cancer studies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells exert an immune response against various cancers, including the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As novel agents of immunotherapy, CAR-T cells show great promise for NSCLC. However, targeting specific antigens in NSCLC with engineered CAR-T cells is complicated because of a lack of tumor-specific antigens, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, low levels of infiltration of CAR-T cells into tumor tissue, and tumor antigen escape. Meanwhile, the clinical application of CAR-T cells remains limited due to the cases of on-target/off-tumor and neurological toxicity, as well as cytokine release syndrome. Hence, optimal CAR-T-cell design against NSCLC is urgently needed. In this review, we describe the basic structure and generation of CAR-T cells and summarize the common tumor-associated antigens targeted in clinical trials on CAR-T-cell therapy for NSCLC, as well as point out current challenges and novel strategies. Although many obstacles remain, the new/next generation of CARs show much promise. Taken together, research on CAR-T cells for the treatment of NSCLC is underway and has yielded promising preliminary results both in basic and pre-clinical medicine. More pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials are, therefore, warranted.
Collapse
|
41
|
Patel K, Lamm R, Altshuler P, Dang H, Shah AP. Hepatocellular Carcinoma-The Influence of Immunoanatomy and the Role of Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186757. [PMID: 32942580 PMCID: PMC7555667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, limiting their options for treatment. While current treatments are adequate for lower staged disease, available systemic treatments are limited, with marginal benefit at best. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, effective in treating liquid tumors such as B-cell lymphoma, presents a potentially promising treatment option for advanced HCC. However, new challenges specific to solid tumors, such as tumor immunoanatomy or the immune cell presence and position anatomically and the tumor microenvironment, need to be defined and overcome. Immunotherapy currently in use must be re-engineered and re-envisioned to treat HCC with the hopes of ushering in an answer to advanced stage solid tumor disease processes. Future therapy options must address the uniqueness of the tumors under the umbrella of HCC. This review strives to summarize HCC, its staging system, current therapy and immunotherapy medications currently being utilized or studied in the treatment of HCC with the hopes of highlighting what is being done and suggesting what needs to be done in the future to champion this therapy as an effective option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Patel
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Ryan Lamm
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Peter Altshuler
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Hien Dang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Ashesh P. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (A.P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Landscape of CAR-T Cell Clinical Trials against Solid Tumors-A Comprehensive Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092567. [PMID: 32916883 PMCID: PMC7563774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain immune cells, namely T cells, of cancer patients can be genetically manipulated to express so-called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which enables these cells to kill the tumor cells after recognition by the receptor. This therapy is very successful in the treatment of hematologic tumors such as lymphoma or leukemia. However, tumors growing as a solid mass are less susceptible to this kind of treatment. This review summarizes known data of all clinical trials using this therapy against solid tumors that are registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Abstract CAR-T cells showed great potential in the treatment of patients with hematologic tumors. However, the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors lags behind. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the landscape of CAR-T cell clinical trials against this type of cancer, this review summarizes all the 196 studies registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Special focus is on: (1) geographical distribution; (2) targeted organs, tumor entities, and antigens; (3) CAR transfer methods, CAR formats, and extra features introduced into the T cells; and (4) patient pretreatments, injection sites, and safety measurements. Finally, the few data on clinical outcome are reported. The last assessment of clinicaltrials.gov for the data summarized in this paper was on 4 August 2020.
Collapse
|
43
|
Chasov V, Mirgayazova R, Zmievskaya E, Khadiullina R, Valiullina A, Stephenson Clarke J, Rizvanov A, Baud MGJ, Bulatov E. Key Players in the Mutant p53 Team: Small Molecules, Gene Editing, Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1460. [PMID: 32974171 PMCID: PMC7461930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is a key tumor suppressor that is inactivated in almost all cancers due to either point mutations in the TP53 gene or overexpression of its negative regulators. The p53 protein is known as the “cellular gatekeeper” for its roles in facilitating DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis upon DNA damage. Most p53 mutations are missense and result in either structural destabilization of the protein, causing its partial unfolding and deactivation under physiological conditions, or impairment of its DNA-binding properties. Tumor cells with p53 mutations are generally more immunogenic due to “hot spot” neoantigens that instigate the immune system response. In this review, we discuss the key therapeutic strategies targeting mutant p53 tumors, including classical approaches based on small molecule intervention and emerging technologies such as gene editing and T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina Mirgayazova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Raniya Khadiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Matthias G J Baud
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim TJ, Koo KC. Current Status and Future Perspectives of Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5484. [PMID: 32751945 PMCID: PMC7432105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of prostate cancer (PCa) varies from castration-naive to metastatic castration-resistant disease. Despite the administration of androgen synthesis inhibitors and chemotherapy regimens for castration-resistant prostate cancer, the treatment options for this entity are limited. The utilization of the immune system against cancer cells shows potential as a therapeutic modality for various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. With technological advances over the last decade, immunotherapy has become an integral treatment modality for advanced solid tumors. The feasibility of immunotherapy has shown promise for patients with PCa, and with advances in molecular diagnostic platforms and our understanding of immune mechanisms, immunotherapy is reemerging as a potential treatment modality for PCa. Various combinations of individualized immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers with androgen receptor-targeted therapies and conventional cytotoxic agents show promise. This article will review the current status of immunotherapy, including new discoveries and precision approaches to PCa, and discuss future directions in the continuously evolving landscape of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Urology, C.H.A. Bundang Medical Center, University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea;
| | - Kyo Chul Koo
- Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hacker UT, Bentler M, Kaniowska D, Morgan M, Büning H. Towards Clinical Implementation of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors for Cancer Gene Therapy: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1889. [PMID: 32674264 PMCID: PMC7409174 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have gained tremendous attention as in vivo delivery systems in gene therapy for inherited monogenetic diseases. First market approvals, excellent safety data, availability of large-scale production protocols, and the possibility to tailor the vector towards optimized and cell-type specific gene transfer offers to move from (ultra) rare to common diseases. Cancer, a major health burden for which novel therapeutic options are urgently needed, represents such a target. We here provide an up-to-date overview of the strategies which are currently developed for the use of AAV vectors in cancer gene therapy and discuss the perspectives for the future translation of these pre-clinical approaches into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich T. Hacker
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pulmonology, and Infectious Diseases, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Bentler
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Dorota Kaniowska
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pulmonology, and Infectious Diseases, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (M.M.)
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (M.M.)
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Mouse Tumor Models for Advanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4118. [PMID: 32526987 PMCID: PMC7312663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of new methods of cancer immunotherapy require the production of complex cancer animal models that reliably reflect the complexity of the tumor and its microenvironment. Mice are good animals to create tumor models because they are low cost, have a short reproductive cycle, exhibit high tumor growth rates, and can be easily genetically modified. However, the obvious problem of these models is the high failure rate observed in human clinical trials after promising results obtained in mouse models. In order to increase the reliability of the results obtained in mice, the tumor model should reflect the heterogeneity of the tumor, contain components of the tumor microenvironment, in particular immune cells, to which the action of immunotherapeutic drugs are directed. This review discusses the current immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models of human tumors that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic agents, in particular chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Kristina V. Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK;
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.S.C.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Anti-PSMA CAR-engineered NK-92 Cells: An Off-the-shelf Cell Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061382. [PMID: 32498368 PMCID: PMC7349573 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has become the most common cancer among males in Europe and the USA. Adoptive immunotherapy appears a promising strategy to control the advanced stages of the disease by specifically targeting the tumor, in particular through chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. Despite the advancements of CAR-T technology in the treatment of hematological malignancies, solid tumors still represent a challenge. To overcome current limits, other cellular effectors than T lymphocytes are under study as possible candidates for CAR-engineered cancer immunotherapy. A novel approach involves the NK-92 cell line, which mediates strong cytotoxic responses against a variety of tumor cells but has no effect on non-malignant healthy counterparts. Here, we report a novel therapeutic approach against PCa based on engineering of NK-92 cells with a CAR recognizing the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is overexpressed in prostatic neoplastic cells. More importantly, the potential utility of NK-92/CAR cells to treat PCa has not yet been explored. Upon CAR transduction, NK-92/CAR cells acquired high and specific lytic activity against PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells in vitro, and also underwent degranulation and produced high levels of IFN-γ in response to antigen recognition. Lethal irradiation of the effectors, a safety measure requested for the clinical application of retargeted NK-92 cells, fully abrogated replication but did not impact on phenotype and short-term functionality. PSMA-specific recognition and antitumor activity were retained in vivo, as adoptive transfer of irradiated NK-92/CAR cells in prostate cancer-bearing mice restrained tumor growth and improved survival. Anti-PSMA CAR-modified NK-92 cells represent a universal, off-the-shelf, renewable, and cost-effective product endowed with relevant potentialities as a therapeutic approach for PCa immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
48
|
Roncati L, Palmieri B. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to treat malignant melanoma: the dawn of a chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:763-769. [PMID: 32441324 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are B, T-helper, and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes migrated from the blood or lymph stream toward a tumor with the aim to infiltrate and destroy it. They can be histologically graded as brisk, nonbrisk, or absent. Malignant melanoma has been the first malignancy found to be correlated with TILs status, being brisk TILs associated with better clinical outcomes. By the terminology of "adoptive cell transfer" (ACT), the medical oncology refers to the transfer of cells in a tumor-bearing patient from the same recipient or a healthy donor. METHODS A PubMed literature search on the topic has been performed. Additional documents known to the authors and identified from the reference list of cited publications have been included. RESULTS In the past, autologous TILs ACT was successfully tested for the treatment of malignant melanoma and, today, it is a standardized procedure in several centers around the world. It represents the first research step toward the bioengineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. CONCLUSIONS Both autologous TILs ACT and CAR-T cell therapy from autologous donor exploit the anticancer power of targeted self-lymphocytes, but CAR-T cell technology also virtually allows treatment of those melanomas devoid of TILs or with so few cytotoxic TILs that are difficult to identify.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Roncati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hinge and Transmembrane Domains of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulate Receptor Expression and Signaling Threshold. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051182. [PMID: 32397414 PMCID: PMC7291079 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have demonstrated significant clinical potential; however, their strong antitumor activity may cause severe adverse effects. To ensure efficacy and safe CAR-T cell therapy, it is important to understand CAR’s structure–activity relationship. To clarify the role of hinge and transmembrane domains in CAR and CAR-T cell function, we generated different chimeras and analyzed their expression levels and antigen-specific activity on CAR-T cells. First, we created a basic CAR with hinge, transmembrane, and signal transduction domains derived from CD3ζ, then we generated six CAR variants whose hinge or hinge/transmembrane domains originated from CD4, CD8α, and CD28. CAR expression level and stability on the T cell were greatly affected by transmembrane rather than hinge domain. Antigen-specific functions of most CAR-T cells depended on their CAR expression levels. However, CARs with a CD8α- or CD28-derived hinge domain showed significant differences in CAR-T cell function, despite their equal expression levels. These results suggest that CAR signaling intensity into T cells was affected not only by CAR expression level, but also by the hinge domain. Our discoveries indicate that the hinge domain regulates the CAR signaling threshold and the transmembrane domain regulates the amount of CAR signaling via control of CAR expression level.
Collapse
|