1
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Takchi R, Prudner BC, Gong Q, Hagi T, Newcomer KF, Jin LX, Vangveravong S, Van Tine BA, Hawkins WG, Spitzer D. Cytotoxic sigma-2 ligands trigger cancer cell death via cholesterol-induced-ER-stress. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:309. [PMID: 38697978 PMCID: PMC11066049 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sigma-2-ligands (S2L) are characterized by high binding affinities to their cognate sigma-2 receptor, overexpressed in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. As such, S2L were developed as imaging probes (ISO1) or as cancer therapeutics, alone (SV119 [C6], SW43 [C10]) and as delivery vehicles for cytotoxic drug cargoes (C6-Erastin, C10-SMAC). However, the exact mechanism of S2L-induced cytotoxicity remains to be fully elucidated. A series of high-affinity S2L were evaluated regarding their cytotoxicity profiles across cancer cell lines. While C6 and C10 displayed distinct cytotoxicities, C0 and ISO1 were essentially non-toxic. Confocal microscopy and lipidomics analysis in cellular and mouse models revealed that C10 induced increases in intralysosomal free cholesterol and in cholesterol esters, suggestive of unaltered intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Cytotoxicity was caused by cholesterol excess, a phenomenon that contrasts the effects of NPC1 inhibition. RNA-sequencing revealed gene clusters involved in cholesterol homeostasis and ER stress response exclusively by cytotoxic S2L. ER stress markers were confirmed by qPCR and their targeted modulation inhibited or enhanced cytotoxicity of C10 in a predicted manner. Moreover, C10 increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), both found to be pro-survival factors activated by ER stress. Furthermore, inhibition of downstream processes of the adaptive response to S2L with simvastatin resulted in synergistic treatment outcomes in combination with C10. Of note, the S2L conjugates retained the ER stress response of the parental ligands, indicative of cholesterol homeostasis being involved in the overall cytotoxicity of the drug conjugates. Based on these findings, we conclude that S2L-mediated cell death is due to free cholesterol accumulation that leads to ER stress. Consequently, the cytotoxic profiles of S2L drug conjugates are proposed to be enhanced via concurrent ER stress inducers or simvastatin, strategies that could be instrumental on the path toward tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Takchi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bethany C Prudner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qingqing Gong
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takaomi Hagi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth F Newcomer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda X Jin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suwanna Vangveravong
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Van Tine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William G Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Dirk Spitzer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Kopecka J, Barbanente A, Vitone D, Arnesano F, Margiotta N, Berchialla P, Niso M, Riganti C, Abate C. Cytotoxic pathways activated by multifunctional thiosemicarbazones targeting sigma-2 receptors in breast and lung carcinoma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1588-1596. [PMID: 37796435 PMCID: PMC10661773 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifunctional thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) able to bind sigma receptors and chelate metals are considered as a promising avenue for the treatment of pancreatic cancer due to the encouraging results obtained on in vitro and in vivo models. Here, we assessed the biochemical mechanism of these TSCs also on lung (A549) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells. METHODS The density of sigma-2 receptors in normal (BEAS-2B and MCF10A) and in lung and breast (A549 and MCF7) cancer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. In these cells, cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and activation of ER- and mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways (by spectrofluorimetric assays to measure Caspases 3/7/9; qRT-PCR detection of GRP78, ATF6, IRE1, PERK; MitoSOX, DCFDA-AM and JC-1 staining), induced by the TSCs FA4, MLP44, PS3 and ACThio1, were evaluated. RESULTS FA4 and PS3 exerted more potent cytotoxicity than MLP44 and ACThio1 in all cancer cell lines, where the density of sigma-2 receptors was higher than in normal cells. Remarkably, FA4 promoted ER- and mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways in both cell models, whereas the other TSCs had variable, cell-dependent effects on the activation of the two proapoptotic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that FA4 is a promising compound that deserves to be further studied for lung and breast cancer treatment. However, the other multifunctional TSCs also hold promise for the development of therapies towards a personalized medicine approach. Indeed, the presence of the sigma-2 receptor-targeting moiety would lead to a more specific tumor delivery embracing the characteristics of individual tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, via Nizza 44, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barbanente
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Vitone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Arnesano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, via Santena5/bis, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, via Nizza 44, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Amendola, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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3
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Malar DS, Thitilertdecha P, Ruckvongacheep KS, Brimson S, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM. Targeting Sigma Receptors for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:399-440. [PMID: 37166702 PMCID: PMC10173947 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a 223 amino acid-long protein with a recently identified structure. The sigma-2 receptor is a genetically unrelated protein with a similarly shaped binding pocket and acts to influence cellular activities similar to the sigma-1 receptor. Both proteins are highly expressed in neuronal tissues. As such, they have become targets for treating neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Rett syndrome (RS), developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE), and motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS). In recent years, there have been many pre-clinical and clinical studies of sigma receptor (1 and 2) ligands for treating neurological disease. Drugs such as blarcamesine, dextromethorphan and pridopidine, which have sigma-1 receptor activity as part of their pharmacological profile, are effective in treating multiple aspects of several neurological diseases. Furthermore, several sigma-2 receptor ligands are under investigation, including CT1812, rivastigmine and SAS0132. This review aims to provide a current and up-to-date analysis of the current clinical and pre-clinical data of drugs with sigma receptor activities for treating neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson S Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokphorn S Ruckvongacheep
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James M Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research, Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Room 409, ChulaPat-1 Building, 154 Rama 1 Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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4
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Thejer BM, Infantino V, Santarsiero A, Pappalardo I, Abatematteo FS, Teakel S, Van Oosterum A, Mach RH, Denora N, Lee BC, Resta N, Bagnulo R, Niso M, Contino M, Montsch B, Heffeter P, Abate C, Cahill MA. Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076381. [PMID: 37047353 PMCID: PMC10093951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma-2 receptor (S2R) is a S2R ligand-binding site historically associated with reportedly 21.5 kDa proteins that have been linked to several diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. The S2R is highly expressed in various tumors, where it correlates with the proliferative status of the malignant cells. Recently, S2R was reported to be the transmembrane protein TMEM97. Prior to that, we had been investigating the translocator protein (TSPO) as a potential 21.5 kDa S2R candidate protein with reported heme and sterol associations. Here, we investigate the contributions of TMEM97 and TSPO to S2R activity in MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma and MIA PaCa-2 (MP) pancreatic carcinoma cells. Additionally, the role of the reported S2R-interacting partner PGRMC1 was also elucidated. Proximity ligation assays and co-immunoprecipitation show a functional association between S2R and TSPO. Moreover, a close physical colocalization of TMEM97 and TSPO was found in MP cells. In MCF7 cells, co-immunoprecipitation only occurred with TMEM97 but not with PGRMC1, which was further confirmed by confocal microscopy experiments. Treatment with the TMEM97 ligand 20-(S)-hydroxycholesterol reduced co-immunoprecipitation of both TMEM97 and PGRMC1 in immune pellets of immunoprecipitated TSPO in MP cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first suggestion of a (functional) interaction between TSPO and TMEM97 that can be affected by S2R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar M. Thejer
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Research and Development Department, The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad 10065, Iraq
| | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Santarsiero
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pappalardo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesca S. Abatematteo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sarah Teakel
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Van Oosterum
- Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Florey Building, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicoletta Resta
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione e Rigenerativa e Area Jonica (DIMePRe-J), Università degli Studi di Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Bagnulo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione e Rigenerativa e Area Jonica (DIMePRe-J), Università degli Studi di Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Bianca Montsch
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Abate
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari ‘ALDO MORO’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Amendola, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael A. Cahill
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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5
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Lizama BN, Kahle J, Catalano SM, Caggiano AO, Grundman M, Hamby ME. Sigma-2 Receptors—From Basic Biology to Therapeutic Target: A Focus on Age-Related Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076251. [PMID: 37047224 PMCID: PMC10093856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet medical need to develop disease-modifying treatment options for individuals with age-related degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The sigma-2 receptor (S2R), encoded by TMEM97, is expressed in brain and retinal cells, and regulates cell functions via its co-receptor progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and through other protein–protein interactions. Studies describing functions of S2R involve the manipulation of expression or pharmacological modulation using exogenous small-molecule ligands. These studies demonstrate that S2R modulates key pathways involved in age-related diseases including autophagy, trafficking, oxidative stress, and amyloid-β and α-synuclein toxicity. Furthermore, S2R modulation can ameliorate functional deficits in cell-based and animal models of disease. This review summarizes the current evidence-based understanding of S2R biology and function, and its potential as a therapeutic target for age-related degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer’s disease, α-synucleinopathies, and dry age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Grundman
- Global R&D Partners, LLC., San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mary E. Hamby
- Cognition Therapeutics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abatematteo FS, Majellaro M, Montsch B, Prieto-Díaz R, Niso M, Contino M, Stefanachi A, Riganti C, Mangiatordi GF, Delre P, Heffeter P, Sotelo E, Abate C. Development of Fluorescent 4-[4-(3 H-Spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidin]-1'-yl)butyl]indolyl Derivatives as High-Affinity Probes to Enable the Study of σ Receptors via Fluorescence-Based Techniques. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3798-3817. [PMID: 36919956 PMCID: PMC10041534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptor subtypes, σ1 and σ2, are targets of wide pharmaceutical interest. The σ2 receptor holds promise for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms activated by the σ2 receptor. To contribute to the exploitation of its therapeutic potential, we developed novel specific fluorescent ligands. Indole derivatives bearing the N-butyl-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] portion were functionalized with fluorescent tags. Nanomolar-affinity fluorescent σ ligands, spanning from green to red to near-infrared emission, were obtained. Compounds 19 (σ pan affinity) and 29 (σ2 selective), which displayed the best compromise between pharmacodynamic and photophysical properties, were investigated in flow cytometry, confocal, and live cell microscopy, demonstrating their specificity for the σ2 receptor. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first red-emitting fluorescent σ2 ligands, validated as powerful tools for the study of σ2 receptors via fluorescence-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Majellaro
- Centro Singular Investigación Quimica Biologica e Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bianca Montsch
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Centro Singular Investigación Quimica Biologica e Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Via Orabona, 4, 79125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Via Orabona, 4, 79125 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Delre
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Centro Singular Investigación Quimica Biologica e Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Via Orabona, 4, 79125 Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
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7
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Hough A, Criswell C, Faruk A, Cavanaugh JE, Kolber BJ, Tidgewell KJ. Barbamide Displays Affinity for Membrane-Bound Receptors and Impacts Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Mouse Sensory Neurons. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:110. [PMID: 36827151 PMCID: PMC9966578 DOI: 10.3390/md21020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria are a rich source of bio-active metabolites that have been utilized as leads for drug discovery and pharmacological tools for basic science research. Here, we describe the re-isolation of a well-known metabolite, barbamide, from Curaçao on three different occasions and the characterization of barbamide's biological interactions with targets of the mammalian nervous system. Barbamide was originally discovered as a molluscicidal agent from a filamentous marine cyanobacterium. In our hands, we found little evidence of toxicity against mammalian cell cultures. However, barbamide showed several affinities when screened for binding affinity for a panel of 45 receptors and transporters known to be involved in nociception and sensory neuron activity. We found high levels of binding affinity for the dopamine transporter, the kappa opioid receptor, and the sigma receptors (sigma-1 and sigma-2 also known as transmembrane protein 97; TMEM97). We tested barbamide in vitro in isolated sensory neurons from female mice to explore its functional impact on calcium flux in these cells. Barbamide by itself had no observable impact on calcium flux. However, barbamide enhanced the effect of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and enhanced store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) responses after depletion of intracellular calcium. Overall, these results demonstrate the biological potential of barbamide at sensory neurons with implications for future drug development projects surrounding this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hough
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Connor Criswell
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Asef Faruk
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jane E. Cavanaugh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Benedict J. Kolber
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tidgewell
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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8
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Fallica AN, Ciaffaglione V, Modica MN, Pittalà V, Salerno L, Amata E, Marrazzo A, Romeo G, Intagliata S. Structure-activity relationships of mixed σ1R/σ2R ligands with antiproliferative and anticancer effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Zeng Z, Liao S, Zhou H, Liu H, Lin J, Huang Y, Zhou C, Xu D. Novel Sigma-2 receptor ligand A011 overcomes MDR in adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells by modulating ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporter function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952980. [PMID: 36120340 PMCID: PMC9473340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is thought to be one of the main reasons for the failure of chemotherapy in cancers. ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) or P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) play indispensable roles in cancer cell MDR. Sigma-2 (σ2) receptor is considered to be a cancer biomarker and a potential therapeutic target due to its high expression in various proliferative tumors. Recently, σ2 receptor ligands have been shown to have promising cytotoxic effects against cancer cells and to modulate the activity of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in vitro experiments, but their specific effects and mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We found that A011, a σ2 receptor ligand with the structure of 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, showed promising cytotoxicity against breast cancer MCF-7 and adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/ADR), induced apoptosis, and reversed adriamycin (ADR) and paclitaxel resistance in MCF-7/ADR cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that A011 increased the accumulation of rhodamine 123 and mitoxantrone in MCF-7/ADR cells. A011 significantly decreased the ATPase activity of the ABCB1 and down-regulated ABCG2 protein expression. In addition, A011, administered alone or in combination with ADR, significantly inhibited tumor growth in the MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing nude mouse model. A011 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shiyi Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiantao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yunsheng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chenhui Zhou
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Chenhui Zhou, ; Daohua Xu,
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacutical Development, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Chenhui Zhou, ; Daohua Xu,
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10
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Zhang N, Pan H, Liang X, Xie J, Han W. The roles of transmembrane family proteins in the regulation of store-operated Ca 2+ entry. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:118. [PMID: 35119538 PMCID: PMC11071953 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major pathway for calcium signaling, which regulates almost every biological process, involving cell proliferation, differentiation, movement and death. Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) are the two major proteins involved in SOCE. With the deepening of studies, more and more proteins are found to be able to regulate SOCE, among which the transmembrane (TMEM) family proteins are worth paying more attention. In addition, the ORAI proteins belong to the TMEM family themselves. As the name suggests, TMEM family is a type of proteins that spans biological membranes including plasma membrane and membrane of organelles. TMEM proteins are in a large family with more than 300 proteins that have been already identified, while the functional knowledge about the proteins is preliminary. In this review, we mainly summarized the TMEM proteins that are involved in SOCE, to better describe a picture of the interaction between STIM and ORAI proteins during SOCE and its downstream signaling pathways, as well as to provide an idea for the study of the TMEM family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Orai2 Modulates Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry and Cell Cycle Progression in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010114. [PMID: 35008277 PMCID: PMC8749845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease from the histological and molecular expression point of view, and this heterogeneity determines cancer aggressiveness. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a major mechanism for Ca2+ entry in non-excitable cells, is significantly remodeled in cancer cells and plays an important role in the development and support of different cancer hallmarks. The store-operated CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+) channels are predominantly comprised of Orai1 but the participation of Orai2 and Orai3 subunits has been reported to modulate the magnitude of Ca2+ responses. Here we provide evidence for a heterogeneous expression of Orai2 among different breast cancer cell lines. In the HER2 and triple negative breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and BT20, respectively, where the expression of Orai2 was greater, Orai2 modulates the magnitude of SOCE and sustain Ca2+ oscillations in response to carbachol. Interestingly, in these cells Orai2 modulates the activation of NFAT1 and NFAT4 in response to high and low agonist concentrations. Finally, we have found that, in cells with high Orai2 expression, Orai2 knockdown leads to cell cycle arrest at the G0-G1 phase and decreases apoptosis resistance upon cisplatin treatment. Altogether, these findings indicate that, in breast cancer cells with a high Orai2 expression, Orai2 plays a relevant functional role in agonist-evoked Ca2+ signals, cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance.
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12
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Niso M, Kopecka J, Abatematteo FS, Berardi F, Riganti C, Abate C. Multifunctional thiosemicarbazones targeting sigma receptors: in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities in pancreatic cancer models. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1307-1323. [PMID: 34586588 PMCID: PMC8648660 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Association of the metal chelating portion of thiosemicarbazone with the cytotoxic activity of sigma-2 receptors appears a promising strategy for the treatment of pancreatic tumors. Here, we developed a novel sigma-2 receptor targeting thiosemicarbazone (FA4) that incorporates a moiety associated with lysosome destabilization and ROS increase in order to design more efficient antitumor agents. METHODS The density of sigma receptors in pancreatic cancer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. In these cells, cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and activation of ER- and mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways (mRNA expression of GRP78, ATF6, IRE1, PERK; ROS levels by MitoSOX and DCFDA-AM; JC-1 staining) induced by the thiosemicarbazones FA4, MLP44, PS3 and ACthio-1, were evaluated. The expression of autophagic proteins (ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, beclin, p62 and LC3-I) was also studied. In addition, the in vivo effect of FA4 in xenograft models with and without gemcitabine challenge was investigated. RESULTS We found that FA4 exerted a more potent cytotoxicity than previously studied thiosemicarbazones (MLP44, PS3 and ACthio-1), which were found to display variable effects on the ER or the mitochondria-dependent pro-apoptotic axis. By contrast, FA4 activated pro-apoptotic pathways and decreased autophagy, except in MiaPaCa2 cells, in which autophagic proteins were expressed at lower levels and remained unmodified by FA4. FA4 treatment of PANC-1 xenografted mouse models, poorly responsive to conventional chemotherapy, significantly reduced tumor volumes and increased intratumor apoptosis compared to gemcitabine, with no signs of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that FA4 exhibits encouraging activity in pancreatic cancer cells unresponsive to gemcitabine. These results warrant further investigation in patient-derived pancreatic cancers, and hold promise for the development of therapies that can more efficiently target the specific characteristics of individual tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Serena Abatematteo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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13
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Sanchez-Collado J, Jardin I, López JJ, Ronco V, Salido GM, Dubois C, Prevarskaya N, Rosado JA. Role of Orai3 in the Pathophysiology of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111426. [PMID: 34768857 PMCID: PMC8584145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian exclusive Orai3 channel participates in the generation and/or modulation of two independent Ca2+ currents, the store-operated current, Icrac, involving functional interactions between the stromal interaction molecules (STIM), STIM1/STIM2, and Orai1/Orai2/Orai3, as well as the store-independent arachidonic acid (AA) (or leukotriene C4)-regulated current Iarc, which involves Orai1, Orai3 and STIM1. Overexpression of functional Orai3 has been described in different neoplastic cells and cancer tissue samples as compared to non-tumor cells or normal adjacent tissue. In these cells, Orai3 exhibits a cell-specific relevance in Ca2+ influx. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is strongly dependent on Orai3 expression while in colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells Orai3 predominantly modulates SOCE. On the other hand, in prostate cancer cells Orai3 expression has been associated with the formation of Orai1/Orai3 heteromeric channels regulated by AA and reduction in SOCE, thus leading to enhanced proliferation. Orai3 overexpression is associated with supporting several cancer hallmarks, including cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the functional role of Orai3 in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Sanchez-Collado
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Isaac Jardin
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Jose J. López
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.L.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Victor Ronco
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Gines M. Salido
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Charlotte Dubois
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technologiesa, University of Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; (C.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technologiesa, University of Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; (C.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Juan A. Rosado
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (I.J.); (V.R.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.L.); (J.A.R.)
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14
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Abatematteo FS, Niso M, Lacivita E, Abate C. σ 2 Receptor and Its Role in Cancer with Focus on a MultiTarget Directed Ligand (MTDL) Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:3743. [PMID: 34205334 PMCID: PMC8235595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-2 (σ2) is an endoplasmic receptor identified as the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein TMEM97. Despite its controversial identity, which was only recently solved, this protein has gained scientific interest because of its role in the proliferative status of cells; many tumor cells from different organs overexpress the σ2 receptor, and many σ2 ligands display cytotoxic actions in (resistant) cancer cells. These properties have shed light on the σ2 receptor as a potential druggable target to be bound/activated for the diagnosis or therapy of tumors. Additionally, diverse groups have shown how the σ2 receptor can be exploited for the targeted delivery of the anticancer drugs to tumors. As the cancer disease is a multifactorial pathology with multiple cell populations, a polypharmacological approach is very often needed. Instead of the simultaneous administration of different classes of drugs, the use of one molecule that interacts with diverse pharmacological targets, namely MultiTarget Directed Ligand (MTDL), is a promising and currently pursued strategy, that may overcome the pharmacokinetic problems associated with the administration of multiple molecules. This review aims to point out the progress regarding the σ2 ligands in the oncology field, with a focus on MTDLs directed towards σ2 receptors as promising weapons against (resistant) cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.S.A.); (M.N.); (E.L.)
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15
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Cantonero C, Camello PJ, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Redondo PC. TMEM97 facilitates the activation of SOCE by downregulating the association of cholesterol to Orai1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158906. [PMID: 33618021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of TMEM97, a regulator of cholesterol transport, has been reported to be enhanced in some tumour cells. We have recently shown that TMEM97 is involved in the proliferation of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, probably through changes in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). By using silencing and overexpression of TMEM97 in MDA-MB-231 cells (two manoeuvres that either reduce or increase the calcium influx, respectively), we show enhanced cholesterol uptake in these cells as compared to the non-tumoral breast cell line, MCF10A. The enhanced cholesterol uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by silencing TMEM97, while overexpression of this protein increased cholesterol uptake in MCF10A cells and, therefore, indicating that this protein plays a role in the enhanced cholesterol uptake in MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. TMEM97 silencing and overexpression resulted in an increase and decrease in the association of cholesterol to the SOCE calcium channel Orai1, respectively. Interestingly, silencing of TMEM97 in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly reduced the co-localization of Orai1 with the SOCE regulatory protein STIM1. Finally, neither silencing nor overexpression of TMEM97 altered SOCE in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with the cholesterol insensible mutant of Orai1(Y80E). Our results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of SOCE that relies on TMEM97 activity that courses through the reduction of the cholesterol content in the plasma membrane, and subsequently, by impairing its interaction with Orai1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - P J Camello
- Department of Physiology (FIMUL group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - G M Salido
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - J A Rosado
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain
| | - P C Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Phycell group), University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain.
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16
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Men X, Su M, Ma J, Mou Y, Dai P, Chen C, Cheng XA. Overexpression of TMEM47 Induces Tamoxifen Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211004916. [PMID: 33745390 PMCID: PMC7989118 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211004916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is the eminent first-line drug for endocrine therapy of hormone receptor positive premenopausal breast cancer and reduces the risk of recurrence by ∼50%. However, many patients developed TAM resistance and their diseases recurred. Our previous study on transcriptome profile of TAM resistant breast cancer cells revealed that the TMEM47 is one of the most significantly differentially expressed genes. The mechanism of how TMEM47 is involved in TAM resistance was not known. Methods: We constructed a mammal breast cancer cell line, in which TMEM47 was stably overexpressed (TMEM47-OE/MCF-7), to further verify the role of TMEM47 in TAM resistance. siRNA targeting TMEM47 was transfected into TAMR / MCF-7 cells by Liposome. TMEM47 expression was validated on mRNA and protein level by qRT-PCR and western blotting. We tested the cytotoxicity of TAM in the cells. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Results: Compared to the MCF7 cells, TMEM47 mRNA was significantly up regulated more than 6 folds in the TAMR/MCF7 cells and so its protein. TMEM47 expression level in TMEM47-OE/MCF-7 was similar as in the TAMR/MCF-7 cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mean ± SD) of TAM in MCF-7, TAMR/MCF-7 and TMEM47-OE/MCF-7 cells was 1.58 ± 0.19, 2.74 ± 0.24 and 3.12 ± 0.32 µγ/mL, respectively. The apoptosis rates of TAMR/MCF-7 and TMEM47-OE/MCF-7 cell lines were significantly lower than that of MCF-7 cells. After 24 and 48 hours TAM treatments, cell viability was significantly inhibitied in TMEM47 knockdown TAMR/MCF7 cells (P < 0.01). Consistant with the decreased cell viability, the apoptosis rate in TMEM47 knockdown TAMR/MCF-7 cells was significantly increased. Conclusions: Our results suggest that overexpression of TMEM47 in MCF-7 cells acquired TAM resistance to those cells, and knockdown of TMEM47 in TAMR/MCF-7 cells reversed their resistance to TAM. TMEM47 might confer TAM resistance on MCF-7 cells through the inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Men
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Microbiology Institute of Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengyang Su
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yueyang Mou
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Penggao Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Lifegen Co. Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi An Cheng
- Tongchuan people's Hospital, Tongchuan, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Gil-Hernández A, Arroyo-Campuzano M, Simoni-Nieves A, Zazueta C, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Silva-Palacios A. Relevance of Membrane Contact Sites in Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:622215. [PMID: 33511135 PMCID: PMC7835521 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are typically defined as areas of proximity between heterologous or homologous membranes characterized by specific proteins. The study of MCS is considered as an emergent field that shows how crucial organelle interactions are in cell physiology. MCS regulate a myriad of physiological processes such as apoptosis, calcium, and lipid signaling, just to name a few. The membranal interactions between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria, the ER–plasma membrane, and the vesicular traffic have received special attention in recent years, particularly in cancer research, in which it has been proposed that MCS regulate tumor metabolism and fate, contributing to their progression. However, as the therapeutic or diagnostic potential of MCS has not been fully revisited, in this review, we provide recent information on MCS relevance on calcium and lipid signaling in cancer cells and on its role in tumor progression. We also describe some proteins associated with MCS, like CERT, STIM1, VDAC, and Orai, that impact on cancer progression and that could be a possible diagnostic marker. Overall, these information might contribute to the understanding of the complex biology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gil-Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Arroyo-Campuzano
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Simoni-Nieves
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Gomez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Silva-Palacios
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Wang WA, Demaurex N. Proteins Interacting with STIM1 and Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:51-97. [PMID: 34050862 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) interacts with ORAI Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane to regulate immune and muscle cell function. The conformational changes underlying STIM1 activation, translocation, and ORAI1 trapping and gating, are stringently regulated by post-translational modifications and accessory proteins. Here, we review the recent progress in the identification and characterization of ER and cytosolic proteins interacting with STIM1 to control its activation and deactivation during store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-An Wang
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Asong G, Amissah F, Voshavar C, Nkembo AT, Ntantie E, Lamango NS, Ablordeppey SY. A Mechanistic Investigation on the Anticancer Properties of SYA013, a Homopiperazine Analogue of Haloperidol with Activity against Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32907-32918. [PMID: 33403252 PMCID: PMC7774091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most malignant cancers associated with early metastasis, poor clinical prognosis, and high recurrence rate. TNBC is a distinct subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors (HER2). Development of effective TNBC therapies has been limited partially due to the lack of specific molecular targets and chemotherapy involving different cytotoxic drugs suffers from significant side effects and drug-resistance development. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the development of novel and efficient therapeutic drugs with reduced side effects to treat TNBC. We have previously reported that certain analogues of haloperidol (a typical antipsychotic drug used for treating mental/mood disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) suppress the viability of a variety of solid tumor cell lines, and we have identified 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)butan-1-one (SYA013) with such antiproliferative properties. Interestingly, unlike haloperidol, SYA013 shows moderate selectivity toward σ2 receptors. In this study, we explored the potential of SYA013 in modulating the important biological events associated with cell survival and progression as well as the mechanistic aspects of apoptosis in a representative TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231). Our results indicate that SYA013 inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and suppresses cell migration and invasion. Apoptotic studies were also conducted in MDA-MB-468 cells (cells derived from a 51-year old Black female with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast.). In addition, we have demonstrated that SYA013 induces MDA-MB-231 cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and may suppress tumor progression and metastasis. Taken together, our study presents a mechanistic pathway of the anticancer properties of SYA013 against TNBC cell lines and suggests a potential for exploring SYA013 as a lead agent for development against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys
M. Asong
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Felix Amissah
- College
of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan 49307, United States
| | - Chandrashekhar Voshavar
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Augustine T. Nkembo
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ntantie
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Nazarius S. Lamango
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Seth Y. Ablordeppey
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
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20
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Abate C, Niso M, Abatematteo FS, Contino M, Colabufo NA, Berardi F. PB28, the Sigma-1 and Sigma-2 Receptors Modulator With Potent Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity: A Review About Its Pharmacological Properties and Structure Affinity Relationships. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:589810. [PMID: 33364961 PMCID: PMC7750835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.589810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
These unprecedented times have forced the scientific community to gather to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts in diverse directions have been made. A multi-university team has focused on the identification of the host (human) proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins, with the aim of hampering these interactions that may cause severe COVID-19 symptoms. Sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors surprisingly belong to the “druggable” host proteins found, with the pan-sigma receptor modulator PB28 displaying the most potent anti–SARS-CoV-2 activity in in vitro assays. Being 20-fold more active than hydroxychloroquine, without cardiac side effects, PB28 is a promising antiviral candidate worthy of further investigation. Our research group developed PB28 in 1996 and have thoroughly characterized its biological properties since then. Structure–affinity relationship (SAfiR) studies at the sigma receptor subtypes were also undertaken with PB28 as the lead compound. We herein report our knowledge of PB28 to share information that may help to gain insight into the antiviral action of this compound and sigma receptors, while providing structural hints that may speed up the translation into therapeutics of this class of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Bari, Italy
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21
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Sigma-2 Receptor-A Potential Target for Cancer/Alzheimer's Disease Treatment via Its Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225439. [PMID: 33233619 PMCID: PMC7699687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma receptors were classified into sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptor based on their different pharmacological profiles. In the past two decades, our understanding of the biological and pharmacological properties of the sigma-1 receptor is increasing; however, little is known about the sigma-2 receptor. Recently, the molecular identity of the sigma-2 receptor has been identified as TMEM97. Although more and more evidence has showed that sigma-2 ligands have the ability to treat cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanisms connecting these two diseases are unknown. Data obtained over the past few years from human and animal models indicate that cholesterol homeostasis is altered in AD and cancer, underscoring the importance of cholesterol homeostasis in AD and cancer. In this review, based on accumulated evidence, we proposed that the beneficial roles of sigma-2 ligands in cancer and AD might be mediated by their regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
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22
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Mangiatordi GF, Intranuovo F, Delre P, Abatematteo FS, Abate C, Niso M, Creanza TM, Ancona N, Stefanachi A, Contino M. Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 2 (CB2R) in a Multitarget Approach: Perspective of an Innovative Strategy in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14448-14469. [PMID: 33094613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) represents an interesting and new therapeutic target for its involvement in the first steps of neurodegeneration as well as in cancer onset and progression. Several studies, focused on different types of tumors, report a promising anticancer activity induced by CB2R agonists due to their ability to reduce inflammation and cell proliferation. Moreover, in neuroinflammation, the stimulation of CB2R, overexpressed in microglial cells, exerts beneficial effects in neurodegenerative disorders. With the aim to overcome current treatment limitations, new drugs can be developed by specifically modulating, together with CB2R, other targets involved in such multifactorial disorders. Building on successful case studies of already developed multitarget strategies involving CB2R, in this Perspective we aim at prompting the scientific community to consider new promising target associations involving HDACs (histone deacetylases) and σ receptors by employing modern approaches based on molecular hybridization, computational polypharmacology, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Intranuovo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Delre
- CNR-Institute of Crystallography, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Serena Abatematteo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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23
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Cantonero C, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Redondo PC. PGRMC1 Inhibits Progesterone-Evoked Proliferation and Ca 2+ Entry Via STIM2 in MDA-MB-231 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207641. [PMID: 33076541 PMCID: PMC7589959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) has been shown to regulate some cancer hallmarks. Progesterone (P4) evokes intracellular calcium (Ca2+) changes in the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT-20) and in other breast cancer cell lines like the luminal MCF7 cells. PGRMC1 expression is elevated in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells as compared to non-tumoral MCF10A cell line, and PGRMC1 silencing enhances P4-evoked Ca2+ mobilization. Here, we found a new P4-dependent Ca2+ mobilization pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells and other triple-negative breast cancer cells, as well as in MCF7 cells that involved Stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2), Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1), and Transient Receptor Potential Channel 1 (TRPC1). Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) was not involved in this novel Ca2+ pathway, as evidenced by using siRNA STIM1. PGRMC1 silencing reduced the negative effect of P4 on cell proliferation and cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. In line with the latter observation, Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Cells 1 (NFAT1) nuclear accumulation due to P4 incubation for 48 h was enhanced in cells transfected with the small hairpin siRNA against PGRMC1 (shPGRMC1). These results provide evidence for a novel P4-evoked Ca2+ entry pathway that is downregulated by PGRMC1.
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24
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Riganti C, Giampietro R, Kopecka J, Costamagna C, Abatematteo FS, Contino M, Abate C. MRP1-Collateral Sensitizers as a Novel Therapeutic Approach in Resistant Cancer Therapy: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study in Lung Resistant Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093333. [PMID: 32397184 PMCID: PMC7247425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main obstacle to current chemotherapy and it is mainly due to the overexpression of some efflux transporters such as MRP1. One of the most studied strategies to overcome MDR has been the inhibition of MDR pumps through small molecules, but its translation into the clinic unfortunately failed. Recently, a phenomenon called collateral sensitivity (CS) emerged as a new strategy to hamper MDR acting as a synthetic lethality, where the genetic changes developed upon the acquisition of resistance towards a specific agent are followed by the development of hypersensitivity towards a second agent. Among our library of sigma ligands acting as MDR modulators, we identified three compounds, F397, F400, and F421, acting as CS-promoting agents. We deepened their CS mechanisms in the "pure" model of MRP1-expressing cells (MDCK-MRP1) and in MRP1-expressing/drug resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549/DX). The in vitro results demonstrated that (i) the three ligands are highly cytotoxic for MRP1-expressing cells; (ii) their effect is MRP1-mediated; (iii) they increase the cytotoxicity induced by cis-Pt, the therapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of lung tumors; and (iv) their effect is ROS-mediated. Moreover, a preclinical in vivo study performed in lung tumor xenografts confirms the in vitro findings, making the three CS-promoting agents candidates for a novel therapeutic approach in lung resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.R.); (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Roberta Giampietro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.G.); (F.S.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.R.); (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Costanzo Costamagna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.R.); (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesca Serena Abatematteo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.G.); (F.S.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.G.); (F.S.A.); (C.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen Abate
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.G.); (F.S.A.); (C.A.)
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25
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Arachidonic Acid Attenuates Cell Proliferation, Migration and Viability by a Mechanism Independent on Calcium Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093315. [PMID: 32392840 PMCID: PMC7247542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a phospholipase A2 metabolite that has been reported to mediate a plethora of cellular mechanisms involved in healthy and pathological states such as platelet aggregation, lymphocyte activation, and tissue inflammation. AA has been described to activate Ca2+ entry through the arachidonate-regulated Ca2+-selective channels (ARC channels). Here, the analysis of the changes in the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis revealed that, despite MDA-MB-231 cells expressing the ARC channel components Orai1, Orai3, and STIM1, AA does not evoke Ca2+ entry in these cells. We observed that AA evokes Ca2+ entry in MDA-MB-231 cells transiently expressing ARC channels. Nevertheless, MDA-MB-231 cell treatment with AA reduces cell proliferation and migration while inducing cell death through apoptosis. The latter mostly likely occurs via mitochondria membrane depolarization and the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Altogether, our results indicate that AA exerts anti-tumoral effects on MDA-MB-231 cells, without having any effect on non-tumoral breast epithelial cells, by a mechanism that is independent on the activation of Ca2+ influx via ARC channels.
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