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Saito Y, Kage H, Kobayashi K, Kamogashira T, Fukuoka O, Yamamura K, Yamashita S, Tanabe M, Oda K, Kondo K. Comprehensive genomic profiling from C-CAT database unveiled over 80% presence of oncogenic drivers in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma including BRAF, RAS family, NF1, and FGFR1. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 101:170-179. [PMID: 38853441 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is considered a very aggressive carcinoma and has been difficult to treat with therapeutic strategies. This study examines the landscape of genomic alteration in ATC, including the BRAF V600E mutation, and its clinical implications. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MESUREMENT A retrospective observational study was conducted using collected at the Center for Cancer Genomics and Advanced Therapeutics (C-CAT) in Japan, utilizing comprehensive genomic profiling data from 102 ATC cases. Additionally, AACR-GENIE data from 267 cases were analysed for validation. Statistical methods, including the conditional Kendall tau statistic and χ2 tests, were employed for survival analysis and gene mutation comparisons. RESULTS Among 102 ATCs, BRAF, RAS, and other driver mutations were found in 83 cases (81.2%). The prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations was as high as 60%. Co-mutation analysis identified different genomic profiles in the BRAF, RAS, and wild-type groups. Despite the diverse molecular backgrounds, no significant differences in clinical variables and overall survival were observed. The analysis considering left-side amputation suggested that RAS mutations had a poorer prognosis. In the BRAF/RAS wild-type group, FGFR1 and NF1 were identified as driver mutations, with an accumulation of copy number variations and less TERT promoter mutations. This molecular subgrouping was also supported by the AACR-GENIE data. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genomic analysis of ATC in Japan revealed distinct molecular subgroups, highlighting the importance of BRAF V600E mutations, particularly V600E, as potential therapeutic targets and suggest the relevance of tailor-made therapeutic strategies based on genomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kage
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Kobayashi
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teru Kamogashira
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Fukuoka
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamura
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanabe
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Division of Integrative Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sekihara K, Himuro H, Toda S, Saito N, Hirayama R, Suganuma N, Sasada T, Hoshino D. Recent Trends and Potential of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1286. [PMID: 38927493 PMCID: PMC11201408 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy characterized by advanced disease at diagnosis and a poor prognosis. Despite multimodal therapeutic approaches that include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, an optimal treatment strategy remains elusive. Current developments in targeted therapies and immunotherapy offer promising avenues for improved outcomes, particularly for BRAF-mutant patients. However, challenges remain regarding overcoming drug resistance and developing effective treatments for BRAF-wild-type tumors. This comprehensive review examines the clinical and biological features of ATC, outlines the current standards of care, and discusses recent developments with a focus on the evolving role of radiotherapy. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach and highlights the urgent need for further research to better understand ATC pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets. Collaborative efforts, including large-scale clinical trials, are essential for translating these findings into improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Sekihara
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Himuro
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (H.H.); (T.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Soji Toda
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama 2320024, Japan
| | - Nao Saito
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 2638555, Japan;
| | - Nobuyasu Suganuma
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 2360004, Japan;
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (H.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
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Li Z, Ying Y, Zeng X, Liu J, Xie Y, Deng Z, Hu Z, Yang J. DNMT1/DNMT3a-mediated promoter hypermethylation and transcription activation of ICAM5 augments thyroid carcinoma progression. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:12. [PMID: 38228798 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Promoter methylation is one of the most studied epigenetic modifications and it is highly relevant to the onset and progression of thyroid carcinoma (THCA). This study investigates the promoter methylation and expression pattern of intercellular adhesion molecule 5 (ICAM5) in THCA. CpG islands with aberrant methylation pattern in THCA, and the expression profiles of the corresponding genes in THCA, were analyzed using bioinformatics. ICAM5 was suggested to have a hypermethylation status, and it was highly expressed in THCA tissues and cells. Its overexpression promoted proliferation, mobility, and tumorigenic activity of THCA cells. As for the downstream signaling, ICAM5 was found to activate the MAPK/ERK and MAPK/JNK signaling pathways. Either inhibition of ERK or JNK blocked the oncogenic effects of ICAM5. DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) and DNMT3a were found to induce promoter hypermethylation of ICAM5 in THCA cells. Knockdown of DNMT1 or DNMT3a decreased the ICAM5 expression and suppressed malignant properties of THCA cells in vitro and in vivo, which were, however, restored by further artificial ICAM5 overexpression. Collectively, this study reveals that DNMT1 and DNMT3a mediates promoter hypermethylation and transcription activation of ICAM5 in THCA, which promotes malignant progression of THCA through the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanbin Li
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ying
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtai Zeng
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefu Deng
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, No. 128, Jinling West Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Xu GJ, Loberg MA, Gallant JN, Sheng Q, Chen SC, Lehmann BD, Shaddy SM, Tigue ML, Phifer CJ, Wang L, Saab-Chalhoub MW, Dehan LM, Wei Q, Chen R, Li B, Kim CY, Ferguson DC, Netterville JL, Rohde SL, Solórzano CC, Bischoff LA, Baregamian N, Shaver AC, Mehrad M, Ely KA, Byrne DW, Stricker TP, Murphy BA, Choe JH, Kagohara LT, Jaffee EM, Huang EC, Ye F, Lee E, Weiss VL. Molecular signature incorporating the immune microenvironment enhances thyroid cancer outcome prediction. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100409. [PMID: 37868034 PMCID: PMC10589635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic analysis has furthered our understanding of many tumors. Yet, thyroid cancer management is largely guided by staging and histology, with few molecular prognostic and treatment biomarkers. Here, we utilize a large cohort of 251 patients with 312 samples from two tertiary medical centers and perform DNA/RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and multiplex immunofluorescence to identify biomarkers of aggressive thyroid malignancy. We identify high-risk mutations and discover a unique molecular signature of aggressive disease, the Molecular Aggression and Prediction (MAP) score, which provides improved prognostication over high-risk mutations alone. The MAP score is enriched for genes involved in epithelial de-differentiation, cellular division, and the tumor microenvironment. The MAP score also identifies aggressive tumors with lymphocyte-rich stroma that may benefit from immunotherapy. Future clinical profiling of the stromal microenvironment of thyroid cancer could improve prognostication, inform immunotherapy, and support development of novel therapeutics for thyroid cancer and other stroma-rich tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Xu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew A. Loberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Gallant
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophia M. Shaddy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan L. Tigue
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Courtney J. Phifer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mario W. Saab-Chalhoub
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren M. Dehan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christine Y. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donna C. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James L. Netterville
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah L. Rohde
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carmen C. Solórzano
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Bischoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naira Baregamian
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron C. Shaver
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mitra Mehrad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kim A. Ely
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel W. Byrne
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas P. Stricker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Choe
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luciane T. Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Immunotherapy Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Immunotherapy Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric C. Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivian L. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Rose MM, Nassar KW, Sharma V, Schweppe RE. AKT-independent signaling in PIK3CA-mutant thyroid cancer mediates resistance to dual SRC and MEK1/2 inhibition. Med Oncol 2023; 40:299. [PMID: 37713162 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and aggressive disease with 90% of patients succumbing to this disease 1 year after diagnosis. The approval of the combination therapy of a BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib with the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib has improved the overall survival of ATC patients. However, resistance to therapy remains a major problem. We have previously demonstrated combined inhibition of Src with dasatinib and MEK1/2 with trametinib synergistically inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cells, however PIK3CA-mutant cells exhibit a mixed response. Herein, we determined that AKT is not a major mediator of sensitivity and instead PIK3CA-mutants that are resistant to combined dasatinib and trametinib have sustained activation of PDK1 signaling. Furthermore, combined inhibition of PDK1 and MEK1/2 was sufficient to reduce cell viability. These data indicate PDK1 inhibition is a therapeutic option for PIK3CA mutations that do not respond to combined Src and MEK1/2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Rose
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kelsey W Nassar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vibha Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Bikas A, Ahmadi S, Pappa T, Marqusee E, Wong K, Nehs MA, Cho NL, Haase J, Doherty GM, Sehgal K, Barletta JA, Alexander EK, Landa I. Additional Oncogenic Alterations in RAS-Driven Differentiated Thyroid Cancers Associate with Worse Clinicopathologic Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2678-2685. [PMID: 37260297 PMCID: PMC10524472 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE RAS mutations occur across the spectrum of thyroid neoplasms, and more tools are needed for better prognostication. The objective of this study was to evaluate how additional genetic events affecting key genes modify prognosis in patients with RAS-mutant thyroid cancers, and specifically differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a clinical-genomic analysis of consecutive patients with DTC, poorly differentiated (PDTC), or anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) between January 2014 and December 2021, in whom a custom-targeted next-generation sequencing assay was performed. Patients harboring RAS mutations were included, and we compared their clinical features and outcomes based upon the presence of additional oncogenic alterations. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients were identified, with 22% (17/78) harboring a driver RAS mutation plus an additional oncogenic alteration. All six (100%) ATCs had an additional mutation. Compared with DTCs harboring a solitary RAS mutation, patients with DTC with RAS and additional mutation(s) were more likely to be classified as American Thyroid Association high-risk of recurrence (77% vs. 12%; P < 0.001) and to have larger primary tumors (4.7 vs. 2.5 cm; P = 0.002) and advanced stage (III or IV) at presentation (67% vs. 3%; P < 0.001). Importantly, over an average 65-month follow-up, DTC-specific-mortality was more than 10-fold higher (20% vs. 1.8%; P = 0.011) when additional mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS Identification of key additional mutations in patients with RAS-mutant thyroid cancers confers a more aggressive phenotype, increases mortality risk in DTC, and can explain the diversity of RAS-mutated thyroid neoplasia. These data support genomic profiling of DTCs to inform prognosis and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Bikas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sara Ahmadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Theodora Pappa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Marqusee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Wong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A. Nehs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nancy L. Cho
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jacob Haase
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Gerard M. Doherty
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kartik Sehgal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Justine A. Barletta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Erik K. Alexander
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Iñigo Landa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
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Jungels C, Pita JM, Costante G. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: advances in molecular profiling and targeted therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:1-9. [PMID: 36398690 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATCs) are rare cancers with a globally very poor prognosis, because of their immensely aggressive behaviour, resulting in predominantly advanced stage of disease at diagnosis. Response to available therapies is still disappointing. Aim of the present review is to illustrate the diverse new strategies under investigation, to improve the poor outcome of these patients. RECENT FINDINGS Applying molecular analysis in ATC is unravelling potentially actionable targets of therapy. If a mutation of BRAF V600E is found, a combination of Dabrafenib and Trametinib is the recommended treatment. In the presence of another druggable mutation, a specific targeted therapy may be proposed. In the absence of druggable mutations, immunotherapy is an alternative approach, especially in case of significant PD-L1 expression. SUMMARY The molecular profiling of tumour samples is elucidating the genetic alterations involved in ATC development, and new preclinical models are under study to define innovative approaches for individualized treatment of such patients. Hopefully this approach could improve ATC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Jungels
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jaime Miguel Pita
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM) and ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Costante
- Department of Oncologic Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Wang JR, Montierth M, Xu L, Goswami M, Zhao X, Cote G, Wang W, Iyer P, Dadu R, Busaidy NL, Lai SY, Gross ND, Ferrarotto R, Lu C, Gunn GB, Williams MD, Routbort M, Zafereo ME, Cabanillas ME. Impact of Somatic Mutations on Survival Outcomes in Patients With Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100504. [PMID: 35977347 PMCID: PMC10530586 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) uniformly present with aggressive disease, but the mutational landscape of tumors varies. We aimed to determine whether tumor mutations affect survival outcomes in ATC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent mutation sequencing using targeted gene panels between 2005 and 2019 at a tertiary referral center were included. Associations between mutation status and survival outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 202 patients were included, where 122 died of ATC (60%). The median follow-up was 31 months (interquartile range, 18-45 months). The most common mutations were in TP53 (59%), BRAF (41%), TERT promoter (37%), and the RAS gene family (22%). Clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival (OS) significantly correlated with mutations in BRAFV600E and RAS, which were mutually exclusive. The BRAFV600E mutation was associated with the presence of a papillary thyroid carcinoma precursor and significantly better OS (median OS: 24 months). RAS-mutated patients more commonly presented without cervical lymph node involvement but had the worst OS (median OS: 6 months). Tumors that were wild-type for both BRAF and RAS were enriched for NF1 mutations and harbored intermediate prognosis (median OS: 15 months). In multivariate analyses, RAS mutations were associated with a more than 2.5-fold higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.66 to 4.20) compared with BRAFV600E. In patients treated with BRAF-directed therapy (n = 60), disease progression occurred in 48% of patients (n = 29). The median progression-free survival was 14 months. The presence of a TP53 mutation was independently associated with reduced progression-free survival in BRAFV600E-mutated patients treated with BRAF-directed therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.35 to 6.21). CONCLUSION Mutation analysis provides prognostic information in ATC and should be incorporated into routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rui Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Matthew Montierth
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Maitrayee Goswami
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Gilbert Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Priyanka Iyer
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Ramona Dadu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Naifa L Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Neil D Gross
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Department of Thoracic-Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Charles Lu
- Department of Thoracic-Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Gary Brandon Gunn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Mark Routbort
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Mark E Zafereo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
| | - Maria E Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX
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9
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Ngo TNM, Le TTB, Le T, Bychkov A, Oishi N, Jung CK, Hassell L, Kakudo K, Vuong HG. Primary Versus Secondary Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Perspectives from Multi-institutional and Population-Level Data. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:489-500. [PMID: 34559383 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary (or de novo) anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is ATC without pre-existing history of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and no co-existing DTC foci at the time of diagnosis. Secondary ATC is diagnosed if the patient had a history of DTC or co-existing DTC components at time of diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the incidence, clinical presentations, outcomes, and genetic backgrounds of primary versus secondary ATCs. We searched for ATCs in our institutional databases and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database. We also performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the genetic alterations of primary and secondary ATCs. From our multi-institutional database, 22 primary and 23 secondary ATCs were retrieved. We also identified 620 and 24 primary and secondary ATCs in the SEER database, respectively. Compared to primary ATCs, secondary ATCs were not statistically different in terms of demographic, clinical manifestations, and patient survival. The only clinical discrepancy between the two groups was a significantly larger tumor diameter of the primary ATCs. The prevalence of TERT promoter, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations was comparable between the two subtypes. In comparison to primary ATCs, however, BRAF mutations were more prevalent (OR = 4.70; 95% CI = 2.84-7.78) whereas RAS mutations were less frequent (OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.21-0.85) in secondary tumors. In summary, our results indicated that de novo and secondary ATCs might share many potential developmental steps, but there are other factors that suggest distinct developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam N M Ngo
- Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, 700-000, Vietnam
| | - Trang T B Le
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700-000, Vietnam
| | - Thoa Le
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700-000, Vietnam
| | - Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lewis Hassell
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Pathology and Thyroid Disease Center, Izumi City General Hospital, Wake-cho 4-5-1, Izumi-city, 594-0073, Japan
| | - Huy Gia Vuong
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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10
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Rocha ML, Schmid KW, Czapiewski P. The prevalence of DNA microsatellite instability in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma - systematic review and discussion of current therapeutic options. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 25:213-223. [PMID: 34729042 PMCID: PMC8547184 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2021.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare, rapidly progressing, highly aggressive thyroid malignancy. Responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors in mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high tumours of other locations have shown promising results, and with the extended approval of the PD-1 receptor inhibitor pembrolizumab by the Food and Drug Administration, also anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) requires analysis for microsatellite instability (MSI) status. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic research for relevant literature was conducted in different databases. Prevalence, detection methods, and the potential prognostic/predictive value of MSI in view of the available targeted therapies were of special focus. RESULTS Selected citations revealed the prevalence of MSI in 7.4%, with mutations in the MSH2 gene (33%) being the most frequent, followed by MSH6 (25%) and MLH1 (16.7%) occurring in the following combinations: MLH1-MSH2 (8.3%), MSH2-MSH6 (8.3%), and MLH3-MSH5 (8.3%). No mutations in the PMS2 gene were reported. Sixty-six co-mutations in 9 cases were found, with TP53 (88.9%), NF1 (44.4 %), ATM (33.3%), and RB1 (33.3%) being the most frequent. No RAS mutations were noted. Survival ranged between 2.8 and 48 months, and patient age varied between 49 and 84 years. There are insufficient and heterogenous data concerning the predictive or prognostic value of mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability status. CONCLUSIONS Tumour molecular profiling is fundamental in ATC for predictive, prognostic, as well as therapeutic reasons, and analysis of MSI status is strongly suggested because a small subgroup show the MSI signature and might profit from recently approved targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linda Rocha
- Institute of Pathology Königs Wusterhausen, Königs Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Institute of Pathology, Dessau Medical Centre, Dessau, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Pappa T, Ahmadi S, Marqusee E, Johnson HL, Nehs MA, Cho NL, Barletta JA, Lorch JH, Doherty GM, Lindeman NI, Alexander EK, Landa I. Oncogenic Mutations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Effectors Associate with Worse Prognosis in BRAFV600E -Driven Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4256-4264. [PMID: 34088725 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The extent to which routine genomic sequencing can identify relevant secondary genomic alterations among BRAFV600E -mutant papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is unknown. Such markers would prove highly valuable for prognostic purposes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We reviewed clinicopathologic data of 225 patients with BRAFV600E -mutant PTC and integrated them with genomic data derived from targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) on tumor specimens. We defined patient subgroups based on bona fide secondary oncogenic events (separate from BRAFV600E ) and compared their clinical features and outcomes with those without additional oncogenic alterations. RESULTS Additional oncogenic alterations were identified in 16% of tumors. Patients in the "BRAF+additional mutations" group were more likely to be at high American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk of recurrence (48.6% vs. 17.6%; P = 0.0009), had larger baseline tumor (2.7 vs. 1.9 cm; P = 0.0005) and more advanced stage at presentation (14.3% vs. 1.1% stage 4; P < 0.0001). Importantly, over a 65-month follow-up, disease-specific mortality (DSM) was increased when additional mutations were identified (13.8% vs. 1.4% in the BRAF-only group; P = 0.005). Separately, we identified a subcluster of patients harboring oncogenic mutations in key effectors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which were independently associated with DSM (OR = 47.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.5-1,246.5; P = 0.0043). CONCLUSIONS Identification of additional PIK3/AKT/mTOR alterations in patients with BRAFV600E -mutant PTC provides important and actionable prognostic risk stratification. These data support genomic profiling of PTC tumors to inform prognosis and clinical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Pappa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Ahmadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Marqusee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah L Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Nehs
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy L Cho
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen H Lorch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerard M Doherty
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik K Alexander
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iñigo Landa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Xu Q, Mackay RP, Xiao AY, Copland JA, Weinberger PM. Ym155 Induces Oxidative Stress-Mediated DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Arrest, and Causes Programmed Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041961. [PMID: 33669447 PMCID: PMC7920419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a median survival time of about 4 months. Currently, there is no effective treatment, and the development of new therapies is an important and urgent issue for ATC patients. YM155 is a small molecule that was identified as the top candidate in a high-throughput screen of small molecule inhibitors performed against a panel of ATC cell lines by the National Cancer Institute. However, there were no follow-up studies investigating YM155 in ATC. Here, we determined the effects of YM155 on ATC and human primary benign thyroid cell (PBTC) survival with alamarBlue assay. Our data show that YM155 inhibited proliferation of ATC cell lines while sparing normal thyroid cells, suggesting a high therapeutic window. YM155-induced DNA damage was detected by measuring phosphorylation of γ-H2AX as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks. The formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified alkaline comet assay in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione (GSSG) assay suggests that YM155-mediated oxidative stress contributes to DNA damage. In addition, we provide evidence that YM155 causes cell cycle arrest in S phase and in the G2/M transition and causes apoptosis, as seen with flow cytometry. In this study, we show for the first time the multiple effects of YM155 in ATC cells, furthering a potential therapeutic approach for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Xu
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Ryan P. Mackay
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Adam Y. Xiao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Paul M. Weinberger
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Clinicopathologic Analysis of Cathepsin B as a Prognostic Marker of Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249537. [PMID: 33333840 PMCID: PMC7765333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence has increased worldwide; however, investigations of thyroid cancer-related factors as potential prognosis markers remain insufficient. Secreted proteins from the cancer secretome are regulators of several molecular mechanisms and are, thereby, ideal candidates for potential markers. We aimed to identify a specific factor for thyroid cancer by analyzing the secretome from normal thyroid cells, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cells, and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells using mass spectrometry (MS). Cathepsin B (CTSB) showed highest expression in PTC cells compared to other cell lines, and CTSB levels in tumor samples were higher than that seen in normal tissue. Further, among thyroid cancer patients, increased CTSB expression was related to higher risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and advanced N stage. Overexpression of CTSB in thyroid cancer cell lines activated cell migration by increasing the expression of vimentin and Snail, while its siRNA-mediated silencing inhibited cell migration by decreasing vimentin and Snail expression. Mechanistically, CTSB-associated enhanced cell migration and upregulation of vimentin and Snail occurred via increased phosphorylation of p38. As our results suggest that elevated CTSB in thyroid cancer induces the expression of metastatic proteins and thereby leads to LNM, CTSB may be a good and clinically relevant prognostic marker.
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