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Zhang C, Li W, Liu L, Li M, Sun H, Zhang C, Zhong L, Huang J, Li T. DDB2 promotes melanoma cell growth by transcriptionally regulating the expression of KMT2A and predicts a poor prognosis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23735. [PMID: 38860936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302040r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Identification of potential key targets of melanoma, a fatal skin malignancy, is critical to the development of new cancer therapies. Lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A) promotes melanoma growth by activating the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) signaling pathway; however, the exact mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to reveal new molecular targets that regulate KMT2A expression and melanoma growth. Using biotin-streptavidin-agarose pull-down and proteomics, we identified Damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) as a KMT2A promoter-binding protein in melanoma cells and validated its role as a regulator of KMT2A/hTERT signaling. DDB2 knockdown inhibited the expression of KMT2A and hTERT and inhibited the growth of melanoma cells in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of DDB2 activated the expression of KMT2A and promoted the growth of melanoma cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that DDB2 expression was higher in tumor tissues of patients with melanoma than in corresponding normal tissues and was positively correlated with KMT2A expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a poor prognosis in patients with high levels of DDB2 and KMT2A. Overall, our data suggest that DDB2 promotes melanoma cell growth through the transcriptional regulation of KMT2A expression and predicts poor prognosis. Therefore, targeting DDB2 may regulate the effects of KMT2A on melanoma growth and progression, providing a new potential therapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhao Li
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haohui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, Scientific Research Center, Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Shih LJ, Hsu PC, Chuu CP, Shui HA, Yeh CC, Chen YC, Kao YH. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Synergistically Enhanced Arecoline-Induced Cytotoxicity by Redirecting Cycle Arrest to Apoptosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1516-1529. [PMID: 38392216 PMCID: PMC10887523 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Carcinogens, such as arecoline, play a crucial role in cancer progression and continuous gene mutations by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants can reduce ROS levels and potentially prevent cancer progression but may paradoxically enhance the survival of cancer cells. This study investigated whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an antioxidant from green tea, could resolve this paradox. Prostate cancer cells (PC-3 cell line) were cultured and treated with arecoline combined with NAC (N-acetylcysteine) or EGCG; the combined effects on intracellular ROS levels and cell viability were examined using the MTT and DCFDA assays, respectively. In addition, apoptosis, cell cycle, and protein expression were investigated using flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Our results showed that EGCG, similar to NAC (N-acetylcysteine), reduced the intracellular ROS levels, which were elevated by arecoline. Moreover, EGCG not only caused cell cycle arrest but also facilitated cell apoptosis in arecoline-treated cells in a synergistic manner. These were evidenced by elevated levels of cyclin B1 and p27, and increased fragmentation of procaspase-3, PARP, and DNA. Our findings highlight the potential use of EGCG for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jane Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan, Taoyuan 325208, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan, Taoyuan 325208, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chung Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei 106243, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
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Mandal A, Talukdar D, Das A, Giri A, Barhoi D, Giri S. Areca nut and smokeless tobacco exposure induces micronucleus, other nuclear abnormalities and cytotoxicity in early chick embryo. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:967-979. [PMID: 37078627 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) are indiscriminately consumed among the populations of Southeast and South Asian countries, even by women during the gestational period. This study aimed to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of AN and Sadagura (SG), a unique homemade SLT preparation, alone and in combination in early chick embryos. Fertile white leghorn chicken eggs were randomly divided into five treatment groups: vehicle control, positive control (Mitomycin C, 20 μg/egg), AN, SG, and AN+SG. AN, SG, and AN+SG were given at dosages of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/egg. The hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN) was performed in chick embryos to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the test agents. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential was assessed by studying erythroblast cell populations and the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) ratio. Our results indicated a significant increase (p < .001) in MN frequency and other nuclear abnormalities, suggesting the potential of AN and SG to cause genotoxicity. Also, AN and SG exposure alone and in combination considerably altered the erythroblast cell population (%) and the PCE to NCE ratio in all the treatment periods. Our findings established the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of both AN and SG alone and in combination during early embryonic development in the chick embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Mandal
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Doli Talukdar
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Aparajita Das
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Environmental and Human Toxicology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Dharmeswar Barhoi
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
- Department of Zoology, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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Li C, Zhang A, Hu T, Yang Y, Tang S, Li J. Histone demethylase JHDM2A participates in the repair of arsenic-induced DNA damage in L-02 cells by regulating DDB2. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:365-376. [PMID: 35579678 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221098319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in nature and is a class I carcinogen confirmed by the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The liver is responsible for biotransformation in the body and is one of the major organs where arsenic accumulates in the body, but the mechanisms of arsenic-induced abnormal DNA damage repair pathways in the liver are still unclear. Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in arsenic-induced lesions. In this study, an in vitro model was established using human normal hepatocytes L-02 to investigate the mechanism of the specific demethylase JHDM2A of H3K9me2 in the repair of arsenic-induced DNA damage in L-02 cells. The results showed that with the increase of arsenic concentrations, the extent of DNA damage in L-02 cells showed an increasing trend and total intracellular H3K9me2 expression was downregulated. In addition, the enrichment level of H3K9me2 in the promoter region of DBB2, a key factor of nucleotide repair (NBR), increased, while protein and mRNA expression levels showed a decreasing trend. Thereafter, we overexpressed and repressed JHDM2A and found a close association between JHDM2A and arsenic-induced DNA damage. DDB2 protein and mRNA expression was downregulated with JHDM2A overexpression and upregulated with JHDM2A repression, while DBB2 promoter region H3K9me2 enrichment levels remained at a high level, although they were affected after JHDM2A overexpression or knockdown to some extent. These results suggest a potential mechanism by which JHDM2A may regulate DDB2 gene expression, participate in the NBR process, and play a role in arsenic-induced DNA damage in L-02 cells, which is not the result of JHDM2A exerting demethylation on H3K9me2 in the DDB2 promoter region. Our results provided an epigenetic mechanism for endemic arsenicosis, as well as a scientific basis for potential prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhe Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Anliu Zhang
- Guiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shunfang Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Jones TM, Espitia CM, Ooi A, Bauman JE, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Targeted CUL4A inhibition synergizes with cisplatin to yield long-term survival in models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through a DDB2-mediated mechanism. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:350. [PMID: 35428778 PMCID: PMC9012827 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with late-stage and human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continue to have a very poor prognosis. The development of more effective novel therapies that improve overall survival and overcome drug resistance is an urgent priority. Here we report that HNSCC tumors significantly overexpress NEDD8 and exhibit high sensitivity to the first-in-class NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor pevonedistat. Additional studies established that disruption of NEDD8-mediated protein turnover with pevonedistat dramatically augmented cisplatin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HNSCC models. Further analysis revealed that the specific pevonedistat target CUL4A played an essential role in driving the synergy of the pevonedistat and cisplatin combination. Targeted inhibition of CUL4A resulted in significant downregulation in Damage Specific DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), a DNA-damage recognition protein that promotes nucleotide excision repair and resistance to cisplatin. Silencing of CUL4A or DDB2 enhanced cisplatin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in a manner similar to that of pevonedistat demonstrating that targeted inhibition of CUL4A may be a novel approach to augment cisplatin therapy. Administration of pevonedistat to mice bearing HNSCC tumors significantly decreased DDB2 expression in tumor cells, increased DNA damage and potently enhanced the activity of cisplatin to yield tumor regression and long-term survival of all animals. Our findings provide strong rationale for clinical investigation of CUL4A inhibition with pevonedistat as a novel strategy to augment the efficacy of cisplatin therapy for patients with HNSCC and identify loss of DDB2 as a key pharmacodynamic mediator controlling sensitivity to this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trace M Jones
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Lin HY, Wu HJ, Chen SY, Hou MF, Lin CS, Chu PY. Epigenetic therapy combination of UNC0638 and CI-994 suppresses breast cancer via epigenetic remodeling of BIRC5 and GADD45A. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112431. [PMID: 34798471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a growing interest in the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies associated with precision oncology for breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to demonstrate the clinical significance of euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 in BC, to evaluate the antitumor effectiveness of a combination of the selective inhibitors UNC0638 and CI-994 (U+C), and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Multi-omic analysis was used to study the clinical significance of the biomarkers of interest. The effects of U+C treatment were evaluated by detecting cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and representative gene expressions. RNA-Seq and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were employed to identify over-represented genes associated with the treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) assay were applied to verify epigenetic profiling on the identified promoters. RESULTS The significance of elevated expressions of EHMT2, HDAC1, and HDAC2 in tumor tissue and BC basal-like subtype in predicting a poor prognosis was noted. The U+C combined treatment showed an enhanced suppressive effect as compared to single agent treatment, perturbed the cell cycle, induced apoptosis, reduced expressions of the genes representing anti-apoptosis, stemness, drug resistance and basal-like state, while increasing luminal-like state genes. In addition, the combined U+C treatment suppressed xenograft tumor growth. The epigenetic reprogramming of histones was identified in the down-regulated BIRC5 and upregulated GADD45A. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that selectively targeting EHMT2, HDAC1, and HDAC2 by concurrent U+C treatment suppresses BC tumor progression via epigenetic remodeling of BIRC5 and GADD45A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Ju Wu
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yet-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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Sharma M, Shetty SS, Radhakrishnan R. Novel Pathways and Mechanism of Nicotine-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:66-79. [PMID: 34365933 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210806161312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) contains 9 times more nicotine than Smoked Tobacco (SMT). The carcinogenic effect of nicotine is intensified by converting nicotine-to-nicotine-derived Nitrosamines (NDNs). METHODS A review of the literature was conducted with a tailored search strategy to unravel the novel pathways and mechanisms of nicotine-induced oral carcinogenesis. RESULTS Nicotine and NDNs act on nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) as agonists. Nicotine facilitates cravings through α4β2nAChR and α7nAChR, via enhanced brain dopamine release. Nicotine binding to nAChR promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastasis of oral cancer cells. Nicotine binding to α7nAChR on keratinocytes triggers Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade promoting anti-apoptosis and pro-proliferative effects. Furthermore, the nicotine-enhanced metastasis is subdued on nAChR blockade through reduced nuclear localization of p-EGFR. CONCLUSION Protracted exposure to nicotine/NDN augments cancer-stimulatory α7nAChR and desensitizes cancer inhibitory α4β2nAChR. Since nAChRs dictate both addictive and carcinogenic effects of nicotine, it seems counterintuitive to designate nicotine just as an addictive agent devoid of any carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad - 121004. India
| | - Smitha S Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, (Karnataka). India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104. India
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Downregulation of ATM and BRCA1 Predicts Poor Outcome in Head and Neck Cancer: Implications for ATM-Targeted Therapy. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050389. [PMID: 34068585 PMCID: PMC8151497 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM and BRCA1 are DNA repair genes that play a central role in homologous recombination repair. Alterations of ATM and BRCA1 gene expression are found in cancers, some of which are correlated with treatment response and patient outcome. However, the role of ATM and BRCA1 gene expression in head and neck cancer (HNC) is not well characterized. Here, we examined the prognostic role of ATM and BRCA1 expression in two HNC cohorts with and without betel quid (BQ) exposure. The results showed that the expression of ATM and BRCA1 was downregulated in BQ-associated HNC, as the BQ ingredient arecoline could suppress the expression of both genes. Low expression of either ATM or BRCA1 was correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (ATM HR: 1.895, p = 0.041; BRCA1 HR: 2.163, p = 0.040). The combination of ATM and BRCA1 expression states further improved on the prediction of OS (HR: 4.195, p = 0.001, both low vs. both high expression). Transcriptomic analysis showed that inhibition of ATM kinase by KU55933 induced apoptosis signaling and potentiated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. These data unveil poor prognosis in the HNC patient subgroup with low expression of ATM and BRCA1 and support the notion of ATM-targeted therapy.
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