Advanced Fusion Imaging and Contrast-Enhanced Imaging (CT/MRI-CEUS) in Oncology

Clinical Evaluation of Cystic Renal Masses With Bosniak Classification by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Contrast-Enhanced Computer Tomography

OBJECTIVES

The study aims to compare retrospectively three clinically applied methods for the diagnostic performance of cystic renal masses (CRMs) by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CECT) with Bosniak classification system.

METHODS

A total of 52 cases of Bosniak II-IV CRMs in 49 consecutive patients were diagnosed from January 2013 to July 2022 and their data were analyzed. All patients had been subjected to CEUS and CECT simultaneously. Pathological diagnoses and masses stability were used as standard references to determine whether lesions were malignant or benign. Then 49 CRMs only with pathologic results were classified into group 1 and 2.

RESULTS

A total of 52 CRMs in 49 enrolled patients were classified into 8 category II, 16 category IIF, 15 category III, and 13 category IV by CEUS (EFSUMB 2020), 10 category II, 13 category IIF, 16 category III, and 13 category IV by CEUS (V2019), while 15 category II, 9 category IIF, 13 category III, and 15 category IV by CECT (V2019). Pathological results and masses stability longer than 5 years follow-up performed substantially for CEUS (EFSUMB 2020), CEUS (V2019), and CECT (V2019) (kappa values were 0.696, 0.735, and 0.696, respectively). Among 49 pathologic approving CRMs, wall/septation thickness ≥4 mm, wall/septation thickness, presence of enhancing nodule and the diameter were found to be statistically significant for malignancy. Twenty-two malignant masses were correctly diagnosed by CEUS (V2019), while 21 malignant masses were both correctly diagnosed by CEUS (EFSUMB 2020) and CECT (V2019), and 1 mass was misdiagnosed.

CONCLUSIONS

Bosniak classification of EFSUMB 2020 version might be as accurate as version 2019 CEUS and version 2019 CECT in diagnosing CRMs, and CEUS is found to have an excellent safety profile in dealing with clinical works.

Fluorescence-Guided Surgery and Novel Innovative Technologies for Improved Visualization in Pediatric Urology

Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, and other innovative devices are rapidly revolutionizing the field of urology, providing surgeons with powerful tools for a more complete understanding of patient-specific anatomy. Today, several new intraoperative imaging technologies and cutting-edge devices are available in adult urology to assist surgeons in delivering personalized interventions. Their applications are also gradually growing in general pediatric surgery, where the detailed visualization of normal and pathological structures has the potential to significantly minimize perioperative complications and improve surgical outcomes. In the field of pediatric urology, FGS, 3D reconstructions and printing technologies, augmented reality (AR) devices, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) have been increasingly adopted for a more realistic understanding of the normal and abnormal anatomy, providing a valuable insight to deliver customized treatments in real time. This narrative review aims to illustrate the main applications of these new technologies and imaging devices in the clinical setting of pediatric urology by selecting, with a strict methodology, the most promising articles published in the international scientific literature on this topic. The purpose is to favor early adoption and stimulate more research on this topic for the benefit of children.

Diagnostic Workup for Patients with Solid Renal Masses: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Background: For patients with solid renal masses, a precise differentiation between malignant and benign tumors is crucial for forward treatment management. Even though MRI and CT are often deemed as the gold standard in the diagnosis of solid renal masses, CEUS may also offer very high sensitivity in detection. The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate the effectiveness of CEUS from an economical point of view. Methods: A decision-making model based on a Markov model assessed expenses and utilities (in QALYs) associated with CEUS, MRI and CT. The utilized parameters were acquired from published research. Further, a Monte Carlo simulation-based deterministic sensitivity analysis of utilized variables with 30,000 repetitions was executed. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) is at USD 100,000/QALY. Results: In the baseline, CT caused overall expenses of USD 10,285.58 and an efficacy of 11.95 QALYs, whereas MRI caused overall expenses of USD 7407.70 and an efficacy of 12.25. Further, CEUS caused overall expenses of USD 5539.78, with an efficacy of 12.44. Consequently, CT and MRI were dominated by CEUS, and CEUS remained cost-effective in the sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: CEUS should be considered as a cost-effective imaging strategy for the initial diagnostic workup and assessment of solid renal masses compared to CT and MRI.

Contrast-enhanced US of the Liver and Kidney: A Problem-solving Modality

Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) has an important role as a supplement to CT or MRI in clinical practice. The main established utilizations are in the liver and the kidney. The primary advantages of CEUS compared with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI relate to its superior contrast resolution, real-time continuous scanning, pure intravascular nature, portability, and safety-especially in patients with renal impairment or CT or MRI contrast agent allergy. This article focuses on the use of CEUS in the liver and kidney.

Evaluation of Suspected Small Bowel Ischemia Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound with Computed Tomography Fusion

Small bowel ischemia can lead to fatal complications such as necrosis, perforation, and sepsis. Clinical examinations and laboratory tests are usually inconclusive in critically ill patients. The need for surgical exploration is decided based on imaging, examination, and clinical judgment. The decision to operate is time-critical and can be lifesaving, but surgical intervention has the potential to cause additional morbidity, especially in unstable patients. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is the study of choice in suspected small bowel ischemia but has poor specificity. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) provides real-time visualization of the bowel wall vascularity. In this case report, we used a CEUS with CT fusion examination to rule out small bowel ischemia in a critically ill patient with suspected closed loop small bowel obstruction on CECT and in whom surgical exploration would have not been well tolerated. The patient's condition later improved, and an abdominal CT showed no evidence of obstruction.

Efficacy and Safety of Fusion Imaging in Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Compared to Ultrasound: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), generally performed under real-time guidance of ultrasound which is safe and effective, is a common minimally invasive therapy for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Fusion imaging (FI) is a newly developed imaging method, which integrates CT/MRI accurate imaging and matches the characteristics of real-time ultrasound imaging, thereby providing a new approach to guide tumor ablation therapy. However, the efficacy and safety of FI as opposed to ultrasound in tumor ablation remains unclear.

Objective: The present study sought to evaluate the difference in the efficacy and safety between FI and ultrasound in radiofrequency surgery for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through a metaanalysis.

Materials and Methods: Searching for studies comparing the efficacy and safety of FI and ultrasound in radiofrequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published until April 2021. Random or fixed effect models were used for statistical analysis. Metaanalysis and sensitivity analysis were used on the included studies.

Results: A total of six studies met predefined inclusion criteria, and were finally included in the analysis. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses, based on predetermined patient characteristics, allowed minimization of bias. In the RFA of hepatocellular carcinoma, FI decreased 1-year overall survival (OS) when compared with ultrasound. But FI was not significantly different from ultrasound in terms of technical efficiency, 1-, 2-, and 3-year local tumor progression (LTP), complications, as well as 2-year OS. Subgroup analysis, based on tumor mean diameter, showed that FI reduced the rate of 1- and 2-year LTP in patients with tumors of mean diameter ≥15 mm when compared with ultrasound. Moreover, operative complications could be reduced in patients with tumor mean diameter <15 mm using FI, compared with ultrasound.

Conclusion: Overall, these results showed that FI may have some effects on improving efficacy and safety of thermal ablation in HCC patients, relative to ultrasound. However, it may be a more effective method for managing large lesions, as well as those that are difficult to ablate. Further large-scale and well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these findings.

New frontiers in liver ultrasound: From mono to multi parametricity

Modern liver ultrasonography (US) has become a “one-stop shop” able to provide not only anatomic and morphologic but also functional information about vascularity, stiffness and other various liver tissue properties. Modern US techniques allow a quantitative assessment of various liver diseases. US scanning is no more limited to the visualized plane, but three-dimensional, volumetric acquisition and consequent post-processing are also possible. Further, US scan can be consistently merged and visualized in real time with Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations. Effective and safe microbubble-based contrast agents allow a real time, dynamic study of contrast kinetic for the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Ultrasound can be used to guide loco-regional treatment of liver malignancies and to assess tumoral response either to interventional procedures or medical therapies. Microbubbles may also carry and deliver drugs under ultrasound exposure. US plays a crucial role in diagnosing, treating and monitoring focal and diffuse liver disease. On the basis of personal experience and literature data, this paper is aimed to review the main topics involving recent advances in the field of liver ultrasound.

The role of imaging in the management of renal masses

The wide availability of cross-sectional imaging is responsible for the increased detection of small, usually asymptomatic renal masses. More than 50 % of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) represent incidental findings on noninvasive imaging. Multimodality imaging, including conventional US, contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), CT and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is pivotal in diagnosing and characterizing a renal mass, but also provides information regarding its prognosis, therapeutic management, and follow-up. In this review, imaging data for renal masses that urologists need for accurate treatment planning will be discussed. The role of US, CEUS, CT and mpMRI in the detection and characterization of renal masses, RCC staging and follow-up of surgically treated or untreated localized RCC will be presented. The role of percutaneous image-guided ablation in the management of RCC will be also reviewed.

Structured Reporting in the Characterization of Renal Cysts by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Using the Bosniak Classification System-Improvement of Report Quality and Interdisciplinary Communication

BACKGROUND

This study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of structured reporting (SR) compared to conventional free-text reporting (FTR) in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of cystic renal lesions, based on the Bosniak classification.

METHODS

Fifty patients with cystic renal lesions who underwent CEUS were included in this single-center study. FTR created in clinical routine were compared to SR retrospectively generated by using a structured reporting template. Two experienced urologists evaluated the reports regarding integrity, effort for information extraction, linguistic quality, and overall quality.

RESULTS

The required information could easily be extracted by the reviewers in 100% of SR vs. 82% of FTR (p < 0.001). The reviewers trusted the information given by SR significantly more with a mean of 5.99 vs. 5.52 for FTR (p < 0.001). SR significantly improved the linguistic quality (6.0 for SR vs. 5.68 for FTR (p < 0.001)) and the overall report quality (5.98 for SR vs. 5.58 for FTR (p < 0.001)).

CONCLUSIONS

SR significantly increases the quality of radiologic reports in CEUS examinations of cystic renal lesions compared to conventional FTR and represents a promising approach to facilitate interdisciplinary communication in the future.

Diagnostic Value of CEUS Prompting Liver Biopsy: Histopathological Correlation of Hepatic Lesions with Ambiguous Imaging Characteristics

Background: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) allows for dynamic analysis of vascularization patterns of unclear hepatic lesions. Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CEUS for further characterizing suspicious liver lesions by comparing findings from CEUS examinations with corresponding histopathology. Methods: Between 2005 and 2016, 160 patients with unclear liver lesions underwent CEUS followed by liver biopsy. All examinations were performed by an experienced consultant radiologist (EFSUMB Level 3) and included native B-mode ultrasound, Color Doppler, and CEUS. A second-generation blood pool contrast agent was applied for CEUS. Results: CEUS was successfully performed in all patients without occurrence of any adverse side effects. CEUS showed a sensitivity of 94.5%, a specificity of 70.6%, a true positive rate of 87.3%, and a true negative rate of 85.7% compared to histopathological results as the reference standard. Conclusions: CEUS represents a safe imaging modality with a high diagnostic accuracy in assessing both—benign and malignant—liver lesions compared to corresponding histopathological results.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the Evaluation of Bosniak III Complex Renal Cystic Lesions-A 10-Year Specialized European Single-Center Experience with Histopathological Validation

Background and objectives: The aim of the present retrospective single-center study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for assessing Bosniak III complex renal cystic lesions with histopathological validation. Materials and Methods: 49 patients with CEUS-categorized Bosniak III renal cystic lesions were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent native B-mode, Color Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) between 2010-2020. Eight and five patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. Twenty-nine underwent (partial) nephrectomy allowing for histopathological analysis. The applied contrast agent for CEUS was a second-generation blood pool agent. Ultrasonography examinations were performed and interpreted by a single experienced radiologist with more than 15 years of experience (EFSUMB Level 3). Results: CEUS examinations were successfully performed in all included patients without registering any adverse effects. The malignancy rate of CEUS-categorized Bosniak III renal lesions accounted for 66%. Initially, cystic complexity was visualized in native B-mode. In none of the renal lesions hypervascularization was detected in Color Doppler. CEUS allowed for detection of contrast enhancement patterns in all included Bosniak III renal lesions. Delayed wash-out could be detected in 6/29 renal lesions. In two cases of histopathologically confirmed clear-cell RCC, appropriate up-grading from Bosniak IIF to III was achieved by CEUS. Conclusions: CEUS depicts a promising imaging modality for the precise diagnostic workup and stratification of renal cystic lesions according to the Bosniak classification system, thereby helping guidance of adequate clinical management in the future.

Benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for interventional procedures

For evaluating unclear tumorous lesions, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is an important imaging modality in addition to contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and may provide valuable insights into the microvascularization of tumors in dynamic examinations. In interventional procedures, CEUS can make a valuable contribution in pre-, peri-, and post-interventional settings, reduce radiation exposure and, under certain circumstances, decrease the number of interventions needed for patients.