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Rodriguez S, Alizadeh M, Lamaison C, Saintamand A, Monvoisin C, Jean R, Deleurme L, Martin-Subero JI, Pangault C, Cogné M, Amé-Thomas P, Tarte K. Follicular lymphoma regulatory T-cell origin and function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391404. [PMID: 38799444 PMCID: PMC11116630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Follicular Lymphoma (FL) results from the malignant transformation of germinal center (GC) B cells. FL B cells display recurrent and diverse genetic alterations, some of them favoring their direct interaction with their cell microenvironment, including follicular helper T cells (Tfh). Although FL-Tfh key role is well-documented, the impact of their regulatory counterpart, the follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) compartment, is still sparse. Methods The aim of this study was to characterize FL-Tfr phenotype by cytometry, gene expression profile, FL-Tfr origin by transcriptomic analysis, and functionality by in vitro assays. Results CD4+CXCR5+CD25hiICOS+ FL-Tfr displayed a regulatory program that is close to classical regulatory T cell (Treg) program, at the transcriptomic and methylome levels. Accordingly, Tfr imprinting stigmata were found on FL-Tfh and FL-B cells, compared to their physiological counterparts. In addition, FL-Tfr co-culture with autologous FL-Tfh or cytotoxic FL-CD8+ T cells inhibited their proliferation in vitro. Finally, although FL-Tfr shared many characteristics with Treg, TCR sequencing analyses demonstrated that part of them derived from precursors shared with FL-Tfh. Discussion Altogether, these findings uncover the role and origin of a Tfr subset in FL niche and may be useful for lymphomagenesis knowledge and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Rodriguez
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Mehdi Alizadeh
- Service Recherche, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Lamaison
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Alexis Saintamand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Rachel Jean
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Deleurme
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, BIOSIT (BIOlogie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) – Unité Mixte de Service 34 80, Rennes, France
| | - Jose Ignacio Martin-Subero
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Farmacología y Microbiología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Céline Pangault
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI) Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France
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2
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Dobaño-López C, Valero JG, Araujo-Ayala F, Nadeu F, Gava F, Faria C, Norlund M, Morin R, Bernes-Lasserre P, Arenas F, Grau M, López C, López-Oreja I, Serrat N, Martínez-Farran A, Hernández L, Playa-Albinyana H, Giménez R, Beà S, Campo E, Lagarde JM, López-Guillermo A, Magnano L, Colomer D, Bezombes C, Pérez-Galán P. Patient-derived follicular lymphoma spheroids recapitulate lymph node signaling and immune profile uncovering galectin-9 as a novel immunotherapeutic target. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:75. [PMID: 38697976 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-01041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, constitutes a paradigm of immune tumor microenvironment (TME) contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogenous clinical outcome. Here we present the first FL-Patient Derived Lymphoma Spheroid (FL-PDLS), including fundamental immune actors and features of TME in FL lymph nodes (LNs). FL-PDLS is organized in disc-shaped 3D structures composed of proliferating B and T cells, together with macrophages with an intermediate M1/M2 phenotype. FL-PDLS recapitulates the most relevant B-cell transcriptional pathways present in FL-LN (proliferation, epigenetic regulation, mTOR, adaptive immune system, among others). The T cell compartment in the FL-PDLS preserves CD4 subsets (follicular helper, regulatory, and follicular regulatory), also encompassing the spectrum of activation/exhaustion phenotypes in CD4 and CD8 populations. Moreover, this system is suitable for chemo and immunotherapy testing, recapitulating results obtained in the clinic. FL-PDLS allowed uncovering that soluble galectin-9 limits rituximab, rituximab, plus nivolumab/TIM-3 antitumoral activities. Blocking galectin-9 improves rituximab efficacy, highlighting galectin-9 as a novel immunotherapeutic target in FL. In conclusion, FL-PDLS maintains the crosstalk between malignant B cells and the immune LN-TME and constitutes a robust and multiplexed pre-clinical tool to perform drug screening in a patient-derived system, advancing toward personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cèlia Dobaño-López
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García Valero
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Araujo-Ayala
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabien Gava
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Faria
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Fabian Arenas
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Grau
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene López-Oreja
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Serrat
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ares Martínez-Farran
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Hernández
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Heribert Playa-Albinyana
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Giménez
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Beà
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei Hematologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Magnano
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- IMACTIV-3D, Toulouse, France
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei Hematologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Bezombes
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Patricia Pérez-Galán
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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Laurent C, Dietrich S, Tarte K. Cell cross talk within the lymphoma tumor microenvironment: follicular lymphoma as a paradigm. Blood 2024; 143:1080-1090. [PMID: 38096368 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet incurable germinal center B-cell lymphoma retaining a characteristic follicular architecture. FL tumor B cells are highly dependent on direct and indirect interactions with a specific and complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, great progress has been made in describing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the FL TME and in depicting how tumor clonal and functional heterogeneity rely on the integration of TME-related signals. Specifically, the FL TME is enriched for exhausted cytotoxic T cells, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells of various origins, and follicular helper T cells overexpressing B-cell and TME reprogramming factors. FL stromal cells have also emerged as crucial determinants of tumor growth and remodeling, with a key role in the deregulation of chemokines and extracellular matrix composition. Finally, tumor-associated macrophages play a dual function, contributing to FL cell phagocytosis and FL cell survival through long-lasting B-cell receptor activation. The resulting tumor-permissive niches show additional layers of site-to-site and kinetic heterogeneity, which raise questions about the niche of FL-committed precursor cells supporting early lymphomagenesis, clonal evolution, relapse, and transformation. In turn, FL B-cell genetic and nongenetic determinants drive the reprogramming of FL immune and stromal TME. Therefore, offering a functional picture of the dynamic cross talk between FL cells and TME holds the promise of identifying the mechanisms of therapy resistance, stratifying patients, and developing new therapeutic approaches capable of eradicating FL disease in its different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Toulouse, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Tarte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
- Department of Biology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
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4
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Merryman RW, Redd RA, Freedman AS, Ahn IE, Brown JR, Crombie JL, Davids MS, Fisher DC, Jacobsen ED, Kim AI, LaCasce AS, Ng S, Odejide OO, Parry EM, Isufi I, Kline J, Cohen JB, Mehta-Shah N, Bartlett NL, Mei M, Kuntz TM, Wolff J, Rodig SJ, Armand P, Jacobson CA. A multi-cohort phase 1b trial of rituximab in combination with immunotherapy doublets in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:185-198. [PMID: 37851072 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting PD-1 or 4-1BB achieve objective responses in follicular lymphoma (FL), but only in a minority of patients. We hypothesized that targeting multiple immune receptors could overcome immune resistance and increase response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory FL. We therefore conducted a phase 1b trial testing time-limited therapy with different immunotherapy doublets targeting 4-1BB (utomilumab), OX-40 (ivuxolimab), and PD-L1 (avelumab) in combination with rituximab among patients with relapsed/refractory grade 1-3A FL. Patients were enrolled onto 2 of 3 planned cohorts (cohort 1 - rituximab/utomilumab/avelumab; cohort 2 - rituximab/ivuxolimab/utomilumab). 3+3 dose escalation was followed by dose expansion at the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Twenty-four patients were enrolled (16 in cohort 1 and 9 in cohort 2, with one treated in both cohorts). No patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events and the RP2D was the highest dose level tested in both cohorts. In cohort 1, the objective and complete response rates were 44% and 19%, respectively (50% and 30%, respectively, at RP2D). In cohort 2, no responses were observed. The median progression-free survivals in cohorts 1 and 2 were 6.9 and 3.2 months, respectively. In cohort 1, higher density of PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating T-cells on baseline biopsies and lower density of 4-1BB+ and TIGIT+ T-cells in on-treatment biopsies were associated with response. Abundance of Akkermansia in stool samples was also associated with response. Our results support a possible role for 4-1BB agonist therapy in FL and suggest that features of the tumor microenvironment and stool microbiome may be associated with clinical outcomes (NCT03636503).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid W Merryman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert A Redd
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arnold S Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inhye E Ahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Crombie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Fisher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric D Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Austin I Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann S LaCasce
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oreofe O Odejide
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin M Parry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Isufi
- Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathon B Cohen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neha Mehta-Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy L Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Mei
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kuntz
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Wolff
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caron A Jacobson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
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Moon SY, Han M, Ryu G, Shin SA, Lee JH, Lee CS. Emerging Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Cancer Cells: CD24 and CD200. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15072. [PMID: 37894750 PMCID: PMC10606340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy strategies are based on the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors to instigate an antitumor immune response. The efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, directed at adaptive immune checkpoints, has been demonstrated in select cancer types. However, only a limited subset of patients has exhibited definitive outcomes characterized by a sustained response after discontinuation of therapy. Recent investigations have highlighted the significance of immune checkpoint molecules that are overexpressed in cancer cells and inhibit myeloid lineage immune cells within a tumor microenvironment. These checkpoints are identified as potential targets for anticancer immune responses. Notably, the immune checkpoint molecules CD24 and CD200 have garnered attention owing to their involvement in tumor immune evasion. CD24 and CD200 are overexpressed across diverse cancer types and serve as signaling checkpoints by engaging their respective receptors, Siglec-10 and CD200 receptor, which are expressed on tumor-associated myeloid cells. In this review, we summarized and discussed the latest advancements and insights into CD24 and CD200 as emergent immune checkpoint moieties, further delving into their therapeutic potentials for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Minjoo Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Gyoungah Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
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6
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Fernández-Garnacho EM, Nadeu F, Martín S, Mozas P, Rivero A, Delgado J, Giné E, López-Guillermo A, Duran-Ferrer M, Salaverria I, López C, Beà S, Demajo S, Jares P, Puente XS, Martín-Subero JI, Campo E, Hernández L. MALAT1 expression is associated with aggressive behavior in indolent B-cell neoplasms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16839. [PMID: 37803049 PMCID: PMC10558466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MALAT1 long non-coding RNA has oncogenic roles but has been poorly studied in indolent B-cell neoplasms. Here, MALAT1 expression was analyzed using RNA-seq, microarrays or qRT-PCR in primary samples from clinico-biological subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, n = 266), paired Richter transformation (RT, n = 6) and follicular lymphoma (FL, n = 61). In peripheral blood (PB) CLL samples, high MALAT1 expression was associated with a significantly shorter time to treatment independently from other known prognostic factors. Coding genes expressed in association with MALAT1 in CLL were predominantly related to oncogenic pathways stimulated in the lymph node (LN) microenvironment. In RT paired samples, MALAT1 levels were lower, concordant with their acquired increased independency of external signals. Moreover, MALAT1 levels in paired PB/LN CLLs were similar, suggesting that the prognostic value of MALAT1 expression in PB is mirroring expression differences already present in LN. Similarly, high MALAT1 expression in FL predicted for a shorter progression-free survival, in association with expression pathways promoting FL pathogenesis. In summary, MALAT1 expression is related to pathophysiology and more aggressive clinical behavior of indolent B-cell neoplasms. Particularly in CLL, its levels could be a surrogate marker of the microenvironment stimulation and may contribute to refine the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena María Fernández-Garnacho
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Martín
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Mozas
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Rivero
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Delgado
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Giné
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Duran-Ferrer
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverria
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Beà
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Demajo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Jares
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Hernández
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Gutiérrez-Melo N, Baumjohann D. T follicular helper cells in cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:309-325. [PMID: 36642575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide essential help to B cells for effective antibody-mediated immune responses. Although the crucial function of these CD4+ T cells in infection and vaccination is well established, their involvement in cancer is only beginning to emerge. Increased numbers of Tfh cells in Tfh cell-derived or B cell-associated malignancies are often associated with an unfavorable outcome, whereas in various solid organ tumor types of non-lymphocytic origin, their presence frequently coincides with a better prognosis. We discuss recent advances in understanding how Tfh cell crosstalk with B cells and CD8+ T cells in secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) enhances antitumor immunity, but may also exacerbate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as autoimmunity during immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gutiérrez-Melo
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Perrett M, Edmondson C, Okosun J. Biology of follicular lymphoma: insights and windows of clinical opportunity. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2022; 2022:688-694. [PMID: 36485095 PMCID: PMC9820323 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2022000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a heterogeneous disease, both clinically and biologically. The biological behavior and development of FL is a culmination of complex multistep processes underpinned by genetic and nongenetic determinants. Epigenetic deregulation through recurrent genetic alterations is now a recognized major biological hallmark of FL, alongside the t(14;18) translocation. In parallel, there is a strong interplay between the lymphoma B cells and the immune microenvironment, with the microenvironment serving as a critical enabler by creating a tumor-supportive niche and modulating the immune response to favor survival of the malignant B cells. A further layer of complexity arises from the biological heterogeneity that occurs between patients and within an individual, both over the course of the disease and at different sites of disease involvement. Altogether, taking the first steps to bridge the understanding of these various biological components and how to evaluate these clinically may aid and inform future strategies, including logical therapeutic interventions, risk stratification, therapy selection, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Perrett
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carina Edmondson
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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9
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A novel 3D culture model recapitulates primary FL B cell features and promotes their survival. Blood Adv 2021; 5:5372-5386. [PMID: 34555842 PMCID: PMC9153016 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3D alginate spheroid model supports self-organization of lymphoma B cells and stromal cells mimicking lymphoma cell niche. This high-throughput 3D model is suitable for testing new therapeutic agents in B-NHL.
Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (B-NHL) mainly develop within lymph nodes as aggregates of tumor cells densely packed with their surrounding microenvironment, creating a tumor niche specific to each lymphoma subtypes. In vitro preclinical models mimicking biomechanical forces, cellular microenvironment, and 3D organization of B-cell lymphomas remain scarce, while all these parameters are key determinants of lymphomagenesis and drug resistance. Using a microfluidic method based on cell encapsulation inside permeable, elastic, and hollow alginate microspheres, we developed a new tunable 3D model incorporating lymphoma B cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and/or tonsil stromal cells (TSC). Under 3D confinement, lymphoma B cells were able to form cohesive spheroids resulting from overexpression of ECM components. Moreover, lymphoma B cells and TSC dynamically formed self-organized 3D spheroids favoring tumor cell growth. 3D culture induced resistance to the classical chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, but not to the BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199, identifying this approach as a relevant in vitro model to assess the activity of therapeutic agents in B-NHL. RNA-sequence analysis highlighted the synergy of 3D, ECM, and TSC in upregulating similar pathways in malignant B cells in vitro than those overexpressed in primary lymphoma B cells in situ. Finally, our 3D model including ECM and TSC allowed long-term in vitro survival of primary follicular lymphoma B cells. In conclusion, we propose a new high-throughput 3D model mimicking lymphoma tumor niche and making it possible to study the dynamic relationship between lymphoma B cells and their microenvironment and to screen new anti-cancer drugs.
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10
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Mourcin F, Verdière L, Roulois D, Amin R, Lamaison C, Sibut V, Thamphya B, Pangault C, Monvoisin C, Huet S, Seffals M, Baulande S, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Legoix P, Rossille D, Guirriec M, Léonard S, Cartron G, Salles G, Fest T, Tarte K. Follicular lymphoma triggers phenotypic and functional remodeling of the human lymphoid stromal cell landscape. Immunity 2021; 54:1788-1806.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Milpied P, Gandhi AK, Cartron G, Pasqualucci L, Tarte K, Nadel B, Roulland S. Follicular lymphoma dynamics. Adv Immunol 2021; 150:43-103. [PMID: 34176559 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet challenging disease. Despite a generally favorable response to immunochemotherapy regimens, a fraction of patients does not respond or relapses early with unfavorable prognosis. For the vast majority of those who initially respond, relapses will repeatedly occur with increasing refractoriness to available treatments. Addressing the clinical challenges in FL warrants deep understanding of the nature of treatment-resistant FL cells seeding relapses, and of the biological basis of early disease progression. Great progress has been made in the last decade in the description and interrogation of the (epi)genomic landscape of FL cells, of their major dependency to the tumor microenvironment (TME), and of the stepwise lymphomagenesis process, from healthy to subclinical disease and to overt FL. A new picture is emerging, in which an ever-evolving tumor-TME duo sparks a complex and multilayered clonal and functional heterogeneity, blurring the discovery of prognostic biomarkers, patient stratification and reliable designs of risk-adapted treatments. Novel technological approaches allowing to decipher both tumor and TME heterogeneity at the single-cell level are beginning to unravel unsuspected cell dynamics and plasticity of FL cells. The upcoming drawing of a comprehensive functional picture of FL within its ecosystem holds great promise to address the unmet medical needs of this complex lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Anita K Gandhi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, United States
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, UMR-CNRS 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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12
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Lamaison C, Tarte K. B cell/stromal cell crosstalk in health, disease, and treatment: Follicular lymphoma as a paradigm. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:273-285. [PMID: 34060097 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells organize specific anatomic compartments within bone marrow (BM) and secondary lymphoid organs where they finely regulate the behavior of mature normal B cells. In particular, lymphoid stromal cells (LSCs) form a phenotypically heterogeneous compartment including various cell subsets variably supporting B-cell survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation. In turn, activated B cells trigger in-depth remodeling of LSC networks within lymph nodes (LN) and BM. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is one of the best paradigms of a B-cell neoplasia depending on a specific tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) emerging from the reprogramming of LN LSCs or poorly characterized local BM precursors. FL-CAFs support directly malignant B-cell growth and orchestrate FL permissive cell niche by contributing, through a bidirectional crosstalk, to the recruitment and polarization of immune TME subsets. Recent studies have highlighted a previously unexpected level of heterogeneity of both FL B cells and FL TME, underlined by FL-CAF plasticity. A better understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and kinetic of stromal cell remodeling in FL would be useful to delineate new predictive markers and new therapeutic approaches in this still fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lamaison
- UMR_S 1236, Université Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR_S 1236, Université Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France.,SITI, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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13
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The Tumor Microenvironment in Follicular Lymphoma: Its Pro-Malignancy Role with Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105352. [PMID: 34069564 PMCID: PMC8160856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the follicular lymphoma (FL) microenvironment, CXCR5+ICOS+PD1+BCL6+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which closely correlate with FL B cells in neoplastic follicles, play a major role in supporting FL. Interleukin-4 secreted by Tfh cells triggers the upregulation of the lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL12 in stromal cell precursors, in particular by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). In turn, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be committed to FRC differentiation in the bone marrow and lymph nodes involved by FL. Noteworthy, MSCs can promote the differentiation of Tfh cells into highly immunosuppressive T-follicular regulatory cells. The tumor suppressor HVEM is highly mutated in FL cells, and its deficiency increases Tfh cell frequency. In contrast, PI3Kδ inhibition impedes the recruitment of Tfh/regulatory T cells and impairs the proliferation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and FDC-induced angiogenesis. Since TIGIT ligands are expressed by FDCs, the immune checkpoint receptor TIGIT plays an important role in tumor-infiltrating T cells. Thus, TIGIT blockade might invigorate cytotoxic T cells in the FL microenvironment. Given their potential to simultaneously reduce the neoplastic B cells, Tfh, and TFR cells could also reinforce the effects of the cytotoxic T cells. This combinatory strategy should be explored as a treatment option to tackle FL.
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Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL)s, the most common type of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders including different disease sites, strikingly diverse molecular features and a profound variability in the clinical behavior. Molecular studies and clinical trials have partially revealed the underlying causes for this variability and have made possible the recognition of some molecular variants susceptible of specific therapeutic approaches. The main histogenetic groups include the germinal center, activated B cells, thymic B cells and terminally differentiated B cells, a basic scheme where the large majority of DLBCL cases can be ascribed. The nodal/extranodal origin, specific mutational changes and microenvironment peculiarities provide additional layers of complexity. Here, we summarize the status of the knowledge and make some specific proposals for addressing the future development of targeted therapy for DLBC cases.
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15
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Extracellular vesicles shed by follicular lymphoma B cells promote polarization of the bone marrow stromal cell niche. Blood 2021; 138:57-70. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) originates in the lymph nodes (LNs) and infiltrates bone marrow (BM) early in the course of the disease. BM FL B cells are characterized by a lower cytological grade, decreased proliferation, and a specific phenotypic and subclonal profile. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from FL BM display a specific gene expression profile (GEP), including enrichment for a lymphoid stromal cell signature, and an increased capacity to sustain FL B-cell growth. However, the mechanisms triggering the formation of the medullar FL permissive stromal niche have not been identified. In the current work, we demonstrate that FL B cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be internalized by BM-MSCs, making them more efficient to support FL B-cell survival and quiescence. Accordingly, EVs purified from FL BM plasma activate transforming growth factor β–dependent and independent pathways in BM-MSCs and modify their GEP, triggering an upregulation of factors classically associated with hematopoietic stem cell niche, including CXCL12 and angiopoietin-1. Moreover, we provide the first characterization of BM FL B-cell GEP, allowing the definition of the landscape of molecular interactions they could engage with EV-primed BM-MSCs. This work identifies FL-derived EVs as putative mediators of BM stroma polarization and supports further investigation of their clinical interest for targeting the crosstalk between BM-MSCs and malignant B cells.
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