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Whitehouse JP, Hii H, Mayoh C, Wong M, Ajuyah P, Barahona P, Cui L, Dholaria H, White CL, Buntine MK, Byrne J, Rodrigues da Silva K, Howlett M, Girard EJ, Tsoli M, Ziegler DS, Dyke JM, Lee S, Ekert PG, Cowley MJ, Gottardo NG, Endersby R. In vivo loss of tumorigenicity in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model of ependymoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123492. [PMID: 36937401 PMCID: PMC10020925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ependymomas (EPN) are the third most common malignant brain cancer in children. Treatment strategies for pediatric EPN have remained unchanged over recent decades, with 10-year survival rates stagnating at just 67% for children aged 0-14 years. Moreover, a proportion of patients who survive treatment often suffer long-term neurological side effects as a result of therapy. It is evident that there is a need for safer, more effective treatments for pediatric EPN patients. There are ten distinct subgroups of EPN, each with their own molecular and prognostic features. To identify and facilitate the testing of new treatments for EPN, in vivo laboratory models representative of the diverse molecular subtypes are required. Here, we describe the establishment of a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of posterior fossa A (PFA) EPN, derived from a metastatic cranial lesion. Methods Patient and PDOX tumors were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, DNA methylation profiling, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA sequencing. Results Both patient and PDOX tumors classified as PFA EPN by methylation profiling, and shared similar histological features consistent with this molecular subgroup. RNA sequencing revealed that gene expression patterns were maintained across the primary and metastatic tumors, as well as the PDOX. Copy number profiling revealed gains of chromosomes 7, 8 and 19, and loss of chromosomes 2q and 6q in the PDOX and matched patient tumor. No clinically significant single nucleotide variants were identified, consistent with the low mutation rates observed in PFA EPN. Overexpression of EZHIP RNA and protein, a common feature of PFA EPN, was also observed. Despite the aggressive nature of the tumor in the patient, this PDOX was unable to be maintained past two passages in vivo. Discussion Others who have successfully developed PDOX models report some of the lowest success rates for EPN compared to other pediatric brain cancer types attempted, with loss of tumorigenicity not uncommon, highlighting the challenges of propagating these tumors in the laboratory. Here, we discuss our collective experiences with PFA EPN PDOX model generation and propose potential approaches to improve future success in establishing preclinical EPN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P. Whitehouse
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hilary Hii
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Wong
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Pamela Ajuyah
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Paulette Barahona
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Cui
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Hetal Dholaria
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christine L. White
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Molly K. Buntine
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacob Byrne
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Keteryne Rodrigues da Silva
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School of Rbeirão Preto (FMRP-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meegan Howlett
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Emily J. Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maria Tsoli
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason M. Dyke
- Department of Neuropathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Paul G. Ekert
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J. Cowley
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Gottardo
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Whitehouse JP, Howlett M, Federico A, Kool M, Endersby R, Gottardo NG. Defining the molecular features of radiation-induced glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab109. [PMID: 34859225 PMCID: PMC8633655 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial radiation therapy is essential in treating many pediatric cancers, especially brain tumors; however, its use comes with the risk of developing second malignancies. Cranial radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs) are aggressive high-grade tumors with a dismal prognosis, for which no standard therapy exists. A definitive molecular signature for RIGs has not yet been established. We sought to address this gap by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the molecular features of cranial RIGs. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles and case reports that described molecular analyses of cranial radiation-induced high-grade gliomas were identified and evaluated, and data extracted for collation. Results Of 1727 records identified, 31 were eligible, containing 102 unique RIGs with molecular data. The most frequent genetic alterations in RIGs included PDGFRA or TP53 mutations, PDGFRA or CDK4 amplifications, and CDKN2A deletion, along with 1q gain, 1p loss and 13q loss. Of note, mutations in ACVR1, EGFR, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, IDH2, SMARCB1 or the TERT promoter were not observed. A comparative analysis revealed that RIGs are molecularly distinct from most other astrocytomas and gliomas and instead align most closely with the pedGBM_RTK1 subgroup of pediatric glioblastoma. Conclusions This comprehensive analysis highlights the major molecular features of RIGs, demonstrates their molecular distinction from many other astrocytomas and gliomas, and reveals potential genetic drivers and therapeutic targets for this currently fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Whitehouse
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meegan Howlett
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aniello Federico
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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