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Lavudi K, Nuguri SM, Pandey P, Kokkanti RR, Wang QE. ALDH and cancer stem cells: Pathways, challenges, and future directions in targeted therapy. Life Sci 2024; 356:123033. [PMID: 39222837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Human ALDH comprise 19 subfamilies in which ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, ALDH3A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH7A1, and ALDH18A1 are implicated in CSC. Studies have shown that ALDH can also be involved in drug resistance and standard chemotherapy regimens are ineffective in treating patients at the stage of disease recurrence. Existing chemotherapeutic drugs eliminate the bulk of tumors but are usually not effective against CSC which express ALDH+ population. Henceforth, targeting ALDH is convincing to treat the patient's post-relapse. Combination therapies that interlink signaling mechanisms seem promising to increase the overall disease-free survival rate. Therefore, targeting ALDH through ALDH inhibitors along with immunotherapies may create a novel platform for translational research. This review aims to fill in the gap between ALDH1 family members in relation to its cell signaling mechanisms, highlighting their potential as molecular targets to sensitize recurrent tumors and bring forward the future development concerning the current progress and draw backs. This review summarizes the role of cancer stem cells and their upregulation by maintaining the tumor microenvironment in which ALDH is specifically highlighted. It discusses the regulation of ALDH family proteins and the crosstalk between ALDH and CSC in relation to cancer metabolism. Furthermore, it establishes the correlation between ALDH involved signaling mechanisms and their specific targeted inhibitors, as well as their functional modularity, bioavailability, and mechanistic role in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousalya Lavudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Shreya Madhav Nuguri
- Department of Food science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prashant Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Niharika, Ureka L, Roy A, Patra SK. Dissecting SOX2 expression and function reveals an association with multiple signaling pathways during embryonic development and in cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189136. [PMID: 38880162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
SRY (Sex Determining Region) box 2 (SOX2) is an essential transcription factor that plays crucial roles in activating genes involved in pre- and post-embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and lineage specifications. SOX2 maintains the self-renewal property of stem cells and is involved in the generation of induced pluripotency stem cells. SOX2 protein contains a particular high-mobility group domain that enables SOX2 to achieve the capacity to participate in a broad variety of functions. The information about the involvement of SOX2 with gene regulatory elements, signaling networks, and microRNA is gradually emerging, and the higher expression of SOX2 is functionally relevant to various cancer types. SOX2 facilitates the oncogenic phenotype via cellular proliferation and enhancement of invasive tumor properties. Evidence are accumulating in favor of three dimensional (higher order) folding of chromatin and epigenetic control of the SOX2 gene by chromatin modifications, which implies that the expression level of SOX2 can be modulated by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, specifically, via DNA methylation and histone H3 modification. In view of this, and to focus further insights into the roles SOX2 plays in physiological functions, involvement of SOX2 during development, precisely, the advances of our knowledge in pre- and post-embryonic development, and interactions of SOX2 in this scenario with various signaling pathways in tumor development and cancer progression, its potential as a therapeutic target against many cancers are summarized and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lina Ureka
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ankan Roy
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Khan SU, Fatima K, Aisha S, Malik F. Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:109. [PMID: 38347575 PMCID: PMC10860306 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment faces many hurdles and resistance is one among them. Anti-cancer treatment strategies are evolving due to innate and acquired resistance capacity, governed by genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, metabolic, or microenvironmental cues that ultimately enable selected cancer cells to survive and progress under unfavorable conditions. Although the mechanism of drug resistance is being widely studied to generate new target-based drugs with better potency than existing ones. However, due to the broader flexibility in acquired drug resistance, advanced therapeutic options with better efficacy need to be explored. Combination therapy is an alternative with a better success rate though the risk of amplified side effects is commonplace. Moreover, recent groundbreaking precision immune therapy is one of the ways to overcome drug resistance and has revolutionized anticancer therapy to a greater extent with the only limitation of being individual-specific and needs further attention. This review will focus on the challenges and strategies opted by cancer cells to withstand the current therapies at the molecular level and also highlights the emerging therapeutic options -like immunological, and stem cell-based options that may prove to have better potential to challenge the existing problem of therapy resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shariqa Aisha
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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Luca E, Zitzmann K, Bornstein S, Kugelmeier P, Beuschlein F, Nölting S, Hantel C. Three Dimensional Models of Endocrine Organs and Target Tissues Regulated by the Endocrine System. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4601. [PMID: 37760571 PMCID: PMC10526768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines originating from tumors and cultured in monolayers in vitro display consistent behavior and response, and generate reproducible results across laboratories. However, for certain endpoints, these cell lines behave quite differently from the original solid tumors. Thereby, the homogeneity of immortalized cell lines and two-dimensionality of monolayer cultures deters from the development of new therapies and translatability of results to the more complex situation in vivo. Organoids originating from tissue biopsies and spheroids from cell lines mimic the heterogeneous and multidimensional characteristics of tumor cells in 3D structures in vitro. Thus, they have the advantage of recapitulating the more complex tissue architecture of solid tumors. In this review, we discuss recent efforts in basic and preclinical cancer research to establish methods to generate organoids/spheroids and living biobanks from endocrine tissues and target organs under endocrine control while striving to achieve solutions in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlira Luca
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Zitzmann
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Fröhlich E. The Variety of 3D Breast Cancer Models for the Study of Tumor Physiology and Drug Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087116. [PMID: 37108283 PMCID: PMC10139112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and responsible for multiple deaths worldwide. 3D cancer models enable a better representation of tumor physiology than the conventional 2D cultures. This review summarizes the important components of physiologically relevant 3D models and describes the spectrum of 3D breast cancer models, e.g., spheroids, organoids, breast cancer on a chip and bioprinted tissues. The generation of spheroids is relatively standardized and easy to perform. Microfluidic systems allow control over the environment and the inclusion of sensors and can be combined with spheroids or bioprinted models. The strength of bioprinting relies on the spatial control of the cells and the modulation of the extracellular matrix. Except for the predominant use of breast cancer cell lines, the models differ in stromal cell composition, matrices and fluid flow. Organoids are most appropriate for personalized treatment, but all technologies can mimic most aspects of breast cancer physiology. Fetal bovine serum as a culture supplement and Matrigel as a scaffold limit the reproducibility and standardization of the listed 3D models. The integration of adipocytes is needed because they possess an important role in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Liu H, Zhao H, Sun Y. Tumor microenvironment and cellular senescence: Understanding therapeutic resistance and harnessing strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:769-781. [PMID: 34799201 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major contributor to cancer malignancy including development of therapeutic resistance, a process mediated in part through intercellular crosstalk. Besides diverse soluble factors responsible for pro-survival pathway activation, immune evasion and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling further promote cancer resistance. Importantly, therapy-induced senescence (TIS) of cells in the TME is frequently observed in anticancer regimens, an off-target effect that can generate profound impacts on disease progression. By conferring the resistance and fueling the repopulation of remaining cancerous cells, TIS is responsible for tumor relapse and distant metastasis in posttreatment stage. This pathological trajectory can be substantially driven by the pro-inflammatory feature of senescent cells, termed as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Targeting strategies to selectively and efficiently remove senescent cells before they exert non-autonomous but largely deleterious effects, are emerging as an effective solution to prevent drug resistance acquired from a treatment-remodeled TME. In this review, we summarize the TME composition and key activities that affect tissue homeostasis and support treatment resistance. Promising opportunities that allow TME-manipulation and senescent cell-targeting (senotherapy) are discussed, with translational pipelines to overcome therapeutic barriers in clinical oncology projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Zhao Z, Li W, Zhu L, Xu B, Jiang Y, Ma N, Liu L, Qiu J, Zhang M. Construction and Verification of a Fibroblast-Related Prognostic Signature Model for Colon Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:908957. [PMID: 35910200 PMCID: PMC9329609 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.908957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), an essential component of tumor microenvironment, were exert a crucial part in colon cancer progression. In this study, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 23 and bulk RNA-seq data from 452 colon cancer patients were extracted from the GEO database and TCGA-COAD and GEO databases, respectively. From single-cell analysis, 825 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CAFs were identified between each pair of six newly defined CAFs, named enCAF, adCAF, vaCAF, meCAF, erCAF, and cyCAF. Cell communication analysis with the iTALK package showed communication relationship between CAFs, including cell autocrine, cytokine, and growth factor subtypes, such as receptor-ligand pairs of TNFSF14-LTBR, IL6-F3, and IL6-IL6ST. Herein, we demonstrated the presence and prognostic value of adCAF and erCAF in colon cancer based on CIBERSORTx, combining single-cell marker genes and transcriptomics data. The prognostic significance of the enCAF and erCAF has been indirectly proved by both the correlation analysis with macrophages and CAFs, and the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiment based on 20 paired tumor samples. A prognostic model was constructed with 10 DEGs using the LASSO Cox regression method. The model was validated using two testing datasets, indicate a significant survival accuracy (p < 0.0025). Correlation analyses between clinical information, such as age, gender, tumor stage and tumor features (tumor purity and immune score), and risk scores revealed our CAF-related model’s robustness and excellent performance. Cell infiltration analysis by xCell revealed that the interaction between CAFs and multiple non-specific immune cells such as macrophages and the dendritic cell was a vital factor affecting immune score and prognosis. Finally, we analyzed how common anti-cancer drugs, including camptothecin, docetaxel and bortezomib, and immunotherapy, such as anti-PD-1 treatment, could be different in low-risk and high-risk patients inferred from our CAF-related model. In conclusion, the study utilized refined colon cancer fibroblast subsets and established the prognostic effects from the interaction with nonspecific immune cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - LiMeng Zhu
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yudong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - LiQun Liu
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Zhengzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhang,
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Liu P, Lu Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Xiong W, Sun J. Expression of tumour transcription factor GLI1 in canine mammary tumours tissue. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1451-1457. [PMID: 35667035 PMCID: PMC9297744 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary tumor is one of the most common diseases of canine in pet clinics. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the distribution and expression of the tumor transcription factor GLI1 and the downstream proteins, Bmi1 and Sox2, in canine mammary tumors and paracancerous tissues. METHODS Cancerous and paracancerous normal mammary tissues were detected using western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results showed that the histopathology of different types in mammary tumors by microscopic observation. GLI1/Bmi1/Sox2 expression was significantly higher in canine mammary invasive carcinoma than in ductal carcinoma and adjacent normal mammary tissues (p < 0.01). The expression of GLI1 in invasive carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than Bmi1 and Sox2, while Sox2 expression in ductal carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than GLI1 and Bmi1 (p < 0.01). GLI1/Bmi1/Sox2 all showed positive reactions in both mammary tumor and adjacent normal mammary tissues with immunohistochemistry. GLI1 and Sox2 showed strong positive staining in the cytoplasm of invasive mammary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma cells, and weak positive staining in the nuclei. The positive Bmi1 reaction was mainly concentrated in the cytoplasm of invasive carcinoma and ductal carcinoma cells, while the positive reaction on the cell membrane was weak. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that GLI1 and related proteins play an important role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of tumors. Therefore, it provides important reference for the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of canine mammary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penggang Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of EducationYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
| | - Yurong Lu
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
| | - Xueli Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
| | - Wenbing Xiong
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of EducationYangZhou UniversityYangZhouChina
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Kaempferol promotes the osteogenesis in rBMSCs via mediation of SOX2/miR-124-3p/PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:174954. [PMID: 35421359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is reported that the osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can alleviate osteoporosis progression. It has been found that Kae can promote the osteogenesis in BMSCs. However, the mechanism by which Kae mediates the osteogenesis in BMSCs is largely unknown. METHODS RBMSCs were collected from rats. The cytotoxicity of Kae was detected by CCK-8 assay. The osteogenic calcification in rBMSCs was measured by alizarin red staining, and ALP staining was performed to test the ALP activity in osteoblasts. The binding relationship between SOX2 and miR-124-3p was explored by dual luciferase report assay and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to assess mRNA and protein levels, respectively. RESULTS Kae (10 μM) significantly increased the calcification, ALP activity, SOX2 level, activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and inhibited miR-124-3p level in rBMSCs, while knockdown of SOX2 reversed this phenomenon. Meanwhile, SOX2 suppressed the transcription of miR-124-3p, and SOX2 promoted the osteogenic differentiation in rBMSCs via regulation of miR-124-3p. MiR-124-3p could inactivate PI3K/Akt/mTOR to inhibit the osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION Kae significantly promoted the osteogenesis in rBMSCs via mediation of SOX2/miR-124-3p/PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Thus, our study might shed new lights in exploring new methods against osteoporosis.
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Dey A, Kundu M, Das S, Jena BC, Mandal M. Understanding the function and regulation of Sox2 for its therapeutic potential in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188692. [PMID: 35122882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sox family of transcriptional factors play essential functions in development and are implicated in multiple clinical disorders, including cancer. Sox2 being their most prominent member and performing a critical role in reprogramming differentiated adult cells to an embryonic phenotype is frequently upregulated in multiple cancers. High Sox2 levels are detected in breast tumor tissues and correlate with a worse prognosis. In addition, Sox2 expression is connected with resistance to conventional anticancer therapy. Together, it can be said that inhibiting Sox2 expression can reduce the malignant features associated with breast cancer, including invasion, migration, proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. This review highlights the critical roles played by the Sox gene family members in initiating or suppressing breast tumor development, while primarily focusing on Sox2 and its role in breast tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression, elucidates the probable mechanisms that control its activity, and puts forward potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Moumita Kundu
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Subhayan Das
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India..
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Tan D, Li G, Zhang P, Peng C, He B. LncRNA SNHG12 in extracellular vesicles derived from carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1838-1857. [PMID: 35014944 PMCID: PMC8805932 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2018099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is defined as the most universally diagnosed class of lung cancer. Cisplatin (DDP) is an effective drug for NSCLC, but tumors are prone to drug resistance. The current study set out to evaluate the regulatory effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on DDP resistance in NSCLC cells. Firstly, NSCLC cells were treated with EVs, followed by detection of cell activity, IC50 values, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and Cy3-SNHG12. We observed that CAFs-EVs promoted IC50 values and cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. In addition, we learned that lncRNA SNHG12 carried by CAFs-EVs into NSCLC facilitated DDP resistance of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, ELAV like RNA binding protein 1 (HuR/ELAVL1) binding to lncRNA SNHG12 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was verified and RNA stability of XIAP was also verified CAFs-EVs promoted RNA stability and transcription of XIAP, while silencing HuR could partially-reverse this promoting effect. Further joint experimentation showed that silencing XIAP partially inhibited DDP resistance in NSCLC cells. Additionally, the tumor growth and the positive rate of Ki67 and HuR were detected, which showed that CAFs-oe-EVs promoted the tumor and the positive rate of Ki67, as well as the levels of lncRNA SNHG12, HuR, and XIAP in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicated that lncRNA SNHG12 carried by CAFs-EVs into NSCLC cells promoted RNA stability and XIAP transcription by binding to HuR, thus augmenting DDP resistance in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chongqing Ninth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chongqing Ninth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chongqing Ninth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chongqing Ninth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
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12
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Dittmer J. Nuclear Mechanisms Involved in Endocrine Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736597. [PMID: 34604071 PMCID: PMC8480308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is a standard treatment offered to patients with ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer. In endocrine therapy, ERα is either directly targeted by anti-estrogens or indirectly by aromatase inhibitors which cause estrogen deficiency. Resistance to these drugs (endocrine resistance) compromises the efficiency of this treatment and requires additional measures. Endocrine resistance is often caused by deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 activities allowing inhibitors of these factors to be used clinically to counteract endocrine resistance. The nuclear mechanisms involved in endocrine resistance are beginning to emerge. Exploring these mechanisms may reveal additional druggable targets, which could help to further improve patients' outcome in an endocrine resistance setting. This review intends to summarize our current knowledge on the nuclear mechanisms linked to endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Apoptosis Deregulation and the Development of Cancer Multi-Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174363. [PMID: 34503172 PMCID: PMC8430856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances against cancer, many patients do not respond well or respond poorly, to treatment and develop resistance to more than one anti-cancer drug, a term called multi-drug resistance (MDR). One of the main factors that contribute to MDR is the deregulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Herein, we describe the major apoptotic pathways and discuss how pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins are modified in cancer cells to convey drug resistance. We also focus on our current understanding related to the interactions between survival and cell death pathways, as well as on mechanisms underlying the balance shift towards cancer cell growth and drug resistance. Moreover, we highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment components in blocking apoptosis in MDR tumors, and we discuss the significance and potential exploitation of epigenetic modifications for cancer treatment. Finally, we summarize the current and future therapeutic approaches for overcoming MDR. Abstract The ability of tumor cells to evade apoptosis is established as one of the hallmarks of cancer. The deregulation of apoptotic pathways conveys a survival advantage enabling cancer cells to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR), a complex tumor phenotype referring to concurrent resistance toward agents with different function and/or structure. Proteins implicated in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, including the Bcl-2 superfamily and Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family members, as well as their regulator, tumor suppressor p53, have been implicated in the development of MDR in many cancer types. The PI3K/AKT pathway is pivotal in promoting survival and proliferation and is often overactive in MDR tumors. In addition, the tumor microenvironment, particularly factors secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts, can inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells and reduce the effectiveness of different anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we describe the main alterations that occur in apoptosis-and related pathways to promote MDR. We also summarize the main therapeutic approaches against resistant tumors, including agents targeting Bcl-2 family members, small molecule inhibitors against IAPs or AKT and agents of natural origin that may be used as monotherapy or in combination with conventional therapeutics. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic exploitation of epigenetic modifications to reverse the MDR phenotype.
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