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Zheng R, Zhu X, Xiao Y. Advances in CAR-T-cell therapy in T-cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:49. [PMID: 38915099 PMCID: PMC11197302 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T)-cell therapy for the treatment of recurrent or refractory B-cell hematologic malignancies. However, CAR-T-cell therapy has not yet achieved comparable success in the management of aggressive T-cell malignancies. This article reviews the challenges of CAR-T-cell therapy in treating T-cell malignancies and summarizes the progress of preclinical and clinical studies in this area. We present an analysis of clinical trials of CAR-T-cell therapies for the treatment of T-cell malignancies grouped by target antigen classification. Moreover, this review focuses on the major challenges encountered by CAR-T-cell therapies, including the nonspecific killing due to T-cell target antigen sharing and contamination with cell products during preparation. This review discusses strategies to overcome these challenges, presenting novel therapeutic approaches that could enhance the efficacy and applicability of CAR-T-cell therapy in the treatment of T-cell malignancies. These ideas and strategies provide important information for future studies to promote the further development and application of CAR-T-cell therapy in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zheng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Epperly R, Gottschalk S, DeRenzo C. CAR T cells redirected to B7-H3 for pediatric solid tumors: Current status and future perspectives. EJC PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2024; 3:100160. [PMID: 38957786 PMCID: PMC11218663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcped.2024.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite intensive therapies, pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors have poor outcomes and need novel treatments. Immune therapies offer an alternative to conventional treatment options but require the identification of differentially expressed antigens to direct antitumor activity to sites of disease. B7-H3 (CD276) is an immune regulatory protein that is expressed in a range of malignancies and has limited expression in normal tissues. B7-H3 is highly expressed in pediatric solid tumors including osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and many rare tumors. In this article we review B7-H3-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (B7-H3-CAR) T cell therapies for pediatric solid tumors, reporting preclinical development strategies and outlining the landscape of active pediatric clinical trials. We identify challenges to the success of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors including localizing to and penetrating solid tumor sites, evading the hostile tumor microenvironment, supporting T cell expansion and persistence, and avoiding intrinsic tumor resistance. We highlight strategies to overcome these challenges and enhance the effect of B7-H3-CAR T cells, including advanced CAR T cell design and incorporation of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Epperly
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Zhao H, Wu L, Dai J, Sun K, Zi Z, Guan J, Zhang L. Ligand-based adoptive T cell targeting CA125 in ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:596. [PMID: 37670338 PMCID: PMC10481596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly aggressive gynecological malignancy prevalent worldwide. Most OC cases are typically diagnosed at advanced stages, which has led to a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 35% following conventional treatment. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has shown limited efficacy in the treatment of patients with OC, and CAR-T therapy has also demonstrated modest results owing to inadequate T cell infiltration. Therefore, novel strategies must be developed to enhance T cell persistence and trafficking within the OC tumor microenvironment. METHODS In this study, we developed a novel adoptive T-cell therapy for ovarian cancer based on a chimeric antigen receptor structure. We used a ligand-receptor binding motif to enhance the therapeutic effect of targeting CA125. Since mesothelin can naturally bind to CA125 with high affinity, we concatenated the core-binding fragment of mesothelin with the 4-1BB and CD3ζ signal fragments to assemble a novel CA125-targeting chimeric receptor (CR). The CAR structure targeting CA125 derived from the 4H11 antibody was also constructed. CR- and CAR-encoding RNA were electroporated into T cells to evaluate their antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS While CR-T or CAR-T cells exhibited moderate activity against two ovarian cancer cell lines, T cells co-expressing CR and CAR exhibited a superior killing effect compared to T cells expressing either CR or CAR alone. Furthermore, upon interaction with ovarian tumors, the ability of CR and CAR T cells to release activation markers and functional cytokines increased significantly. Similarly, CR and CAR co-expressing T cells persistently controlled the growth of transplanted ovarian cancer tumors in NSG mice and significantly prolonged the overall survival of tumor-challenged mice. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the survival and cytotoxicity of T cells co-expressing CR and CAR were significantly altered compared with those of T cells expressing either CR or CAR. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that CA125 targeting CR and CAR can synergistically kill ovarian cancer cells, indicating that CA125 targeting by the two binding motifs simultaneously in tumors may improve the therapeutic outcomes of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiemin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhenguo Zi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junhua Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Jogalekar MP, Rajendran RL, Khan F, Dmello C, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. CAR T-Cell-Based gene therapy for cancers: new perspectives, challenges, and clinical developments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925985. [PMID: 35936003 PMCID: PMC9355792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a progressive new pillar in immune cell therapy for cancer. It has yielded remarkable clinical responses in patients with B-cell leukemia or lymphoma. Unfortunately, many challenges remain to be addressed to overcome its ineffectiveness in the treatment of other hematological and solidtumor malignancies. The major hurdles of CAR T-cell therapy are the associated severe life-threatening toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and limited anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we briefly discuss cancer immunotherapy and the genetic engineering of T cells and, In detail, the current innovations in CAR T-cell strategies to improve efficacy in treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges in CAR T-cell therapy and new CAR T-cell-derived nanovesicle therapy. Finally, strategies to overcome the current clinical challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P. Jogalekar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
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Wang Y, He J, Xu M, Xue Q, Zhu C, Liu J, Zhang Y, Shi W. Holistic View of ALK TKI Resistance in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:815654. [PMID: 35211406 PMCID: PMC8862178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.815654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed at early stages of normal development and in various cancers including ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL), in which it is the main therapeutic target. ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK TKIs) have greatly improved the prognosis of ALK+ALCL patients, but the emergence of drug resistance is inevitable and limits the applicability of these drugs. Although various mechanisms of resistance have been elucidated, the problem persists and there have been relatively few relevant clinical studies. This review describes research progress on ALK+ ALCL including the application and development of new therapies, especially in relation to drug resistance. We also propose potential treatment strategies based on current knowledge to inform the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Manyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingfeng Xue
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cindy Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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GOLM1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target Modulates B7-H3 Secretion to Drive Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5151065. [PMID: 35116068 PMCID: PMC8807037 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5151065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study was aimed at exploring whether the Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) enhanced ovarian cancer metastasis through B7-H3-dependent way. Methods We collected the ovarian cancer patient samples from available databases including GEPIA, starBase, and Protein Altas that have GOLM1 and B7-H3 mRNA and protein expression. Ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was purchased. Knockdown GOLM1 and B7-H3 cell lines were obtained through introducing shRNAs by lentivirus package system, while GOLM1 or B7-H3 overexpression cell line was obtained by introducing GOLM1 full-length gene. Furthermore, wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were performed to assess tumor invasion and metastasis abilities; related proteins' expression was quantitated by western blotting, ELISA, and flow cytometry assay. The protein interaction was quantified by co-immunoprecipitation. Results GOLM1 has the correlative expression pattern with B7-H3 in ovarian cancer through patient sample databases (R = 0.421). GOLM1 knockdown had minimal impact on B7-H3 mRNA synthesis, while downregulated B7-H3 protein expression on tumor membrane and soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) level (p < 0.05) through physical interaction, GOLM1 knockdown, significantly reduce tumor invasion and metastasis in vitro (p < 0.05). Moreover, exogenous sB7-H3 significantly rescued this inhibitory effect. Both GOLM1 and B7-H3 knockdown restrained tumor growth and metastasis in immunodeficient mice and prolonged the survival rate. Conclusions GOLM1 acts as an initial oncogenic driving gene by promoting ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis through modulating B7-H3 protein maturation and secretion.
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Long C, Li G, Zhang C, Jiang T, Li Y, Duan X, Zhong G. B7-H3 as a Target for CAR-T Cell Therapy in Skull Base Chordoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659662. [PMID: 34868903 PMCID: PMC8634710 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective chordomas are rare bone tumors with few therapeutic options. Skull base and sacrum are the two most common origin sites. Immunotherapies are emerging as the most promising approaches to fight various cancers. This study tends to identify new cell surface targets for immunotherapeutic options of skull base chordomas. Methods we profiled 45 skull base chordoma clinical samples by immunohistochemistry for the expression of six CAR-Targets (PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA, HER2 and HER3). In addition, we generated B7-H3 targeted CAR-T-cells and evaluated their antitumor activities in vitro. Results We found that B7-H3 was positively stained in 7 out of 45 (16%) chordoma samples and established an expression hierarchy for these antigens (B7-H3 > HER3 > PD-L1 > HER2 = VISTA = B7-H4). We then generated a B7-H3 targeted CAR vector and demonstrated that B7-H3-CAR-T-cells recognized antigen positive cells and exhibited significant antitumor effects, including suppression of tumor spheroid formation, CAR-T-cell activation and cytokine secretion. Conclusions Our results support B7-H3 might serve as a promising target for CAR-T-cell therapies against chordomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyun Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Orthopedics Department, Xiandai Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Orthopedics Department, Fukang Hospital of Tibet, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Duan
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Zhong
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Feng R, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhang W. The role of B7-H3 in tumors and its potential in clinical application. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108153. [PMID: 34678689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B7-H3 (CD276 molecule) is an immune checkpoint from the B7 family of molecules that acts more as a co-inhibitory molecule to promote tumor progression. It is abnormally expressed on tumor cells and can be induced to express on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), B7-H3 promotes tumor progression by impairing T cell response, promoting the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to M2, inhibiting the function of DCs, and promoting the migration and invasion of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In addition, through non-immunological functions, B7-H3 promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, resistance, angiogenesis, and metabolism, or in the form of exosomes to promote tumor progression. In this process, microRNAs can regulate the expression of B7-H3. B7-H3 may serve as a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis and a marker of poor prognosis. Immunotherapy targeting B7-H3 and the combination of B7-H3 and other immune checkpoints have shown certain efficacy. In this review, we summarized the basic characteristics of B7-H3 and its mechanism to promote tumor progression by inducing immunosuppression and non-immunological functions, as well as the potential clinical applications of B7-H3 and immunotherapy based on B7-H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Andrology, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Schladetsch MA, Wiemer AJ. Generation of Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) Libraries for Use in Phage Display. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e182. [PMID: 34232564 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful platform for the discovery of novel biologics with high binding affinities to a specific target protein. Here, we describe methods to construct a phage display library containing diverse single-chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs). Specifically, updated methods for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and fusion of human antibody genes, their ligation into the pComb3X vector for transformation into 5αF'Iq competent bacterial cells, and their expression in M13KO7 helper phage are presented. Additionally, we describe how to amplify and quantify the phage library and to prepare it in various formats for short- and long-term storage. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: First-round polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolation of antibody fragments Basic Protocol 2: Ethanol precipitation and pooling of fragment DNA Basic Protocol 3: Second-round polymerase chain reaction with splicing by overlap extension (SOE) for antibody fragment fusion Basic Protocol 4: Restriction digestion of individual scFv constructs and pComb3XSS vector Basic Protocol 5: Directional ligation of the scFv constructs and pComb3X backbone Basic Protocol 6: Transformation of pComb-scFv plasmids into 5αF'Iq competent cells Basic Protocol 7: Collection of bacteria containing the scFv library Basic Protocol 8: Preparation of bacterial glycerol stock Basic Protocol 9: Preparation of phage library glycerol stock Basic Protocol 10: Preparation of plasmid DNA stock Basic Protocol 11: Amplification of M13KO7 helper phage Basic Protocol 12: Phage titer by plate assay Alternate Protocol: One-plate phage plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Schladetsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Zhang W, Qiu Y, Xie X, Fu Y, Wang L, Cai Z. B7 Family Members in Lymphoma: Promising Novel Targets for Tumor Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2021; 11:647526. [PMID: 33869045 PMCID: PMC8044412 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a vital role in the immune responses against tumors. Costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules regulate T cell activation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown remarkable benefits in patients with various tumor, but few patients have displayed significant immune responses against tumors after PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and many have been completely unresponsive. Thus, researchers must explore novel immune checkpoints that trigger durable antitumor responses and improve clinical outcomes. In this regard, other B7 family checkpoint molecules have been identified, namely PD-L2, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4 and B7-H6. The aim of the present article was to address the expression, clinical significance and roles of B7 family molecules in lymphoma, as well as in T and NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. B7 family checkpoints may offer novel and immunotherapeutic strategies for patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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