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Goswami S, Adhikary S, Bhattacharya S, Agarwal R, Ganguly A, Nanda S, Rajak P. The alarming link between environmental microplastics and health hazards with special emphasis on cancer. Life Sci 2024; 355:122937. [PMID: 39103046 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic contamination is a burgeoning environmental issue that poses serious threats to animal and human health. Microplastics enter the human body through nasal, dermal, and oral routes to contaminate multiple organs. Studies have advocated the existence of microplastics in human breast milk, sputum, faeces, and blood. Microplastics can find their ways to the sub-cellular moiety via active and passive approaches. At cellular level, microplastics follow clathrin and caveolae-dependent pathways to invade the sub-cellular environment. These environmental contaminants modulate the epigenetic control of gene expression, status of inflammatory mediators, redox homeostasis, cell-cycle proteins, and mimic the endocrine mediators like estrogen and androgen to fuel carcinogenesis. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have suggested potential links between the exposure to microplastics and the onset of various chronic diseases. Microplastics trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and ensue tissue growth leading to various cancers affecting the lungs, blood, breasts, prostate, and ovaries. Additionally, such contamination can potentially affect sub-cellular signaling and injure multiple organs. In essence, numerous reports have claimed microplastic-induced toxicity and tumorigenesis in human and model animals. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive and warrants further investigations. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of microplastics, covering their sources, chemistry, human exposure routes, toxicity, and carcinogenic potential at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Goswami
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Satadal Adhikary
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ruchika Agarwal
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayantani Nanda
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Baas FS, Brusselaers N, Nagtegaal ID, Engstrand L, Boleij A. Navigating beyond associations: Opportunities to establish causal relationships between the gut microbiome and colorectal carcinogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:1235-1247. [PMID: 39146796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important determinant in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), with recent studies shining light on the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the interactions between microbes and the CRC microenvironment. Despite the increasing wealth of associations being established in the field, proving causality remains challenging. Obstacles include the high variability of the microbiome and its context, both across individuals and across time. Additionally, there is a lack of large and representative cohort studies with long-term follow-up and/or appropriate sampling methods for studying the mucosal microbiome. Finally, most studies focus on CRC, whereas interactions between host and bacteria in early events in carcinogenesis remain elusive, reinforced by the heterogeneity of CRC development. Here, we discuss these current most prominent obstacles, the recent developments, and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor S Baas
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nele Brusselaers
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Hemmati M, Wudy SI, Hackbarth F, Mittermeier-Kleßinger VK, Coleman OI, Haller D, Ludwig C, Dawid C, Kleigrewe K. Development of a Global Metabo-Lipid-Prote-omics Workflow to Compare Healthy Proximal and Distal Colonic Epithelium in Mice. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3124-3140. [PMID: 39052308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A multimetabo-lipid-prote-omics workflow was developed to characterize the molecular interplay within proximal (PC) and distal (DC) colonic epithelium of healthy mice. This multiomics data set lays the foundation to better understand the two tissue types and can be used to study, for example, colon-related diseases like colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. First, the methyl tert-butyl ether extraction method was optimized, so that from a single tissue biopsy >350 reference-matched metabolites, >1850 reference-matched lipids, and >4500 proteins were detected by using targeted and untargeted metabolomics, untargeted lipidomics, and proteomics. Next, each omics-data set was analyzed individually and then merged with the additional omics disciplines to generate a deep understanding of the underlying complex regulatory network within the colon. Our data demonstrates, for example, differences in mucin formation, detected on substrate level as well as on enzyme level, and altered lipid metabolism by the detection of phospholipases hydrolyzing sphingomyelins to ceramides. In conclusion, the combination of the three mass spectrometry-based omics techniques can better entangle the functional and regional differences between PC and DC tissue compared to each single omics technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmati
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne I Wudy
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franziska Hackbarth
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Verena K Mittermeier-Kleßinger
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Olivia I Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Professorship for Functional Phytometabolomics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Penarete-Acosta D, Stading R, Emerson L, Horn M, Chakraborty S, Han A, Jayaraman A. A microfluidic co-culture model for investigating colonocytes-microbiota interactions in colorectal cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3690-3703. [PMID: 38973701 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the abundance of certain bacterial species within the colorectal microbiota correlate with colorectal cancer (CRC) development. While carcinogenic mechanisms of single pathogenic bacteria have been characterized in vitro, limited tools are available to investigate interactions between pathogenic bacteria and both commensal microbiota and colonocytes in a physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment. To address this, we developed a microfluidic device that can be used to co-culture colonocyte spheroids and colorectal microbiota. The device was used to explore the effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum, an opportunistic pathogen associated with colorectal cancer development in humans, on colonocyte gene expression and microbiota composition. F. nucleatum altered the transcription of genes involved in cytokine production, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and proliferation in colonocytes in a contact-independent manner; however, most of these effects were significantly diminished by the presence of commensal microbiota. Interestingly, F. nucleatum significantly altered the abundance of multiple bacterial clades associated with mucosal immune responses and cancer development in the colon. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the potential carcinogenic activity of pathogens in the context of a commensal microbiota, and the potential to discover novel inter-species microbial interactions in the CRC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Stading
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Laura Emerson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA.
| | - Mitchell Horn
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA.
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA.
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
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Rahman S, Lu E, Patel RK, Tsikitis VL, Martindale RG. Colorectal Disease and the Gut Microbiome: What a Surgeon Needs to Know. Surg Clin North Am 2024; 104:647-656. [PMID: 38677827 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is defined as the microorganisms that reside within the gastrointestinal tract and produce a variety of metabolites that impact human health. These microbes play an intricate role in human health, and an imbalance in the gut microbiome, termed gut dysbiosis, has been implicated in the development of varying diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about the microbiome and its impact on colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, Clostridioides difficile infection, the impact of bowel prep, and anastomotic leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrose Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L223, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Ethan Lu
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L223, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ranish K Patel
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L223, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Vassiliki Liana Tsikitis
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L223, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert G Martindale
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L223, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Nguyen NTA, Jiang Y, McQuade JL. Eating away cancer: the potential of diet and the microbiome for shaping immunotherapy outcome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409414. [PMID: 38873602 PMCID: PMC11169628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB) plays a substantial role in human health and disease. From affecting gut barrier integrity to promoting immune cell differentiation, the GMB is capable of shaping host immunity and thus oncogenesis and anti-cancer therapeutic response, particularly with immunotherapy. Dietary patterns and components are key determinants of GMB composition, supporting the investigation of the diet-microbiome-immunity axis as a potential avenue to enhance immunotherapy response in cancer patients. As such, this review will discuss the role of the GMB and diet on anti-cancer immunity. We demonstrate that diet affects anti-cancer immunity through both GMB-independent and GMB-mediated mechanisms, and that different diet patterns mold the GMB's functional and taxonomic composition in distinctive ways. Dietary modulation therefore shows promise as an intervention for improving cancer outcome; however, further and more extensive research in human cancer populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer L. McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Li S, Chen M, Wang Z, Abudourexiti W, Zhang L, Ding C, Ding L, Gong J. Ant may well destroy a whole dam: glycans of colonic mucus barrier disintegrated by gut bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127599. [PMID: 38219635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The colonic mucus layer plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the colonic mucosal barrier, serving as the primary defense against colonic microorganisms. Predominantly composed of mucin 2 (MUC2), a glycosylation-rich protein, the mucus layer forms a gel-like coating that covers the colonic epithelium surface. This layer provides a habitat for intestinal microorganisms, which can utilize mucin glycans present in the mucus layer as a sustainable source of nutrients. Additionally, metabolites produced by the microbiota during the metabolism of mucus glycans have a profound impact on host health. Under normal conditions, the production and consumption of mucus maintain a dynamic balance. However, several studies have demonstrated that certain factors, such as dietary fiber deficiency, can enhance the metabolism of mucus glycans by gut bacteria, thereby disturbing this balance and weakening the mucus barrier function of the mucus layer. To better understand the occurrence and development of colon-related diseases, it is crucial to investigate the complex metabolic patterns of mucus glycosylation by intestinal microorganisms. Our objective was to comprehensively review these patterns in order to clarify the effects of mucus layer glycan metabolism by intestinal microorganisms on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingfei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Waresi Abudourexiti
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Engelsberger V, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on intestinal microbiota, immunity and colorectal cancer risk. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1339750. [PMID: 38343887 PMCID: PMC10853882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1339750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Infecting about half of the world´s population, Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide and the strongest known risk factor for gastric cancer. Although H. pylori colonizes exclusively the gastric epithelium, the infection has also been associated with various extragastric diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Epidemiological studies reported an almost two-fold increased risk for infected individuals to develop CRC, but only recently, direct causal and functional links between the chronic infection and CRC have been revealed. Besides modulating the host intestinal immune response, H. pylori is thought to increase CRC risk by inducing gut microbiota alterations. It is known that H. pylori infection not only impacts the gastric microbiota at the site of infection but also leads to changes in bacterial colonization in the distal large intestine. Considering that the gut microbiome plays a driving role in CRC, H. pylori infection emerges as a key factor responsible for promoting changes in microbiome signatures that could contribute to tumor development. Within this review, we want to focus on the interplay between H. pylori infection, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and intestinal immunity. In addition, the effects of H. pylori antibiotic eradication therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gallos IK, Tryfonopoulos D, Shani G, Amditis A, Haick H, Dionysiou DD. Advancing Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis with AI-Powered Breathomics: Navigating Challenges and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3673. [PMID: 38132257 PMCID: PMC10743128 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of colorectal cancer is crucial for improving outcomes and reducing mortality. While there is strong evidence of effectiveness, currently adopted screening methods present several shortcomings which negatively impact the detection of early stage carcinogenesis, including low uptake due to patient discomfort. As a result, developing novel, non-invasive alternatives is an important research priority. Recent advancements in the field of breathomics, the study of breath composition and analysis, have paved the way for new avenues for non-invasive cancer detection and effective monitoring. Harnessing the utility of Volatile Organic Compounds in exhaled breath, breathomics has the potential to disrupt colorectal cancer screening practices. Our goal is to outline key research efforts in this area focusing on machine learning methods used for the analysis of breathomics data, highlight challenges involved in artificial intelligence application in this context, and suggest possible future directions which are currently considered within the framework of the European project ONCOSCREEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis K. Gallos
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Dimitrios Tryfonopoulos
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Gidi Shani
- Laboratory for Nanomaterial-Based Devices, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (G.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Angelos Amditis
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Hossam Haick
- Laboratory for Nanomaterial-Based Devices, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (G.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Dimitra D. Dionysiou
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
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Li S, Keenan JI, Shaw IC, Frizelle FA. Could Microplastics Be a Driver for Early Onset Colorectal Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3323. [PMID: 37444433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of colorectal cancer in those under 50 years of age (early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC)) is increasing throughout the world. This has predominantly been an increase in distal colonic and rectal cancers, which are biologically similar to late onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) but with higher rates of mucinous or signet ring histology, or poorly differentiated cancers. The epidemiology of this change suggests that it is a cohort effect since 1960, and is most likely driven by an environmental cause. We explore the possible role of microplastics as a driver for this change. Review: The development of sporadic colorectal cancer is likely facilitated by the interaction of gut bacteria and the intestinal wall. Normally, a complex layer of luminal mucus provides colonocytes with a level of protection from the effects of these bacteria and their toxins. Plastics were first developed in the early 1900s. After 1945 they became more widely used, with a resultant dramatic increase in plastic pollution and their breakdown to microplastics. Microplastics (MPs) are consumed by humans from an early age and in increasingly large quantities. As MPs pass through the gastrointestinal tract they interact with the normal physiological mechanism of the body, particularly in the colon and rectum, where they may interact with the protective colonic mucus layer. We describe several possible mechanisms of how microplastics may disrupt this mucus layer, thus reducing its protective effect and increasing the likelihood of colorectal cancer. Conclusions: The epidemiology of increase in EOCRC suggests an environmental driver. This increase in EOCRC matches the time sequence in which we could expect to see an effect of rapid increase of MPs in the environment and, as such, we have explored possible mechanisms for this effect. We suggest that it is possible that the MPs damage the barrier integrity of the colonic mucus layer, thus reducing its protective effect. MPs in CRC pathogenesis warrants further investigation. Future directions: Further clarification needs to be sought regarding the interaction between MPs, gut microbiota and the mucus layer. This will need to be modelled in long-term animal studies to better understand how chronic consumption of environmentally-acquired MPs may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline I Keenan
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Shaw
- School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Frank A Frizelle
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Zhang H, Liu Z, Fang H, Chang S, Ren G, Cheng X, Pan Y, Wu R, Liu H, Wu J. Construction of Probiotic Double-Layered Multinucleated Microcapsules Based on Sulfhydryl-Modified Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium for Increased Intestinal Adhesion of Probiotics and Therapy for Intestinal Inflammation Induced by Escherichia coli O157:H7. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18569-18589. [PMID: 37037009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The decreased number of viable bacteria and the ability of Bifidobacterium to adhere to and colonize the gut in the gastrointestinal environment greatly limit their efficacy. To solve this problem, thiolated carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) probiotic double-layered multinucleated microcapsules with Bifidobacterium adolescentis FS2-3 in the inner layer and Bacillus subtilis SN15-2 embedded in the outer layers were designed. First, the viable counts and release rates of microcapsules were examined by in vitro simulated digestion assays, and it was found that microcapsules were better protected from gastrointestinal digestion than the controls. Compared with free Bifidobacterium strains, double-layered multinucleated microcapsules have higher viable bacterial survival rates and storage stability. Second, through in vitro rheology, tensile tests, isotherm titration calorimetry, and adhesion tests, it was observed that thiolated CMC could enhance the strong interaction of Bifidobacterium with intestinal mucus and significantly promote the proliferation and growth of probiotics. Finally, double-layered multinucleated microcapsules containing B. adolescentis FS2-3 and B. subtilis SN15-2 modified with sulfhydryl-modified CMC were studied in the intestine. Alleviation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced intestinal inflammation. The results showed that microencapsulation could significantly increase the colon content of Bifidobacterium, relieve intestinal inflammation symptoms in mice with bacterial enteritis, and repair the intestinal microbiota disorder caused by inflammation. The probiotic double-layered multinucleated microcapsules prepared in this study can improve the survival rate of probiotics and promote proliferation, adhesion, and colonization of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Zhili Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P.R. China
| | - Shihan Chang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Ren
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P.R. China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, P.R. China
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Lama Tamang R, Juritsch AF, Ahmad R, Salomon JD, Dhawan P, Ramer-Tait AE, Singh AB. The diet-microbiota axis: a key regulator of intestinal permeability in human health and disease. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2077069. [PMID: 35603609 PMCID: PMC10161950 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2077069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier orchestrates selective permeability to nutrients and metabolites while excluding noxious stimuli. Recent scientific advances establishing a causal role for the gut microbiota in human health outcomes have generated a resurgent interest toward intestinal permeability. Considering the well-established role of the gut barrier in protection against foreign antigens, there is mounting evidence for a causal link between gut permeability and the microbiome in regulating human health. However, an understanding of the dynamic host-microbiota interactions that govern intestinal barrier functions remains poorly defined. Furthermore, the system-level mechanisms by which microbiome-targeted therapies, such as probiotics and prebiotics, simultaneously promote intestinal barrier function and host health remain an area of active investigation. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the dynamics of intestinal permeability in human health and its integration with gut microbiota. We further summarize mechanisms by which probiotics/prebiotics influence the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Lama Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anthony F. Juritsch
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Salomon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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13
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Cox KE, Liu S, Lwin TM, Hoffman RM, Batra SK, Bouvet M. The Mucin Family of Proteins: Candidates as Potential Biomarkers for Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051491. [PMID: 36900282 PMCID: PMC10000725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins (MUC1-MUC24) are a family of glycoproteins involved in cell signaling and barrier protection. They have been implicated in the progression of numerous malignancies including gastric, pancreatic, ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Mucins have also been extensively studied with respect to colorectal cancer. They have been found to have diverse expression profiles amongst the normal colon, benign hyperplastic polyps, pre-malignant polyps, and colon cancers. Those expressed in the normal colon include MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15 (at low levels), and MUC21. Whereas MUC5, MUC6, MUC16, and MUC20 are absent from the normal colon and are expressed in colorectal cancers. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 are currently the most widely covered in the literature regarding their role in the progression from normal colonic tissue to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Cox
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Shanglei Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thinzar M. Lwin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-822-6191; Fax: +1-858-249-0483
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14
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View from the Biological Property: Insight into the Functional Diversity and Complexity of the Gut Mucus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044227. [PMID: 36835646 PMCID: PMC9960128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to mucin's important protective effect on epithelial tissue, it has garnered extensive attention. The role played by mucus in the digestive tract is undeniable. On the one hand, mucus forms "biofilm" structures that insulate harmful substances from direct contact with epithelial cells. On the other hand, a variety of immune molecules in mucus play a crucial role in the immune regulation of the digestive tract. Due to the enormous number of microorganisms in the gut, the biological properties of mucus and its protective actions are more complicated. Numerous pieces of research have hinted that the aberrant expression of intestinal mucus is closely related to impaired intestinal function. Therefore, this purposeful review aims to provide the highlights of the biological characteristics and functional categorization of mucus synthesis and secretion. In addition, we highlight a variety of the regulatory factors for mucus. Most importantly, we also summarize some of the changes and possible molecular mechanisms of mucus during certain disease processes. All these are beneficial to clinical practice, diagnosis, and treatment and can provide some potential theoretical bases. Admittedly, there are still some deficiencies or contradictory results in the current research on mucus, but none of this diminishes the importance of mucus in protective impacts.
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15
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Chung J, Akter S, Han S, Shin Y, Choi TG, Kang I, Kim SS. Diagnosis by Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath in Exhaled Breath from Patients with Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:129. [PMID: 36613569 PMCID: PMC9820758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One in three cancer deaths worldwide are caused by gastric and colorectal cancer malignancies. Although the incidence and fatality rates differ significantly from country to country, the rates of these cancers in East Asian nations such as South Korea and Japan have been increasing each year. Above all, the biggest danger of this disease is how challenging it is to recognize in its early stages. Moreover, most patients with these cancers do not present with any disease symptoms before receiving a definitive diagnosis. Currently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being used for the early prediction of several other diseases, and research has been carried out on these applications. Exhaled VOCs from patients possess remarkable potential as novel biomarkers, and their analysis could be transformative in the prevention and early diagnosis of colon and stomach cancers. VOCs have been spotlighted in recent studies due to their ease of use. Diagnosis on the basis of patient VOC analysis takes less time than methods using gas chromatography, and results in the literature demonstrate that it is possible to determine whether a patient has certain diseases by using organic compounds in their breath as indicators. This study describes how VOCs can be used to precisely detect cancers; as more data are accumulated, the accuracy of this method will increase, and it can be applied in more fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Chung
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ghosh J, Schultz BM, Chan J, Wultsch C, Singh R, Shureiqi I, Chow S, Doymaz A, Varriano S, Driscoll M, Muse J, Kleiman FE, Krampis K, Issa JPJ, Sapienza C. Epigenome-Wide Study Identifies Epigenetic Outliers in Normal Mucosa of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:755-766. [PMID: 36219239 PMCID: PMC9623234 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nongenetic predisposition to colorectal cancer continues to be difficult to measure precisely, hampering efforts in targeted prevention and screening. Epigenetic changes in the normal mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer can serve as a tool in predicting colorectal cancer outcomes. We identified epigenetic changes affecting the normal mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer. DNA methylation profiling on normal colon mucosa from 77 patients with colorectal cancer and 68 controls identified a distinct subgroup of normally-appearing mucosa with markedly disrupted DNA methylation at a large number of CpGs, termed as "Outlier Methylation Phenotype" (OMP) and are present in 15 of 77 patients with cancer versus 0 of 68 controls (P < 0.001). Similar findings were also seen in publicly available datasets. Comparison of normal colon mucosa transcription profiles of patients with OMP cancer with those of patients with non-OMP cancer indicates genes whose promoters are hypermethylated in the OMP patients are also transcriptionally downregulated, and that many of the genes most affected are involved in interactions between epithelial cells, the mucus layer, and the microbiome. Analysis of 16S rRNA profiles suggests that normal colon mucosa of OMPs are enriched in bacterial genera associated with colorectal cancer risk, advanced tumor stage, chronic intestinal inflammation, malignant transformation, nosocomial infections, and KRAS mutations. In conclusion, our study identifies an epigenetically distinct OMP group in the normal mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer that is characterized by a disrupted methylome, altered gene expression, and microbial dysbiosis. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether OMP could serve as a biomarker for an elevated epigenetic risk for colorectal cancer development. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Our study identifies an epigenetically distinct OMP group in the normal mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer that is characterized by a disrupted methylome, altered gene expression, and microbial dysbiosis. Identification of OMPs in healthy controls and patients with colorectal cancer will lead to prevention and better prognosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashri Ghosh
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryant M. Schultz
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joe Chan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York.,Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Nutrition Department, School of Urban Public Health at Hunter College, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Doymaz
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Sophia Varriano
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | | | - Jennifer Muse
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Frida E. Kleiman
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Konstantinos Krampis
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York.,Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Carmen Sapienza
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corresponding Author: Carmen Sapienza, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3307 N. Broad Street, Room 300, Philadelphia, PA 19140. Phone: 215-707-7373; E-mail:
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17
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Relationship between mucosa-associated gut microbiota and human diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1225-1236. [PMID: 36214382 PMCID: PMC9704521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in maintaining gut homeostasis. In the colon, the inner mucus layer ensures commensal microbes are kept at a safe distance from the epithelium while mucin glycans in the outer mucus layer provide microbes with nutrients and binding sites. Microbes residing in the mucus form part of the so-called 'mucosa-associated microbiota' (MAM), a microbial community which, due to its close proximity to the epithelium, has a profound impact on immune and metabolic health by directly impacting gut barrier function and the immune system. Alterations in GI microbial communities have been linked to human diseases. Although most of this knowledge is based on analysis of the faecal microbiota, a growing number of studies show that the MAM signature differs from faecal or luminal microbiota and has the potential to be used to distinguish between diseased and healthy status in well-studied conditions such as IBD, IBS and CRC. However, our knowledge about spatial microbial alterations in pathogenesis remains severely hampered by issues surrounding access to microbial communities in the human gut. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art information on how to access MAM in humans, the composition of MAM, and how changes in MAM relate to changes in human health and disease. A better understanding of interactions occurring at the mucosal surface is essential to advance our understanding of diseases affecting the GI tract and beyond.
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18
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Pan M, Barua N, Ip M. Mucin-degrading gut commensals isolated from healthy faecal donor suppress intestinal epithelial inflammation and regulate tight junction barrier function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021094. [PMID: 36311778 PMCID: PMC9597641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium surface is covered by a layer of mucus that harbors a complex and dynamic population of bacteria termed gut microbiota. In particular, some gut bacteria have the ability to degrade the mucin glycan for nutritional sources. However, the bacterial diversity of mucin-degrading bacteria in human gut microbiota and their role in the gut remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the diversity of mucin-degrading bacteria in the human gut microbiota by an established cultivation-based molecular profiling method. The results showed the gut commensals having the mucin degrading ability were widely distributed in the gut microbiota and were more abundant than previously thought. In addition, many previously uncharacterized mucin degraders were isolated from faecals samples, suggesting the mucin-degrading gut commensals were underappreciated. To gain a better understanding of the interaction between these mucin-degrading gut commensals and the host, the effect of the commensals on intestinal epithelial cells were examined, and the results revealed that the commensals (8 Bacteroides spp., 2 Parabacteroides spp, Akkermanisa muciniphila and Bifidobacterial dentium) incited low level of inflammatory response (IL-8 and TNF-α) but suppressed the inflammatory response induced by E. coli through downregulating the NF-κB pathway. The presence of gut commensals also showed potential in enhancing the epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier function through regulating the mRNA expression of TJ protein genes such as Zo-1, Occludin, Claudin-1 and E-cadherin. Furthermore, the presence of commensal bacteria P. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron and A. muciniphila completely or partly restored the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β induced TJ barrier disruption. In conclusion, these findings indicate that mucin-degrading gut commensals were widely distributed in the gut microbiota and showed anti-inflammatory effect against pathogen infection and potential in modulating the epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nilakshi Barua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Margaret Ip,
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19
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Loktionov A. Colon mucus in colorectal neoplasia and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4475-4492. [PMID: 36157924 PMCID: PMC9476883 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i32.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little was known about mammalian colon mucus (CM) until the beginning of the 21st century. Since that time considerable progress has been made in basic research addressing CM structure and functions. Human CM is formed by two distinct layers composed of gel-forming glycosylated mucins that are permanently secreted by goblet cells of the colonic epithelium. The inner layer is dense and impenetrable for bacteria, whereas the loose outer layer provides a habitat for abundant commensal microbiota. Mucus barrier integrity is essential for preventing bacterial contact with the mucosal epithelium and maintaining homeostasis in the gut, but it can be impaired by a variety of factors, including CM-damaging switch of commensal bacteria to mucin glycan consumption due to dietary fiber deficiency. It is proven that impairments in CM structure and function can lead to colonic barrier deterioration that opens direct bacterial access to the epithelium. Bacteria-induced damage dysregulates epithelial proliferation and causes mucosal inflammatory responses that may expand to the loosened CM and eventually result in severe disorders, including colitis and neoplastic growth. Recently described formation of bacterial biofilms within the inner CM layer was shown to be associated with both inflammation and cancer. Although obvious gaps in our knowledge of human CM remain, its importance for the pathogenesis of major colorectal diseases, comprising inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, is already recognized. Continuing progress in CM exploration is likely to result in the development of a range of new useful clinical applications addressing colorectal disease diagnosis, prevention and therapy.
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20
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Jiang X, Jiang Z, Jiang M, Sun Y. Berberine as a Potential Agent for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:886996. [PMID: 35572960 PMCID: PMC9096113 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.886996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadly malignancies worldwide. The incidence of CRC has been increasing, especially in young people. Although great advances have been made in managing CRC, the prognosis is unfavorable. Numerous studies have shown that berberine (BBR) is a safe and effective agent presenting significant antitumor effects. Nevertheless, the detailed underlying mechanism in treating CRC remains indistinct. In this review, we herein offer beneficial evidence for the utilization of BBR in the management and treatment of CRC, and describe the underlying mechanism(s). The review emphasizes several therapeutic effects of BBR and confirms that BBR could suppress CRC by modulating gene expression, the cell cycle, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and several signaling pathways. In addition, BBR also displays antitumor effects in CRC by regulating the gut microbiota and mucosal barrier function. This review emphasizes BBR as a potentially effective and safe drug for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongxiu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Sun
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21
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Watchorn J, Clasky AJ, Prakash G, Johnston IAE, Chen PZ, Gu FX. Untangling Mucosal Drug Delivery: Engineering, Designing, and Testing Nanoparticles to Overcome the Mucus Barrier. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1396-1426. [PMID: 35294187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to various mucosal surfaces; however, these benefits are hindered by the mucus layer. To overcome the mucus barrier, many nanomedicines have been developed, with the goal of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of drug payloads. Two major nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged to facilitate mucosal drug delivery, namely, mucoadhesion and mucopenetration. Generally, mucoadhesive nanoparticles promote interactions with mucus for immobilization and sustained drug release, whereas mucopenetrating nanoparticles diffuse through the mucus and enhance drug uptake. The choice of strategy depends on many factors pertaining to the structural and compositional characteristics of the target mucus and mucosa. While there have been promising results in preclinical studies, mucus-nanoparticle interactions remain poorly understood, thus limiting effective clinical translation. This article reviews nanomedicines designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties for mucosal delivery, explores the influence of site-dependent physiological variation among mucosal surfaces on efficacy, transport, and bioavailability, and discusses the techniques and models used to investigate mucus-nanoparticle interactions. The effects of non-homeostatic perturbations on protein corona formation, mucus composition, and nanoparticle performance are discussed in the context of mucosal delivery. The complexity of the mucosal barrier necessitates consideration of the interplay between nanoparticle design, tissue-specific differences in mucus structure and composition, and homeostatic or disease-related changes to the mucus barrier to develop effective nanomedicines for mucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Watchorn
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gayatri Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ian A E Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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22
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Angus HCK, Urbano PCM, Laws GA, Fan S, Gadeock S, Schultz M, Butt G, Highton AJ, Kemp RA. An autologous colonic organoid‐derived monolayer model to study immune: bacterial interactions in Crohn's disease patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1407. [PMID: 35924188 PMCID: PMC9342672 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Crohn's disease (CD) initiation and pathogenesis are believed to involve an environmental trigger in a genetically susceptible person that results in an immune response against commensal gut bacteria, leading to a compromised intestinal epithelial barrier and a cycle of inflammation. However, it has been difficult to study the contribution of all factors together in a physiologically relevant model and in a heterogenous patient population. Methods We developed an autologous colonic monolayer model that incorporated the immune response from the same donor and a commensal bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Two‐dimensional monolayers were grown from three‐dimensional organoids generated from intestinal biopsies, and the epithelial integrity of the epithelium was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance. We determined the effect of immune cells alone, bacteria alone and the co‐culture of immune cells and bacteria on integrity. Results Monolayers derived from CD donors had impaired epithelial integrity compared to those from non‐inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) donors. This integrity was further impaired by culture with bacteria, but not immune cells, despite a higher frequency of inflammatory phenotype peripheral T cells in CD donors. Variability in epithelial integrity was higher in CD donors than in non‐IBD donors. Conclusion We have developed a new autologous model to study the complexity of CD, which allows for the comparison of the barrier properties of the colonic epithelium and the ability to study how autologous immune cells directly affect the colonic barrier and whether this is modified by luminal bacteria. This new model allows for the study of individual patients and could inform treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish CK Angus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Paulo CM Urbano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Gemma A Laws
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Shijun Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Physiology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Safina Gadeock
- Department of Physiology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Paediatrics, School of Medicine UC San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Michael Schultz
- Department of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Grant Butt
- Department of Physiology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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23
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Nouri R, Hasani A, Masnadi Shirazi K, Alivand MR, Sepehri B, Sotoudeh S, Hemmati F, Fattahzadeh A, Abdinia B, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M. Mucosa-Associated Escherichia coli in Colorectal Cancer Patients and Control Subjects: Variations in the Prevalence and Attributing Features. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2021; 2021:2131787. [PMID: 34795808 PMCID: PMC8594973 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2131787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that specific strains of mucosa-associated Escherichia coli (E. coli) can influence the development of colorectal carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characterization of mucosa-associated E. coli obtained from the colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and control group. At two referral university-affiliated hospitals in northwest Iran, 100 patients, 50 with CRC and 50 without, were studied over the course of a year. Fresh biopsy specimens were used to identify mucosa-associated E. coli isolates after dithiothreitol mucolysis. To classify the E. coli strains, ten colonies per sample were typed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-based PCR (ERIC-PCR). The strains were classified into phylogroups using the quadruplex PCR method. The PCR method was used to examine for the presence of cyclomodulin, bfp, stx1, stx2, and eae-encoding genes. The strains were tested for biofilm formation using the microtiter plate assay. CRC patients had more mucosa-associated E. coli than the control group (p < 0.05). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was also found in 23% of CRC strains and 7.1% of control strains (p < 0.05). Phylogroup A was predominant in control group specimens, while E. coli isolates from CRC patients belonged most frequently to phylogroups D and B2. Furthermore, the frequency of cyclomodulin-encoding genes in the CRC patients was significantly higher than the control group. Around 36.9% of E. coli strains from CRC samples were able to form biofilms, compared to 16.6% E. coli strains from the control group (p < 0.05). Noticeably, cyclomodulin-positive strains were more likely to form biofilm in comparison to cyclomodulin-negative strains (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mucosa-associated E. coli especially cyclomodulin-positive isolates from B2 and D phylogroups possessing biofilm-producing capacity colonize the gut mucosa of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Masnadi Shirazi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bita Sepehri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sotoudeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Fattahzadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Abdinia
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Children Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Microbiota: An Emerging Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215530. [PMID: 34771692 PMCID: PMC8583410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This series of 10 articles (four original articles, five literature reviews, and one systematic review) is presented by international experts in the study of microbiota and its relation to colorectal cancer (CRC) [...].
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Nouri R, Hasani A, Shirazi KM, Aliand MR, Sepehri B, Sotoodeh S, Hemmati F, Rezaee MA. Escherichia coli and colorectal cancer: Unfolding the enigmatic relationship. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1257-1268. [PMID: 34514986 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210910094827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Specific strains of intestinal Escherichia coli (E. coli) may influence the initiation and development of CRC by exploiting virulence factors and inflammatory pathways. Mucosa-associated E. coli strains are more prevalent in CRC biopsies in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, these strains can survive and replicate within macrophages and induce a pro-inflammatory response. Chronic exposure to inflammatory mediators can lead to increased cell proliferation and cancer. Production of colobactin toxin by the majority of mucosa-associated E. coli isolated from CRC patients is another notable finding. Colibactin-producing E. coli strains, in particular, induce double-strand DNA breaks, stop the cell cycle, involve in chromosomal rearrangements of mammalian cells and are implicated in carcinogenic effects in animal models. Moreover, some enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains are able to survive and replicate in colon cells as chronic intracellular pathogens and may promote susceptibility to CRC by downregulation of DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) proteins. In this review, we discuss current evidence and focus on the mechanisms by which E. coli can influence the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogayeh Nouri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Kourosh Masnadi Shirazi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aliand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Bita Sepehri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Simin Sotoodeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
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Tumor Microenvironment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Arbitrator in Patients' Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051130. [PMID: 33800796 PMCID: PMC7961499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer accounts for approximately 10% of all annually diagnosed cancers worldwide being liver metastasis, the most common cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer. The interplay between tumor and stromal cells in the primary tumor microenvironment and at distant metastases are rising in importance as potential mechanisms of the tumor progression. In this review we discuss the new biomarkers derived from tumor microenvironment and liquid biopsy as emerging prognostic and treatments response markers for metastatic colorectal cancer. We also review the developing new clinical strategies based on tumor microenvironmental cells to tackle metastatic disease in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in western countries. Its mortality rate varies greatly, depending on the stage of the disease. The main cause of CRC mortality is metastasis, which most commonly affects the liver. The role of tumor microenvironment in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis development has been widely studied. In this review we summarize the role of the tumor microenvironment in the liver pre-metastatic niche formation, paying attention to the distant cellular crosstalk mediated by exosomes. Moreover, and based on the prognostic and predictive capacity of alterations in the stromal compartment of tumors, we describe the role of tumor microenvironment cells and related liquid biopsy biomarkers in the delivery of precise medication for metastatic CRC. Finally, we evaluate the different clinical strategies to prevent and treat liver metastatic disease, based on the targeting of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, targeting angiogenesis pathways and regulating immune response are two important research pipelines that are being widely developed and promise great benefits.
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