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Kanagasabai T, Dunbar Z, Ochoa SG, Farris T, Dhandayuthapani S, Wijeratne EMK, Gunatilaka AAL, Shanker A. Bortezomib in Combination with Physachenolide C Reduces the Tumorigenic Properties of KRAS mut/P53 mut Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting c-FLIP. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:670. [PMID: 38339421 PMCID: PMC10854725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in apoptosis regulation are one of the classical features of cancer cells, often associated with more aggressiveness and failure to therapeutic options. We investigated the combinatorial antitumor effects of a natural product, physachenolide C (PCC) and bortezomib, in KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells and xenograft mice models. METHODS The in vitro anticancer effects of the bortezomib and PCC combination were investigated using cell viability, migration, and invasion assays in 344SQ, H23, and H358 cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of combination treatment on the critical parameters of cellular metabolism, including extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on the oxygen consumption rate of cancer cells were assessed using Seahorse assay. Finally, the antitumor effect of the bortezomib (1 mg/kg) and PCC (10 mg/kg) combination was evaluated using xenograft mice models. RESULTS Our data showed that the bortezomib-PCC combination was more effective in reducing the viability of lung cancer cells in comparison with the individual treatments. Similarly, the combination treatment showed a significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. Additionally, the key anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP was significantly inhibited along with a substantial reduction in the key parameters of cellular metabolism in cancer cells. Notably, the bortezomib or PCC inhibited the tumor growth compared to the control group, the tumor growth inhibition was much more effective when bortezomib was combined with PCC in tumor xenograft mice models. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that PCC sensitizes cancer cells to bortezomib, potentially improving the antitumor effects against KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells, with an enhanced efficacy of combination treatments without causing significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Zerick Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Salvador González Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Tonie Farris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.K.); (T.F.)
| | | | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (E.M.K.W.)
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (E.M.K.W.)
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
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Jiang Z, Ju YJ, Ali A, Chung PED, Wang DY, Liu JC, Li H, Vorobieva I, Mwewa E, Ghanbari-Azarnier R, Shrestha M, Ben-David Y, Zacksenhaus E. Thinking (Metastasis) outside the (Primary Tumor) Box. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5315. [PMID: 38001575 PMCID: PMC10670606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of tumor cells into vital organs is a major cause of death from diverse types of malignancies [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiang
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Young-Jun Ju
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Amjad Ali
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Philip E. D. Chung
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Jeff C. Liu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada;
| | - Huiqin Li
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Ioulia Vorobieva
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ethel Mwewa
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
| | - Ronak Ghanbari-Azarnier
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mariusz Shrestha
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- The Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada (Y.-J.J.); (A.A.); (D.-Y.W.); (H.L.); (E.M.); (R.G.-A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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3
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Jiang Z, Ju Y, Ali A, Chung PED, Skowron P, Wang DY, Shrestha M, Li H, Liu JC, Vorobieva I, Ghanbari-Azarnier R, Mwewa E, Koritzinsky M, Ben-David Y, Woodgett JR, Perou CM, Dupuy A, Bader GD, Egan SE, Taylor MD, Zacksenhaus E. Distinct shared and compartment-enriched oncogenic networks drive primary versus metastatic breast cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4313. [PMID: 37463901 PMCID: PMC10354065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast-cancer is a major cause of death in women worldwide, yet the relationship between oncogenic drivers that promote metastatic versus primary cancer is still contentious. To elucidate this relationship in treatment-naive animals, we hereby describe mammary-specific transposon-mutagenesis screens in female mice together with loss-of-function Rb, which is frequently inactivated in breast-cancer. We report gene-centric common insertion-sites (gCIS) that are enriched in primary-tumors, in metastases or shared by both compartments. Shared-gCIS comprise a major MET-RAS network, whereas metastasis-gCIS form three additional hubs: Rho-signaling, Ubiquitination and RNA-processing. Pathway analysis of four clinical cohorts with paired primary-tumors and metastases reveals similar organization in human breast-cancer with subtype-specific shared-drivers (e.g. RB1-loss, TP53-loss, high MET, RAS, ER), primary-enriched (EGFR, TGFβ and STAT3) and metastasis-enriched (RHO, PI3K) oncogenic signaling. Inhibitors of RB1-deficiency or MET plus RHO-signaling cooperate to block cell migration and drive tumor cell-death. Thus, targeting shared- and metastasis- but not primary-enriched derivers offers a rational avenue to prevent metastatic breast-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiang
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - YoungJun Ju
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amjad Ali
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Philip E D Chung
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mariusz Shrestha
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huiqin Li
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jeff C Liu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioulia Vorobieva
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronak Ghanbari-Azarnier
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ethel Mwewa
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Yaacov Ben-David
- The Key laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550014, China
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Adam Dupuy
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean E Egan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, suite 5R406, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Shrestha M, Wang DY, Ben-David Y, Zacksenhaus E. CDK4/6 inhibitors and the pRB-E2F1 axis suppress PVR and PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 37230983 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint (IC) modulators like the poliovirus receptor (PVR) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) attenuate innate and adaptive immune responses and are potential therapeutic targets for diverse malignancies, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, pRB, controls cell growth through E2F1-3 transcription factors, and its inactivation drives metastatic cancer, yet its effect on IC modulators is contentious. Here, we show that RB-loss and high E2F1/E2F2 signatures correlate with expression of PVR, CD274 (PD-L1 gene) and other IC modulators and that pRB represses whereas RB depletion and E2F1 induce PVR and CD274 in TNBC cells. Accordingly, the CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, suppresses both PVR and PD-L1 expression. Palbociclib also counteracts the effect of CDK4 on SPOP, leading to its depletion, but the overall effect of palbociclib is a net reduction in PD-L1 level. Hydrochloric acid, commonly used to solubilize palbociclib, counteracts its effect and induces PD-L1 expression. Remarkably, lactic acid, a by-product of glycolysis, also induces PD-L1 as well as PVR. Our results suggest a model in which CDK4/6 regulates PD-L1 turnover by promoting its transcription via pRB-E2F1 and degradation via SPOP and that the CDK4/6-pRB-E2F pathway couples cell proliferation with the induction of multiple innate and adaptive immunomodulators, with direct implications for cancer progression, anti-CDK4/6- and IC-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Shrestha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Rm. 5R406, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Rm. 5R406, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, 550014, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Rm. 5R406, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Copy Number Variations as Determinants of Colorectal Tumor Progression in Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021738. [PMID: 36675253 PMCID: PMC9866722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, increasing evidence has shown that copy number variations (CNVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Colorectal adenomas are highly prevalent lesions, but only 5% of these adenomas ever progress to carcinoma. This review summarizes the different CNVs associated with adenoma-carcinoma CRC progression and with CRC staging. Characterization of CNVs in circulating free-RNA and in blood-derived exosomes augers well with the potential of using such assays for patient management and early detection of metastasis. To overcome the limitations related to tissue biopsies and tumor heterogeneity, using CNVs to characterize tumor-derived materials in biofluids provides less invasive sampling methods and a sample that collectively represents multiple tumor sites in heterogeneous samples. Liquid biopsies provide a source of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-derived exosomes (TDE), circulating free RNA, and non-coding RNA. This review provides an overview of the current diagnostic and predictive models from liquid biopsies.
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Wang Y, Xu S, Cheng X, Wu J, Yu H, Bao J, Zhang L, Lu R. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits the metastasis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by targeting TGF-β-Smad3-integrin α2β1 signaling pathway. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gül D, Schweitzer A, Khamis A, Knauer SK, Ding GB, Freudelsperger L, Karampinis I, Strieth S, Hagemann J, Stauber RH. Impact of Secretion-Active Osteoblast-Specific Factor 2 in Promoting Progression and Metastasis of Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2337. [PMID: 35565465 PMCID: PMC9106029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment success of head and neck cancer (HNC) is still hampered by tumor relapse due to metastases. Our study aimed to identify biomarkers by exploiting transcriptomics profiles of patient-matched metastases, primary tumors, and normal tissue mucosa as well as the TCGA HNC cohort data sets. Analyses identified osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) as significantly overexpressed in lymph node metastases and primary tumors compared to normal tissue. High OSF-2 levels correlate with metastatic disease and reduced overall survival of predominantly HPV-negative HNC patients. No significant correlation was observed with tumor localization or therapy response. These findings were supported by the fact that OSF-2 expression was not elevated in cisplatin-resistant HNC cell lines. OSF-2 was strongly expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts, suggesting a tumor microenvironment-promoting function. Molecular cloning and expression studies of OSF-2 variants from patients identified an evolutionary conserved bona fide protein secretion signal (1MIPFLPMFSLLLLLIVNPINA21). OSF-2 enhanced cell migration and cellular survival under stress conditions, which could be mimicked by the extracellular administration of recombinant protein. Here, OSF-2 executes its functions via ß1 integrin, resulting in the phosphorylation of PI3K and activation of the Akt/PKB signaling pathway. Collectively, we suggest OSF-2 as a potential prognostic biomarker and drug target, promoting metastases by supporting the tumor microenvironment and lymph node metastases survival rather than by enhancing primary tumor proliferation or therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Gül
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Andrea Schweitzer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Aya Khamis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, El Azareta, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45117 Essen, Germany;
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Laura Freudelsperger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Ioannis Karampinis
- Academic Thoracic Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Strieth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jan Hagemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.S.); (A.K.); (L.F.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
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Modeling the Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Cell Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040962. [PMID: 35205707 PMCID: PMC8870277 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accurate in vitro modeling of diseases is essential to making breakthrough and clinically relevant discoveries. Assays to examine the process of invasion—a classical hallmark of cancer—have evolved over the years to overcome shortfalls in their design and accommodate new knowledge in the field, such as the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in propagating this process. The goals of this review are two-fold: To walk through the tried-and-true plus novel and new invasion assays currently used in cancer research with a focus on those incorporating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and to be a resource for researchers to find the correct invasion assays that suit their own unique needs and biological questions. Abstract The major cause of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to the metastatic spread of tumor cells—a dynamic and complex multi-step process beginning with tumor cells acquiring an invasive phenotype to allow them to travel through the blood and lymphatic vessels to ultimately seed at a secondary site. Over the years, various in vitro models have been used to characterize specific steps in the cascade to collectively begin providing a clearer picture of the puzzle of metastasis. With the discovery of the TME’s supporting role in activating tumor cell invasion and metastasis, these models have evolved in parallel to accommodate features of the TME and to observe its interactions with tumor cells. In particular, CAFs that reside in reactive tumor stroma have been shown to play a substantial pro-invasive role through their matrix-modifying functions; accordingly, this warranted further investigation with the development and use of invasion assays that could include these stromal cells. This review explores the growing toolbox of assays used to study tumor cell invasion, from the simple beginnings of a tumor cell and extracellular matrix set-up to the advent of models that aim to more closely recapitulate the interplay between tumor cells, CAFs and the extracellular matrix. These models will prove to be invaluable tools to help tease out the intricacies of tumor cell invasion.
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