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Órdenes P, Carril Pardo C, Elizondo-Vega R, Oyarce K. Current Research on Molecular Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer in Stool Samples. BIOLOGY 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 38248446 PMCID: PMC10813333 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide, with a high incidence and mortality rate when diagnosed late. Currently, the methods used in healthcare to diagnose CRC are the fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. However, the lack of sensitivity and specificity and low population adherence are driving the need to implement other technologies that can identify biomarkers that not only help with early CRC detection but allow for the selection of more personalized treatment options. In this regard, the implementation of omics technologies, which can screen large pools of biological molecules, coupled with molecular validation, stands out as a promising tool for the discovery of new biomarkers from biopsied tissues or body fluids. This review delves into the current state of the art in the identification of novel CRC biomarkers that can distinguish cancerous tissue, specifically from fecal samples, as this could be the least invasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Órdenes
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Claudio Carril Pardo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Yang X, Jiang Y, Li A, Cong J, Li Y, Xie Q, Xu C, Liu D. Identification of faecal extracellular vesicles as novel biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12300. [PMID: 36604402 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies that is usually detected late in the clinic. The currently available diagnostic tools for CRC are either invasive or insensitive to early lesions due to the dearth of reliable biomarkers. In this study, we discovered that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the faeces of CRC patients can act as a potent biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. This finding is based on the identification of two transmembrane proteins-CD147 and A33-on faeces-derived EVs (fEVs) that are intrinsically associated with CRC. The detection results show that the levels of CD147 and A33 on fEVs were upregulated in the CRC patients (n = 48), dramatically distinguishing them from the healthy donors (n = 16). The CD147/A33-enriched EVs offer a clinical sensitivity of 89%, much higher than that (40%) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a clinically-established serum biomarker for CRC diagnosis. In addition, the analysis of longitudinal faeces samples (n = 29) demonstrated that the CD147/A33-enriched fEVs can be utilized to track the prognosis of CRC. Due to the high compliance of faeces-based detection, the CD147/A33-enriched fEVs could serve as new-generation CRC biomarkers for large-scale, non-invasive CRC screening as well as real-time monitoring of patient outcomes during clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiying Cong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinjian Xie
- Gansu Corps Hospital of CAPF, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Northrop‐Albrecht EJ, Taylor WR, Huang BQ, Kisiel JB, Lucien F. Assessment of extracellular vesicle isolation methods from human stool supernatant. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12208. [PMID: 35383410 PMCID: PMC8980777 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of growing interest due to their potential diagnostic, disease surveillance, and therapeutic applications. While several studies have evaluated EV isolation methods in various biofluids, there are few if any data on these techniques when applied to stool. The latter is an ideal biospecimen for studying EVs and colorectal cancer (CRC) because the release of tumour markers by luminal exfoliation into stool occurs earlier than vascular invasion. Since EV release is a conserved mechanism, bacteria in stool contribute to the overall EV population. In this study, we assessed five EV separation methods (ultracentrifugation [UC], precipitation [EQ-O, EQ-TC], size exclusion chromatography [SEC], and ultrafiltration [UF]) for total recovery, reproducibility, purity, RNA composition, and protein expression in stool supernatant. CD63, TSG101, and ompA proteins were present in EV fractions from all methods except UC. Human (18s) and bacterial (16s) rRNA was detected in stool EV preparations. Enzymatic treatment prior to extraction is necessary to avoid non-vesicular RNA contamination. Ultrafiltration had the highest recovery, RNA, and protein yield. After assessing purity further, SEC was the isolation method of choice. These findings serve as the groundwork for future studies that use high throughput omics technologies to investigate the potential of stool-derived EVs as a source for novel biomarkers for early CRC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William R. Taylor
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bing Q. Huang
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis CoreMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - John B. Kisiel
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Biomarkers to Detect Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020255. [PMID: 35203465 PMCID: PMC8869393 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The high incidence and the acceleration of incidence in younger people reinforces the need for better techniques of early detection. The use of noninvasive biomarkers has potential to more accurately inform how patients are prioritised for clinical investigation, which, in turn, may ultimately translate into improved survival for those subsequently found to have curable-stage CRC. This review surveys a wide range of CRC biomarkers that may (alone or in combination) identify symptomatic patients presenting in primary care who should be progressed for clinical investigation.
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