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Kuo YC, Huang CY, Ng CCY, Lin CY, Huang WK, Lee LY, Fan HC, Lin AC, Yu KJ, Pang ST, Teh BT, Hsu CL. Paraneoplastic leukocytosis induces NETosis and thrombosis in bladder cancer PDX model. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3694-3710. [PMID: 39267669 PMCID: PMC11387854 DOI: 10.62347/ihio5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic leukocytosis (PNL) in genitourinary cancer, though rare, can indicate aggressive behavior and poor outcomes. It has been potentially linked to cancer expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF, along with their respective receptors, exerting an autocrine/paracrine effect. In our study, we successfully established four patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines and related cell lines from urothelial cancer (UC), conducting next-generation sequencing (NGS) for genetic studies. UC-PDX-LN1, originating from bladder cancer, exhibited two druggable targets - HRAS and ERCC2 - responding well to chemotherapy and targeted therapy, though not to tipifarnib, an HRAS inhibitor. Transcriptome analysis post-treatment illuminated potential mechanisms, with index protein analysis confirming their anticancer pathways. Mice implanted with UC-PDX-LN1 mirrored PNL observed in the patient's original tumor. Cytokine array and RT-PCR analyses revealed high levels of G-CSF and GM-CSF in our PDX and cell lines, along with their presence in culture media and tumor cysts.Leukocytosis within small vessels in and around the tumor, associated with NETosis and thrombus formation, suggested a mechanism wherein secreted growth factors were retained, further fueling tumor growth via autocrine/paracrine signaling. Disrupting this cancer cell-NETosis-thrombosis cycle, we demonstrated that anti-neutrophil or anticoagulant interventions enhanced chemotherapy's antitumor effects or prolonged survival in mice, even though these drugs lacked direct antitumor efficacy when used independently. Clinical observations in bladder cancer patients revealed PNL in 1.61% of cases (35/2162) with associated poor prognosis. These findings propose a novel approach, advocating for the combination of anticancer/NETosis/thrombosis strategies for managing UC patients presenting with PNL in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chia Kuo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Cedric Chuan Young Ng
- Integrated Genomics Platform, National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore, The Republic of Singapore
| | - Chiao-Yun Lin
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuan Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chi Fan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jie Yu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - See-Tong Pang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, The Republic of Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, The Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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Hsu CL, Chang YS, Li HP. Molecular Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Past and Future. Biomed J 2024:100748. [PMID: 38796105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originated from the nasopharynx epithelial cells and has been linked with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, dietary habits, environmental and genetic factors. It is a common malignancy in Southeast Asia, especially with gender preference among men. Due to its non-specific symptoms, NPC is often diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, the molecular diagnosis of NPC plays a crucial role in early detection, treatment selection, disease monitoring, and prognosis prediction. This review aims to provide a summary of the current state and the latest emerging molecular diagnostic techniques for NPC, including EBV-related biomarkers, gene mutations, liquid biopsy, and DNA methylation. Challenges and potential future directions of NPC molecular diagnosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Pai Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Makowska A, Weiskirchen R. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines: Reliable Alternatives to Primary Nasopharyngeal Cells? Cells 2024; 13:559. [PMID: 38606998 PMCID: PMC11011377 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of cancer that originates from the mucosal lining of the nasopharynx and can invade and spread. Although contemporary chemoradiotherapy effectively manages the disease locally, there are still challenges with locoregional recurrence and distant failure. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of NPC cell movement in order to develop a more effective treatment and to improve patient survival rates. Cancer cell line models are invaluable in studying health and disease and it is not surprising that they play a critical role in NPC research. Consequently, scientists have established around 80 immortalized human NPC lines that are commonly used as in vitro models. However, over the years, it has been observed that many cell lines are misidentified or contaminated by other cells. This cross-contamination leads to the creation of false cell lines that no longer match the original donor. In this commentary, we discuss the impact of misidentified NPC cell lines on the scientific literature. We found 1159 articles from 2000 to 2023 that used NPC cell lines contaminated with HeLa cells. Alarmingly, the number of publications and citations using these contaminated cell lines continued to increase, even after information about the contamination was officially published. These articles were most commonly published in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, and experimental medicine research. These findings highlight the importance of science policy and support the need for journals to require authentication testing before publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Lin X, Zhou W, Liu Z, Cao W, Lin C. Targeting cellular metabolism in head and neck cancer precision medicine era: A promising strategy to overcome therapy resistance. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3101-3120. [PMID: 36263514 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the most prevalent cancer worldwide, with the most severe impact on quality of life of patients. Despite the development of multimodal therapeutic approaches, the clinical outcomes of HNSCC are still unsatisfactory, mainly caused by relatively low responsiveness to treatment and severe drug resistance. Metabolic reprogramming is currently considered to play a pivotal role in anticancer therapeutic resistance. This review aimed to define the specific metabolic programs and adaptations in HNSCC therapy resistance. An extensive literature review of HNSCC was conducted via the PubMed including metabolic reprogramming, chemo- or immune-therapy resistance. Glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism are closely related to the malignant biological characteristics of cancer, anti-tumor drug resistance, and adverse clinical results. For HNSCC, pyruvate, lactate and almost all lipid categories are related to the occurrence and maintenance of drug resistance, and targeting amino acid metabolism can prevent tumor development and enhance the response of drug-resistant tumors to anticancer therapy. This review will provide a better understanding of the altered metabolism in therapy resistance of HNSCC and promote the development of new therapeutic strategies against HNSCC, thereby contribute to a more efficacious precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Lin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenkai Zhou
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheqi Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Nursing, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhong Lin
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- The 2nd Dental Center, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Chen K, Xu G, Liang Y, Liang P, Gao W, Li Z, Liang W, Tao Z, Chen J, Hu X, Xu Y. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus anlotinib vs. concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An interim analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:392. [PMID: 37600344 PMCID: PMC10435931 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy (CCRT), the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC) is not satisfactory. EGFR and VEGFR are highly expressed in 60-80% of patients with LA-NPC and this is associated with a poor prognosis, which suggests the potential effectiveness of an inhibitor targeting tumor angiogenesis for treating LA-NPC. The present study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of CCRT combined with anlotinib in patients with LA-NPC. The study involved patients with LA-NPC (stage III-IVA) from four institutions in Guangxi, China. Patients were randomized to receive CCRT + anlotinib (n=36) or CCRT alone (n=37). Acute toxicity and short-term efficacy were evaluated. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were leucopenia [10 (27.7%) vs. 8 (21.6%)], neutropenia [6 (16.7%) vs. 5 (13.5%)] and mucositis [13 (36.1%) vs. 11 (29.7%)] in the CCRT + anlotinib vs. CCRT cohort but there were no significant differences between the two cohorts (P=0.54, P=0.70 and P=0.56, respectively). Two patients (5.6%) displayed grade 1/2 hemorrhage in the CCRT + anlotinib cohort. No patient displayed grade 3/4 hemorrhages or adverse event-associated deaths in any cohort. Complete response rates in the CCRT + anlotinib arm at 1 week and 3 and 6 months post-radiotherapy were 60.0, 91.4, and 97.1%, respectively, compared with 40.5, 81.1 and 91.9% in the CCRT arm but there was no significant difference (P=0.10, P=0.35 and P=0.65, respectively). This interim analysis of the ongoing trial showed that administration of CCRT + anlotinib has acceptable toxicity profiles, good compliance and promising results in patients with LA-NPC. A larger study cohort and a longer follow-up period are needed to confirm therapeutic effectiveness and late toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kequan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
| | - Guoding Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Liang
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Tao
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yaocan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 537200, P.R. China
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Yang F, Li X, Li Y, Lei H, Du Q, Yu X, Li L, Zhao Y, Xie L, Lin M. Histogram analysis of quantitative parameters from synthetic MRI: correlations with prognostic factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:5344-5354. [PMID: 37036478 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the correlation between histogram parameters derived from synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) and prognostically relevant factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS Fifty-nine consecutive NPC patients were prospectively enrolled. Quantitative parameters (T1, T2, and proton density (PD)) were obtained by outlining the three-dimensional volume of interest (VOI) of all lesions. Then, histogram analysis of these quantitative parameters was performed and the correlations with prognostically relevant factors were assessed. By choosing appropriate cutoff, we divided the sample into two groups. Independent-samples t test/Mann-Whitney U test was used and ROC curve analysis was further processed. RESULTS Histogram parameters of the T1, T2, and PD maps were positively correlated with the Ki-67 expression levels, and PD_mean was the most representative parameter (AUC: 0.861). The PD map exhibited good performance in differentiating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression levels (AUC: 0.706~0.732) and histological type (AUC: 0.650~0.660). T2_minimum was highest correlated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels (r = - 0.419), and PD_75th percentile exhibited the highest performance in distinguishing positive and negative EBV DNA groups (AUC: 0.721). T1_minimum was statistically correlated with EA-IgA expression (r = - 0.313). Additionally, several histogram parameters were negatively correlated with tumor stage (T stage: r = - 0.259 ~ - 0.301; N stage: r = - 0.348 ~ - 0.456; clinical stage: r = - 0.419). CONCLUSIONS Histogram parameters of SyMRI could reflect tissue intrinsic characteristics and showed potential value in assessing the Ki-67 and EGFR expression levels, histological type, EBV DNA level, EA-IgA, and tumor stage. KEY POINTS • SyMRI combined with histogram analysis may help clinicians to assess different prognostic factor statuses in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. • The PD map exhibited good discriminating performance in the Ki-67 and EGFR expression levels. • Histogram parameters of SyMRI were negatively correlated with EBV-related blood biomarkers and TNM stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Huizi Lei
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoduo Yu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lizhi Xie
- MR Research China, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Yao Q, Zhang X, Chen D. The emerging potentials of lncRNA DRAIC in human cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867670. [PMID: 35992823 PMCID: PMC9386314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a subtype of noncoding RNA that has more than 200 nucleotides. Numerous studies have confirmed that lncRNA is relevant during multiple biological processes through the regulation of various genes, thus affecting disease progression. The lncRNA DRAIC, a newly discovered lncRNA, has been found to be abnormally expressed in a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Indeed, the dysregulation of DRAIC expression is closely related to clinicopathological features. It was also reported that DRAIC is key to biological functions such as cell proliferation, autophagy, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, DRAIC is of great clinical significance in human disease. In this review, we discuss the expression signature, clinical characteristics, biological functions, relevant mechanisms, and potential clinical applications of DRAIC in several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajin Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dajin Chen,
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