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Liao D, He Y, He B, Zeng S, Cui Y, Li C, Huang H. Inhibiting SNX10 induces autophagy to suppress invasion and EMT and inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway in cervical cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03715-x. [PMID: 39367898 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer (CC) is a prevalent malignancy among women with high morbidity and poor prognosis. Sorting nexin 10 (SNX10) is a newly recognized cancer regulatory factor, while its action on CC progression remains elusive. Hence, this study studied the effect of SNX10 on CC development and investigated the mechanism. METHODS The SNX10 level in CC and the overall survival of CC cases with different SNX10 expressions were determined by bioinformatics analysis in GEPIA. The SNX10 expression in tumor tissues and clinical significance were studied in 64 CC cases. The overall survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The formation of LC3 was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Cell invasion was measured using the Transwell assay. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was determined by observing cell morphology and assessing EMT marker levels. A xenograft tumor was constructed to evaluate tumor growth. RESULTS SNX10 was elevated in CC tissues and cells, and the CC cases with high SNX10 levels exhibited poor overall survival. Besides, SNX10 correlated with the FIGO stage, lymph node invasion, and stromal invasion of CC. SNX10 silencing induced CC cell autophagy and suppressed CC cell invasion and EMT. Meanwhile, silenced SNX10 could suppress invasion and EMT via inducing autophagy. Furthermore, SNX10 inhibition suppressed the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, silenced SNX10 restrained the tumor growth, autophagy, and EMT of CC in vivo. CONCLUSION SNX10 was enhanced in CC and correlated with poor prognosis. Silenced SNX10 induced autophagy to suppress invasion and EMT and inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway in CC, making SNX10 a valuable molecule for CC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanxian He
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin He
- Clinical Translational Medical Center, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Saitian Zeng
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuifen Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohai Huang
- Clinical Translational Medical Center, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Lill CB, Fitter S, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K, Noll JE. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemoresistance in paediatric pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9. [PMID: 39102101 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Paediatric patients with relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) have poor prognosis, as relapse-causing clones are often refractory to common chemotherapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms leading to chemoresistance are varied, significant evidence suggests interactions between B-ALL blasts and cells within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate chemotherapy sensitivity. Importantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM adipocytes are known to support B-ALL cells through multiple distinct molecular mechanisms. This review discusses the contribution of integrin-mediated B-ALL/BM-MSC signalling and asparagine supplementation in B-ALL chemoresistance. In addition, the role of adipocytes in sequestering anthracyclines and generating a BM niche favourable for B-ALL survival is explored. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of BM-MSCs and adipocytes in promoting a quiescent and chemoresistant B-ALL phenotype. Novel treatments which target these mechanisms are discussed herein, and are needed to improve dismal outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Lill
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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Liu Y, Liu R, Liu H, Lyu T, Chen K, Jin K, Tian Y. Breast tumor-on-chip: from the tumor microenvironment to medical applications. Analyst 2023; 148:5822-5842. [PMID: 37850340 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
With the development of microfluidic technology, tumor-on-chip models have gradually become a new tool for the study of breast cancer because they can simulate more key factors of the tumor microenvironment compared with traditional models in vitro. Here, we review up-to-date advancements in breast tumor-on-chip models. We summarize and analyze the breast tumor microenvironment (TME), preclinical breast cancer models for TME simulation, fabrication methods of tumor-on-chip models, tumor-on-chip models for TME reconstruction, and applications of breast tumor-on-chip models and provide a perspective on breast tumor-on-chip models. This review will contribute to the construction and design of microenvironments for breast tumor-on-chip models, even the development of the pharmaceutical field, personalized/precision therapy, and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - He Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - Tong Lyu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - Kaiming Jin
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, 528300, China
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4
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Yeon M, Lee H, Yeo J, Jeong MS, Jung HS, Lee H, Shim K, Jo H, Jeon D, Koh J, Jeoung D. Cancer/testis antigen CAGE mediates osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells and predicts poor prognosis in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15748. [PMID: 37735252 PMCID: PMC10514060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CAGE, a cancer/testis antigen, was originally isolated from the sera of patients with gastric cancers. Previously, we have shown the role of CAGE in resistance to chemotherapy and target therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CAGE in osimertinib resistance and determine the prognostic value of CAGE in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The clinicopathological correlation with CAGE and autophagy flux in patients was examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The possible role of autophagy in osimertinib resistance was analyzed using immune blot, immune fluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry. This study found that immunohistochemical staining (IHC) showed CAGE expression in more than 50% of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas (pADCs). CAGE expression was increased in pADCs after the acquisition of EGFR-TKIs resistance. High expression of CAGE was correlated with shorter overall survival and progression free survival in patients with pADCs. Thus, CAGE mediates osimertinib resistance and predicts poor prognosis in patients with pADCs. Osimertinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells (PC-9/OSI) were established and mechanistic studies of CAGE-mediated osimertinib resistance were performed. PC-9/OSI cells showed increased autophagic flux and CAGE expression compared with parental sensitive PC-9 cells. PC-9/OSI cells showed higher tumorigenic, metastatic, and angiogenic potential compared with parental PC-9 cells. CAGE CRISPR-Cas9 cell lines showed decreased autophagic flux, invasion, migration potential, and tumorigenic potential compared with PC-9/OSI cells in vitro and in vivo. CAGE plays a crucial role in the cancer progression by modulating autophagy and can predict the poor prognosis of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Our findings propose CAGE as a potential therapeutic target for developing anticancer drugs that can overcome osimertinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Jeongseon Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Paean Biotech Company, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Kyeonghee Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyein Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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5
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Wu X, Wabitsch M, Yang J, Sakharkar MK. Effects of adipocyte-conditioned cell culture media on S1P treatment of human triple-negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286111. [PMID: 37220155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent sphingolipid metabolite that regulates a wide range of biological functions such as cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and angiogenesis. Its cellular level is elevated in breast cancer, which, in turn, would promote cancer cell proliferation, survival, growth and metastasis. However, the cellular concentration of S1P is normally in the low nanomolar range, and our previous studies showed that S1P selectively induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells at high concentrations (high nanomolar to low micromolar). Thus, local administration of high-concentration S1P alone or in combination of chemotherapy agents could be used to treat breast cancer. The breast mainly consists of mammary gland and connective tissue stroma (adipose), which are dynamically interacting each other. Thus, in the current study, we evaluated how normal adipocyte-conditioned cell culture media (AD-CM) and cancer-associated adipocyte-conditioned cell culture media (CAA-CM) would affect high-concentration S1P treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Both AD-CM and CAA-CM may suppress the anti-proliferative effect and reduce nuclear alteration/apoptosis caused by high-concentration S1P. This implicates that adipose tissue is likely to be detrimental to local high-concentration S1P treatment of TNBC. Because the interstitial concentration of S1P is about 10 times higher than its cellular level, we undertook a secretome analysis to understand how S1P would affect the secreted protein profile of differentiated SGBS adipocytes. At 100 nM S1P treatment, we identified 36 upregulated and 21 downregulated secretome genes. Most of these genes are involved in multiple biological processes. Further studies are warranted to identify the most important secretome targets of S1P in adipocytes and illustrate the mechanism on how these target proteins affect S1P treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Lin J, Ye S, Ke H, Lin L, Wu X, Guo M, Jiao B, Chen C, Zhao L. Changes in the mammary gland during aging and its links with breast diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023. [PMID: 37184281 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional capacity of organisms declines in the process of aging. In the case of breast tissue, abnormal mammary gland development can lead to dysfunction in milk secretion, a primary function, as well as the onset of various diseases, such as breast cancer. In the process of aging, the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) within the breast undergo gradual degeneration, while the proportion of adipose tissue in the breast continues to increase and hormonal levels in the breast change accordingly. Here, we review changes in morphology, internal structure, and cellular composition that occur in the mammary gland during aging. We also explore the emerging mechanisms of breast aging and the relationship between changes during aging and breast-related diseases, as well as potential interventions for delaying mammary gland aging and preventing breast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shihui Ye
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- the Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
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7
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Hashemi M, Paskeh MDA, Orouei S, Abbasi P, Khorrami R, Dehghanpour A, Esmaeili N, Ghahremanzade A, Zandieh MA, Peymani M, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Hushmandi K. Towards dual function of autophagy in breast cancer: A potent regulator of tumor progression and therapy response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114546. [PMID: 36958191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a devastating disease, breast cancer has been responsible for decrease in life expectancy of females and its morbidity and mortality are high. Breast cancer is the most common tumor in females and its treatment has been based on employment of surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The changes in biological behavior of breast tumor relies on genomic and epigenetic mutations and depletions as well as dysregulation of molecular mechanisms that autophagy is among them. Autophagy function can be oncogenic in increasing tumorigenesis, and when it has pro-death function, it causes reduction in viability of tumor cells. The carcinogenic function of autophagy in breast tumor is an impediment towards effective therapy of patients, as it can cause drug resistance and radio-resistance. The important hallmarks of breast tumor such as glucose metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis can be regulated by autophagy. Oncogenic autophagy can inhibit apoptosis, while it promotes stemness of breast tumor. Moreover, autophagy demonstrates interaction with tumor microenvironment components such as macrophages and its level can be regulated by anti-tumor compounds in breast tumor therapy. The reasons of considering autophagy in breast cancer therapy is its pleiotropic function, dual role (pro-survival and pro-death) and crosstalk with important molecular mechanisms such as apoptosis. Moreover, current review provides a pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of autophagy in breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Abbasi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khorrami
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dehghanpour
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Esmaeili
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Ghahremanzade
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Lv W, Zhao C, Xia Y, Wu Y, Zhang Q. The pleiotropic roles of adipocyte secretome in remodeling breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:203. [PMID: 35701840 PMCID: PMC9199207 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is the leading female cancer type and the cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Adipocytes possess important functions of energy supply, metabolic regulation, and cytokine release, and are also the matrix cell that supports mammary gland tissue. In breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME), adipocytes are the prominent stromal cells and are implicated in inflammation, metastatic formation, metabolic remodeling, and cancer susceptibility.
Main body
It is well-established that adipocyte secretome is a reservoir engaged in the regulation of tumor cell behavior by secreting a large number of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and chemokines), adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, autotaxin, and resistin), lipid metabolites (free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate), and other exosome-encapsulated substances. These released factors influence the evolution and clinical outcome of breast cancer through complex mechanisms. The progression of breast cancer tumors revolves around the tumor-adipose stromal network, which may contribute to breast cancer aggressiveness by increasing the pro-malignant potential of TME and tumor cells themselves. Most importantly, the secretome alterations of adipocytes are regarded as distinctly important targets for breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and drug resistance.
Conclusion
Therefore, this review will provide a comprehensive description of the specific adipocyte secretome characteristics and interactions within TME cell populations, which will enable us to better tailor strategies for tumor stratification management and treatment.
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