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Roccuzzo G, Sarda C, Pala V, Ribero S, Quaglino P. Prognostic biomarkers in melanoma: a 2023 update from clinical trials in different therapeutic scenarios. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:379-392. [PMID: 38738539 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2347484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, significant advancements in the field of melanoma have included the introduction of a new staging system and the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapies, leading to changes in substage classification and impacting patient prognosis. Despite these strides, early detection remains paramount. The quest for dependable prognostic biomarkers is ongoing, given melanoma's unpredictable nature, especially in identifying patients at risk of relapse. Reliable biomarkers are critical for informed treatment decisions. AREAS COVERED This review offers a comprehensive review of prognostic biomarkers in the context of clinical trials for immunotherapy and targeted therapy. It explores different clinical scenarios, including adjuvant, metastatic, and neo-adjuvant settings. Key findings suggest that tumor mutational burden, PD-L1 expression, IFN-γ signature, and immune-related factors are promising biomarkers associated with improved treatment responses. EXPERT OPINION Identifying practical prognostic factors for melanoma therapy is challenging due to the tumor's heterogeneity. Promising biomarkers include tumor mutational burden (TMB), circulating tumor DNA, and those characterizing the tumor microenvironment, especially the immune component. Future research should prioritize large-scale, prospective studies to validate and standardize these biomarkers, emphasizing clinical relevance and real-world applicability. Easily accessible biomarkers have the potential to enhance the precision and effectiveness of melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Sarda
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Pala
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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van Lith PEA, Schreuder K, Jalving M, Reyners AKL, Been LB, Rácz E, Fransen HP, Louwman MWJ. Systemic therapy timing and use in patients with advanced melanoma at the end of life: A retrospective cohort study. J Dermatol 2024; 51:584-591. [PMID: 38078557 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Novel systemic therapies for advanced melanoma improve survival, but carry potential serious side effects and high costs. This study aimed to assess the timing and use of systemic therapies in the months before death. Patients diagnosed with advanced melanoma (July 2017-June 2020) who died before July 2020 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. We evaluated the timing of systemic therapies within 30 days and 3 months before death, and studied patient and tumor characteristics associated with systemic therapy use between diagnosis and death. Out of 1097 patients 68% received systemic therapy. Almost 25% and 10% started a new therapy within 90 days and within 30 days before death, respectively. Female sex, elevated LDH, BRAF mutation, poor ECOG performance status (≥3), and high comorbidity index reduced the odds of receiving immune therapy. Poor performance status and high comorbidity decreased the odds for both therapies. A considerable number of patients started systemic therapy shortly before death, emphasizing the importance of considering potential benefits and drawbacks through shared decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E A van Lith
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Schreuder
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A K L Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L B Been
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Rácz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H P Fransen
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Association for Palliative Care (PZNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M W J Louwman
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fernandez JM, Plampton K, Behbahani S, Sutton AV, Whitley MJ, Wysong A. Racial Differences in Anatomic Sites of Distant Metastatic Melanoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 10,120 Cases. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:190-191. [PMID: 38263788 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231223457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Fernandez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katherine Plampton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara Behbahani
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam V Sutton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Melodi J Whitley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Wysong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Avranas K, Eisenbach C, Flechtenmacher C, Korosoglou G. Diagnostic Pathway From Incidental Mass to Metastatic Melanoma: Role of Multimodal Imaging and Medical Therapy. JACC Case Rep 2024; 29:102146. [PMID: 38223263 PMCID: PMC10784600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2023.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We present a case of detection of a right atrial mass during surveillance echocardiography, mimicking myxoma. Cardiac magnetic resonance and computed tomography revealed infiltration into the pericardium, suggesting malignancy. Abdominal computed tomography showed multiple liver masses that were histologically positive for metastatic amelanotic melanoma. Under immunotherapy adequate remission was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Eisenbach
- Gesundheitszentren Rhein-Neckar Hospital Weinheim, Department of Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Grigorios Korosoglou
- GRN Hospital Weinheim, Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, Weinheim, Germany
- Weinheim Cardiac Imaging Center, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany
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Kerkour T, Zhou C, Hollestein L, Mooyaart A. Genetic Concordance in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma and Matched Metastasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16281. [PMID: 38003476 PMCID: PMC10671327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying primary melanoma and its corresponding metastasis has twofold benefits. Firstly, to better understand tumor biology, and secondly, to determine which sample should be examined in assessing drug targets. This study systematically analyzed all the literature on primary melanoma and its matched metastasis. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched multiple medical databases for relevant publications from January 2000 to December 2022, assessed the quality of the primary-level studies using the QUIPS tool, and summarized the concordance rate of the most reported genes using the random-effects model. Finally, we evaluated the inter-study heterogeneity using the subgroup analysis. Thirty-one studies investigated the concordance of BRAF and NRAS in 1220 and 629 patients, respectively. The pooled concordance rate was 89.4% [95% CI: 84.5; 93.5] for BRAF and 97.8% [95% CI: 95.8; 99.4] for NRAS. When high-quality studies were considered, only BRAF mutation status consistency increased. Five studies reported the concordance status of c-KIT (93%, 44 patients) and TERT promoter (64%, 53 patients). Lastly, three studies analyzed the concordance of cancer genes involved in the signaling pathways, apoptosis, and proliferation, such as CDKN2A (25%, four patients), TP53 (44%, nine patients), and PIK3CA (20%, five patients). Our study found that the concordance of known drug targets (mainly BRAF) during melanoma progression is higher than in previous meta-analyses, likely due to advances in molecular techniques. Furthermore, significant heterogeneity exists in the genes involved in the melanoma genetic makeup; although our results are based on small patient samples, more research is necessary for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamila Kerkour
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Catherine Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Loes Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.K.); (C.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Antien Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jablonska PA, Muniz T, Ribeiro M, Liu ZA, Ye XY, Devaraja K, Laperriere N, Millar BA, Conrad T, Kongkham P, Butler M, Shultz DB. Toxicity and outcomes of melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: the risk of subsequent symptomatic intralesional hemorrhage exceeds that of radiation necrosis. J Neurooncol 2023; 164:199-209. [PMID: 37552363 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess the outcomes and patterns of toxicity in patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without immunotherapy (IO). METHODS From a prospective registry, we reviewed MBM patients treated with single fraction Gamma Knife SRS between 2008 and 2021 at our center. We recorded all systemic therapies (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy) administered before, during, or after SRS. Patients with prior brain surgery were excluded. We captured adverse events following SRS, including intralesional hemorrhage (IH), radiation necrosis (RN) and local failure (LF), as well as extracranial disease status. Distant brain failure (DBF), extracranial progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using a cumulative Incidence function and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Our analysis included 165 patients with 570 SRS-treated MBM. Median OS for patients who received IO was 1.41 years versus 0.79 years in patients who did not (p = 0.04). Ipilimumab monotherapy was the most frequent IO regimen (30%). In the absence of IO, the cumulative incidence of symptomatic (grade 2 +) RN was 3% at 24 months and remained unchanged with respect to the type or timing of IO. The incidence of post-SRS g2 + IH in patients who did not receive systemic therapy was 19% at 1- and 2 years compared to 7% at 1- and 2 years among patients who did (HR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.11-0.98; p = 0.046). Overall, neither timing nor type of IO correlated to rates of DBF, OS, or LF. Among patients treated with IO, the median time to extracranial PFS was 5.4 months (95% IC 3.2 - 9.1). CONCLUSION The risk of g2 + IH exceeds that of g2 + RN in MBM patients undergoing SRS, with or without IO. IH should be considered a critical adverse event following MBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Jablonska
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thiago Muniz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mauricio Ribeiro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhihui Amy Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Xiang Y Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kaviya Devaraja
- Department of Medical Science, University of Toronto Institute and Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Canada
| | - Normand Laperriere
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara-Ann Millar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tatiana Conrad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Kongkham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcus Butler
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David B Shultz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
- , 700 University Avenue, 7Th Floor (Room 7-401), Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z5, Canada.
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Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Leśków A, Szczuka I, Zaprutko L, Diakowska D. The Effect of Oleanolic Acid and Its Four New Semisynthetic Derivatives on Human MeWo and A375 Melanoma Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050746. [PMID: 37242529 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize four new semisynthetic derivatives of natural oleanolic acid (OA) and, based on an analysis of their cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects against human MeWo and A375 melanoma cell lines, select those with anti-cancer potential. We also screened the treatment time with the concentration of all four derivatives. We synthesized oxime 2 and performed its acylation with carboxylic acids into new derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d according to the methods previously described. Colorimetric MTT and SRB assays were used to measure the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity of OA and its derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d against melanoma cells. Selected concentrations of OA, the derivatives, and different time periods of incubation were used in the study. The data were analyzed statistically. The present results revealed the possible anti-proliferative and cytotoxic potential of two selected OA derivatives 3a and 3b, on A375 and MeWo melanoma cells, especially at concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM at 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). Further studies will be necessary to analyze the proapoptotic and anti-cancer activities of 3a and 3b against skin and other cancer cells. The bromoacetoxyimine derivative (3b) of OA morpholide turned out to be the most effective against the tested cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Leśków
- Department of Basic Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Basic Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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Meyer S, Buser L, Haferkamp S, Berneburg M, Maisch T, Klinkhammer-Schalke M, Pauer A, Vogt T, Garbe C. Identification of high-risk patients with a seven-biomarker prognostic signature for adjuvant treatment trial recruitment in American Joint Committee on Cancer v8 stage I-IIA cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2023; 182:77-86. [PMID: 36753835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many patients with resected American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) early-stage cutaneous melanoma nonetheless die of melanoma; additional risk stratification approaches are needed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using prospectively-collected whole-tissue sections, we assessed in consecutive stage I-IIA patients (N = 439), a previously-validated, immunohistochemistry-based, 7-biomarker signature to prognosticate disease-free survival (DFS), melanoma-specific survival (MSS; primary end-point) and overall survival (OS), independent of AJCC classification. RESULTS Seven-marker signature testing designated 25.1% of patients (110/439) as high-risk (stage IA, 13.3% [43/323], IB, 53.2% [42/79], and IIA, 67.6% [25/37]). A Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated high-risk patients to have significantly worse DFS, MSS and OS versus low-risk counterparts (P < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression modelling also including key clinicopathological/demographic factors, 7-marker signature data independently prognosticated the studied end-points. Models with the 7-marker signature risk category plus clinicopathological/demographic covariates substantially outperformed models with clinicopathological/demographic variables alone in predicting all studied outcomes (areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve 74.1% versus 68.4% for DFS, 81.5% versus 71.2% for MSS, 80.9% versus 73.0% for OS; absolute differences 5.7%, 10.3% and 7.9%, respectively, favouring 7-marker signature risk category-containing models). CONCLUSION In patients with AJCC early-stage disease, the 7-marker signature reliably prognosticates melanoma-related outcomes, independent of AJCC classification, and provides a valuable complement to clinicopathological/demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Buser
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zürich, University of Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Monika Klinkhammer-Schalke
- Tumour Center Regensburg, Institute for Quality Assurance and Healthcare Research, University of Regensburg, Am BioPark 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Armin Pauer
- Tumour Center Regensburg, Institute for Quality Assurance and Healthcare Research, University of Regensburg, Am BioPark 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, Allergology, University Hospital Saarland, Kirrbergerstraße, 66424 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Bell KJ, Nijsten T. Melanoma overdiagnosis: why it matters and what can be done about it. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:459-460. [PMID: 35929572 PMCID: PMC9805151 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Linked Article:Whiteman et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:515–522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy J.L. Bell
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27)CamperdownSydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of DermatologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteDoctor Molewaterplein 403015GDRotterdamthe Netherlands
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Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma at First Diagnosis: Review of the Literature. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091302. [PMID: 36143339 PMCID: PMC9505710 DOI: 10.3390/life12091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a pathological entity with a very poor prognosis that, until a few decades ago, had a low response rate to systemic treatments. Fortunately, in the last few years, new therapies for metastatic melanoma have emerged. Currently, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the mainstays of the therapeutic arsenal available for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. However, both clinical evolution and drug efficacy in melanoma patients are very different depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed. In fact, the aggressiveness of melanoma is different depending on whether it debuts directly as metastatic disease or if what occurs is a relapse after a first diagnosis at an early stage, although the biological determinants are largely unknown. Another key aspect in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma at first diagnosis strives in the different prognosis of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) compared to melanoma of known primary (MPK). Understanding the mechanisms behind this, and the repercussion of implementing targeted and immune therapies in this specific form is crucial for designing diagnosis and treatment decision algorithms that optimize the current strategies. In this review article, we recapitulate the information available thus far regarding the epidemiology and response to immunotherapy treatments or targeted therapy in patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma as a first diagnosis, with especial emphasis on the emerging specific information of the subpopulation formed by MUP patients.
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Paragh G. Epidermal melanoma prognostic factors: a link to paracrine transforming growth factor-β signalling. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:606-607. [PMID: 35233773 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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