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Li JJ, Mao JX, Zhong HX, Zhao YY, Teng F, Lu XY, Zhu LY, Gao Y, Fu H, Guo WY. Multifaceted roles of lymphatic and blood endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:537-549. [PMID: 38689749 PMCID: PMC11056903 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex network of cells, extracellular matrix, and signaling molecules that plays a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis. Lymphatic and blood vessels are major routes for solid tumor metastasis and essential parts of tumor drainage conduits. However, recent studies have shown that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and blood endothelial cells (BECs) also play multifaceted roles in the tumor microenvironment beyond their structural functions, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This comprehensive review summarizes the diverse roles played by LECs and BECs in HCC, including their involvement in angiogenesis, immune modulation, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. By providing a detailed account of the complex interplay between LECs, BECs, and tumor cells, this review aims to shed light on future research directions regarding the immune regulatory function of LECs and potential therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jia-Xi Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Han-Xiang Zhong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yuan-Yu Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xin-Yi Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li-Ye Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hong Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Zila N, Eichhoff OM, Steiner I, Mohr T, Bileck A, Cheng PF, Leitner A, Gillet L, Sajic T, Goetze S, Friedrich B, Bortel P, Strobl J, Reitermaier R, Hogan SA, Martínez Gómez JM, Staeger R, Tuchmann F, Peters S, Stary G, Kuttke M, Elbe-Bürger A, Hoeller C, Kunstfeld R, Weninger W, Wollscheid B, Dummer R, French LE, Gerner C, Aebersold R, Levesque MP, Paulitschke V. Proteomic Profiling of Advanced Melanoma Patients to Predict Therapeutic Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:159-175. [PMID: 37861398 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite high clinical need, there are no biomarkers that accurately predict the response of patients with metastatic melanoma to anti-PD-1 therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this multicenter study, we applied protein depletion and enrichment methods prior to various proteomic techniques to analyze a serum discovery cohort (n = 56) and three independent serum validation cohorts (n = 80, n = 12, n = 17). Further validation analyses by literature and survival analysis followed. RESULTS We identified several significantly regulated proteins as well as biological processes such as neutrophil degranulation, cell-substrate adhesion, and extracellular matrix organization. Analysis of the three independent serum validation cohorts confirmed the significant differences between responders (R) and nonresponders (NR) observed in the initial discovery cohort. In addition, literature-based validation highlighted 30 markers overlapping with previously published signatures. Survival analysis using the TCGA database showed that overexpression of 17 of the markers we identified correlated with lower overall survival in patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this multilayered serum analysis led to a potential marker signature with 10 key markers significantly altered in at least two independent serum cohorts: CRP, LYVE1, SAA2, C1RL, CFHR3, LBP, LDHB, S100A8, S100A9, and SAA1, which will serve as the basis for further investigation. In addition to patient serum, we analyzed primary melanoma tumor cells from NR and found a potential marker signature with four key markers: LAMC1, PXDN, SERPINE1, and VCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Steiner
- Center for Medical Data Science, Institute of Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Gillet
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Sajic
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Goetze
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Betty Friedrich
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Bortel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina A Hogan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia M Martínez Gómez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Staeger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Tuchmann
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Peters
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Kuttke
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Kunstfeld
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Paulitschke
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hu Z, Zhao X, Wu Z, Qu B, Yuan M, Xing Y, Song Y, Wang Z. Lymphatic vessel: origin, heterogeneity, biological functions, and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38172098 PMCID: PMC10764842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels, comprising the secondary circulatory system in human body, play a multifaceted role in maintaining homeostasis among various tissues and organs. They are tasked with a serious of responsibilities, including the regulation of lymph absorption and transport, the orchestration of immune surveillance and responses. Lymphatic vessel development undergoes a series of sophisticated regulatory signaling pathways governing heterogeneous-origin cell populations stepwise to assemble into the highly specialized lymphatic vessel networks. Lymphangiogenesis, as defined by new lymphatic vessels sprouting from preexisting lymphatic vessels/embryonic veins, is the main developmental mechanism underlying the formation and expansion of lymphatic vessel networks in an embryo. However, abnormal lymphangiogenesis could be observed in many pathological conditions and has a close relationship with the development and progression of various diseases. Mechanistic studies have revealed a set of lymphangiogenic factors and cascades that may serve as the potential targets for regulating abnormal lymphangiogenesis, to further modulate the progression of diseases. Actually, an increasing number of clinical trials have demonstrated the promising interventions and showed the feasibility of currently available treatments for future clinical translation. Targeting lymphangiogenic promoters or inhibitors not only directly regulates abnormal lymphangiogenesis, but improves the efficacy of diverse treatments. In conclusion, we present a comprehensive overview of lymphatic vessel development and physiological functions, and describe the critical involvement of abnormal lymphangiogenesis in multiple diseases. Moreover, we summarize the targeting therapeutic values of abnormal lymphangiogenesis, providing novel perspectives for treatment strategy of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xushi Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bicheng Qu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Minxian Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanan Xing
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Jiang Y, Liang R, Li L, Guan J. Studies on the effect and mechanism of CD147 on melanoma stem cells. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2024; 52:71-78. [PMID: 38186196 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v52i1.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Melanoma stem cells (MSCs) are one of the driving forces of melanoma invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the mechanisms that maintain the stemness of MSCs. In this study, CD147-positive (CD147+) MSCs derived from A375 cell line were characterized. METHODS Side population (SP) and non-SP cells were sorted from A375 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the expression of CD147 in SP and non-SP cells. Subsequently, CD147+ and CD147-negative (CD147-) cells were isolated from SP cells. Stem cell characteristics and metastatic potential of CD147+/- antigen-presenting cells were identified by sphere-forming, wound-healing, and transwell assays. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the protein levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFβ1) and neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch1) signaling pathway. Xenograft tumor experiments were conducted to investigate the tumorigenic capacity of CD147+ cells in vivo. RESULTS CD147 was highly expressed in SP cells of A375 cell line. CD147+ cells have stronger abilities for sphere forming, migration, and invasion in vitro. The protein levels of TGFβ1, notch1, jagged1, and Hes1 were higher in CD147+ cells than in CD147- cells. Moreover, the CD147+ cells showed stronger tumorigenic and metastatic potential in vivo. CONCLUSION SP cells of A375 cell line expressed high levels of CD147, and CD147+ SP cells possessed much stronger stem-like characteristics and motility, which is linked to the activation of TGFβ and notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Department of Wound Healing and Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renyi Liang
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liqun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China;
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Wound Healing and Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China;
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Zisis V, Anastasiadou PA, Poulopoulos A, Vahtsevanos K, Paraskevopoulos K, Andreadis D. A Preliminary Study of the Role of Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transitory Factor SOX 2 and CD147 in the Microvascularization of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e52265. [PMID: 38352102 PMCID: PMC10863931 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to detect the possible endothelial expression of embryonic-type cancer stem cells (CSC) marker SOX2 and the stemness-type CSC marker CD147 in oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs), oral leukoplakia (OL) in particular, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS This study focuses on the immunohistochemical pattern of expression of CSC protein-biomarkers SOX2 and CD147 in paraffin-embedded samples of 21 OSCCs of different grades of differentiation and 30 cases of OLs with different grades of dysplasia, compared to normal oral mucosa. RESULTS The protein biomarker SOX2 was expressed in the endothelial cells, but without establishing any statistically significant correlation among OSCC, OL, and normal tissue specimens. However, SOX endothelial staining was noticed in 7/30 (23.3%) cases of OL (one non-dysplastic, one mildly dysplastic, one moderately dysplastic, and four severely dysplastic cases) and 5/21 (23.8%) cases of OSCC (two well-differentiated, one moderately differentiated, and two poorly differentiated cases). Although CD147 is expressed in normal oral epithelium, OL, and OSCC neoplastic cells, its vascular-endothelial expression was noticed in only 2/5 (40%) cases of normal oral epithelium, 1/30 (3.3%) cases of OL (one severely dysplastic case), and 4/21 (19%) cases of OSCC (two well-differentiated, one moderately differentiated, and one poorly differentiated case). Therefore, no statistically significant correlation among OSCC, OL, and normal tissue specimens was established. CONCLUSION The endothelial presence of SOX2 both in oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions suggests that SOX2 may be implicated in the microvascularization process and associated with the degree of dysplasia in OL. The expression of CD147 may be attributed both to local inflammation and tumorigenesis. The implementation of CD147 in larger groups of tissue samples will shed some light on its role in cancer and inflammation. The evidence so far supports the need for more studies, which may support the clinical significance of these novel cancer stem cell biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Zisis
- Oral Medicine and Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Vahtsevanos
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | | | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Oral Medicine and Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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Suman S, Markovic SN. Melanoma-derived mediators can foster the premetastatic niche: crossroad to lymphatic metastasis. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:724-743. [PMID: 37573226 PMCID: PMC10528107 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural history of advanced malignant melanoma demonstrates that, in most cases, widespread tumor dissemination is preceded by regional metastases involving tumor-draining lymph nodes [sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs)]. Under physiological conditions, LNs play a central role in immunosurveillance to non-self-antigens to which they are exposed via afferent lymph. The dysfunctional immunity in SLNs is mediated by tumor secretory factors that allow the survival of metastatic melanoma cells within the LN by creating a premetastatic niche (PMN). Recent studies outline the altered microenvironment of LNs shaped by melanoma mediators. Here, we discuss tumor secretory factors involved in subverting tumor immunity and remodeling LNs and highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to reinvigorate antitumoral immunity in SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Suman
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Svetomir N Markovic
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Kaplan HG, Whiteaker JR, Nelson B, Ivey RG, Lorentzen TD, Voytovich U, Zhao L, Corwin DJ, Resta R, Paulovich AG. Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Sensitive to Pembrolizumab: Evidence of the Pathogenicity of the MLH1 Variant 1835del3. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023; 21:1110-1116. [PMID: 37643636 PMCID: PMC11051703 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2023.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A woman with estrogen/progesterone receptor-positive, ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer developed progressive disease despite treatment with multiple hormonal and chemotherapeutic modalities. She carried a germline variant of MLH1 (1835del3), also known as c.1835_1837del and v612del, the pathogenicity of which has not been conclusively determined. MLH1 staining was not seen on immunohistochemical staining of her tumor tissue. The patient experienced a >5-year dramatic response to 4 doses of pembrolizumab. Family studies revealed multiple other relatives with the MLH1 1835del3 variant, as well as multiple relatives with colon cancer. The one relative with colon cancer who underwent genetic testing demonstrated the same variant. Laboratory studies revealed that the patient's tumor showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the MLH1 region, high levels of microsatellite instability, and a high tumor mutational burden. LOH in the MLH1 region, along with the remarkable clinical response to pembrolizumab treatment and the presence of the same MLH1 variant in affected relatives, supports the hypothesis that the MLH1 1835del3 variant is pathogenic. Given the patient's family history, this likely represents an uncommon presentation of Lynch syndrome. Physicians should be alert to evaluate patients for targetable genetic variants even in unlikely clinical situations such as the one described here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Zhao
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
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Zheng W, Ju W, Yang XH, Yan ZX. Angiopoietin-2 expression and its relationship with lymphangiogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1113604. [PMID: 37519819 PMCID: PMC10372442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2/ANGPT2) expression and its relationship with lymphangiogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Methods Gene expression differences between metastatic melanoma and melanoma in situ in 472 patients from the TCGA database were analyzed. The target gene Ang-2 was screened. A clinical study was conducted to analyze the correlation between Ang-2 expression in CMM and tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. A total of 42 patients with primary CMM who underwent extended tumor resection procedures at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University were included in this study. Clinical data (gender, age, lymph node metastasis, Breslow thickness, and clinical stage) were collected. The expression levels of both Ang-2 and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lymphatic vascular density (LVD) was counted by using LYVE-1 to label lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in peritumoral and intratumoral areas per high-magnification field of view. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test and Student's t-test. Results Using the TCGA database, it was found that the gene expression level of Ang-2 in 368 cases of metastatic melanoma was significantly higher than that in 104 cases of melanoma in situ. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between Ang-2 and LYVE-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3(VEGFR3) expression, respectively, in CMM. Moreover, the optimal cutoff value of survival analysis showed that high Ang-2 expression in CMM had a worse prognosis, based on data from the TCGA database. Our research showed that Ang-2 was more highly expressed in the group of patients with lymph node metastasis and in the group of stage 3C-4 patients than in the group of patients with no lymph node metastasis and in the group of stage 0-3B patients. Our research also showed that LVD in the group of patients with lymph node metastasis and in the group of stage 3C-4 patients was significantly higher than that in the group of no lymph node metastasis and in the group of stage 0-3B patients, respectively. Breslow thickness also correlated with Ang-2 expression and LVD. Ang-2 expression was not related to sex or age. Ang-2 expression was obviously correlated with LVD. Conclusion An evaluation of Ang-2 expression and LVD can be used to predict the risk of tumor lymphatic metastasis and determine the prognosis of CMM. These results may also provide a new clinical treatment strategy for CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ju
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi-Hu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Yan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Blei F. Update December 2021. Lymphat Res Biol 2021; 19:585-624. [PMID: 34958250 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2021.29113.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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