miRNA- and lncRNA-Based Therapeutics for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Moving towards an RNA-Guided Precision Medicine

Role of long non-coding RNAs in neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis: pathogenesis and therapeutic potential

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is identified as genetic disorder characterized by multiple tumors on nerve tissues. NF1 is the most prevalent form, identified by neurofibromas and skin changes. NF1 is the most prevalent neurofibromatosis disorder, distinct from the rarer NF2 and schwannomatosis (SWN) conditions. NF2, including NF2-related SWN (NF2-SWN), predominantly involves schwannoma formation and differs from NF1 in its genetic basis and clinical presentation. Despite the established genetic basis of NF, effective treatments remain scarce. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression, impacting pathways vital to tumor biology. This review explores the lncRNAs role in NF pathogenesis along with their potential as therapeutic targets. LncRNAs such as ANRIL and H19 show dysregulated expression in NF, influencing signaling pathways like Ras/MAPK and JAK/STAT, thereby contributing to tumor development. Understanding these interactions sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying NF and highlights lncRNAs as potential biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis of NF. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting lncRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) or CRISPR-Cas9 offer promising treatment options. The present review emphasizes crucial role of lncRNAs in NF pathogenesis and their promise to create innovative treatments, aiming to improve patient outcomes and meet the urgent need for effective NF therapies.

ncRNAs and their impact on dopaminergic neurons: Autophagy pathways in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex neurological illness that causes severe motor and non-motor symptoms due to a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The aetiology of PD is influenced by a variety of genetic, environmental, and cellular variables. One important aspect of this pathophysiology is autophagy, a crucial cellular homeostasis process that breaks down and recycles cytoplasmic components. Recent advances in genomic technologies have unravelled a significant impact of ncRNAs on the regulation of autophagy pathways, thereby implicating their roles in PD onset and progression. They are members of a family of RNAs that include miRNAs, circRNA and lncRNAs that have been shown to play novel pleiotropic functions in the pathogenesis of PD by modulating the expression of genes linked to autophagic activities and dopaminergic neuron survival. This review aims to integrate the current genetic paradigms with the therapeutic prospect of autophagy-associated ncRNAs in PD. By synthesizing the findings of recent genetic studies, we underscore the importance of ncRNAs in the regulation of autophagy, how they are dysregulated in PD, and how they represent novel dimensions for therapeutic intervention. The therapeutic promise of targeting ncRNAs in PD is discussed, including the barriers that need to be overcome and future directions that must be embraced to funnel these ncRNA molecules for the treatment and management of PD.

Role of Epigenetics for the Efficacy of Cisplatin

The clinical utility of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin is restricted by cancer drug resistance, which is either intrinsic to the tumor or acquired during therapy. Epigenetics is increasingly recognized as a factor contributing to cisplatin resistance and hence influences drug efficacy and clinical outcomes. In particular, epigenetics regulates gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Common types of epigenetic modifications linked to chemoresistance are DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. This review provides an overview of the current findings of various epigenetic modifications related to cisplatin efficacy in cell lines in vitro and in clinical tumor samples. Furthermore, it discusses whether epigenetic alterations might be used as predictors of the platinum agent response in order to prevent avoidable side effects in patients with resistant malignancies. In addition, epigenetic targeting therapies are described as a possible strategy to render cancer cells more susceptible to platinum drugs.

The role of long non-coding RNA ANRIL in the development of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an important pathological basis of coronary heart disease, and the antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) is located in the genetically susceptible segment with the strongest correlation with it - the short arm 2 region 1 of chromosome 9 (Chr9p21). ANRIL can produce linear, circular and other transcripts through different transcriptional splicing methods, which can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of related cells and closely related to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Linear ANRIL can regulate proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in plaques by chromatin modification, as well as affecting on proliferation and the apoptosis of macrophages at the transcriptional level; circular ANRIL can affect on proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs by chromatin modification as well as interfering with rRNA maturation. In this review we describe the evolutionary characteristics of ANRIL, the formation and structure of transcripts, and the mechanism by which each transcript regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular cells and then participates in atherosclerosis.

Non-coding RNAs in skin cancers:Biological roles and molecular mechanisms

Cutaneous malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous melanoma, are common human tumors. The incidence of cutaneous malignancies is increasing worldwide, and the leading cause of death is malignant invasion and metastasis. The molecular biology of oncogenes has drawn researchers’ attention because of the potential for targeted therapies. Noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been studied extensively in recent years. This review summarizes the aspects of noncoding RNAs related to the metastasis mechanism of skin malignancies. Continuous research may facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets and help elucidate the mechanism of tumor metastasis, thus providing new opportunities to improve the survival rate of patients with skin malignancies.