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Innocenti L, Scarpitta R, Corraro S, Ortenzi V, Bonadio AG, Loggini B, De Ieso K, Naccarato AG, Fanelli GN, Scatena C. Shedding light on PRAME expression in dysplastic nevi: a cohort study. Virchows Arch 2024; 485:97-104. [PMID: 38112793 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysplastic nevi represent one of the least agreed-upon entities in dermatopathology despite the existence of established criteria. This study explores preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) in dysplastic nevi, an uncharted area. We examined 22 common melanocytic nevi (CMN), 20 cutaneous melanomas (CM), 48 low-grade dysplastic nevi (LG-DN), and 40 high-grade dysplastic nevi (HG-DN). PRAME was immunohistochemically assessed using a five-tiered system (0 to 4 +). Among CMN, 59% scored 0, 32% scored 1 + , and 9% scored 2 + . CM had score 2 + and 4 + in 11% and 89% of cases, respectively. Among LG-DN, 38% presented score 0, 31% score 1 + , 17% score 2 + , 8% score 3 + , and 6% score 4 + . Thirty per cent of HG-DN demonstrated a score 0, 30% with score 1 + , 15% score 2 + , 10% score 3 + , and 15% score 4 + . Compared to CMN and CM, LG-DN and HG-DN showed heterogeneous expression profiles of PRAME. PRAME positivity effectively distinguished HG-DN from CM with 85% specificity and 80% sensitivity (p < 0.0001). Predictive values were 87% (negative) and 76% (positive). Furthermore, a trend of increased PRAME expression from LG-DN to HG-DN was observed. However, the applicability of PRAME in the differential diagnosis of dysplastic lesions remains unclear as can yield conflicting results with morphology, which remains the primary diagnostic tool for melanocytic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Innocenti
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Scarpitta
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Corraro
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo G Bonadio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Loggini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katia De Ieso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio G Naccarato
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe N Fanelli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Cristian Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Zia A, Litvin Y, Voskoboynik R, Klein A, Shachaf C. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Oncogenic Tissue Remodeling during Progression from Common Nevi to Early Melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:995-1004. [PMID: 37146966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection and treatment of melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer, improves the median 5-year survival rate of patients from 25% to 99%. Melanoma development involves a stepwise process during which genetic changes drive histologic alterations within nevi and surrounding tissue. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of publicly available gene expression data sets of melanoma, common or congenital nevi (CN), and dysplastic nevi (DN), assessed molecular and genetic pathways leading to early melanoma. The results demonstrate several pathways reflective of ongoing local structural tissue remodeling activity likely involved during the transition from benign to early-stage melanoma. These processes include the gene expression of cancer-associated fibroblasts, collagens, extracellular matrix, and integrins, which assist early melanoma development and the immune surveillance that plays a substantial role at this early stage. Furthermore, genes up-regulated in DN were also overexpressed in melanoma tissue, supporting the notion that DN may serve as a transitional phase toward oncogenesis. CN collected from healthy individuals exhibited different gene signatures compared with histologically benign nevi tissue located adjacent to melanoma (adjacent nevi). Finally, the expression profile of microdissected adjacent nevi tissue was more similar to melanoma compared with CN, revealing the melanoma influence on this annexed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zia
- Orlucent, Inc., Los Gatos, California
| | | | | | - Amit Klein
- Department of Bioengineering: Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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Eguchi MM, Elder DE, Barnhill RL, Piepkorn MW, Knezevich SR, Elmore JG, Kerr KF. Prognostic modeling of cutaneous melanoma stage I patients using cancer registry data identifies subsets with very-low melanoma mortality. Cancer 2023; 129:89-97. [PMID: 36336975 PMCID: PMC10367581 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence exists that escalating melanoma incidence is due in part to overdiagnosis, the diagnosis of lesions that will not lead to symptoms or death. The authors aimed to characterize subsets of melanoma patients with very-low risk of death that may be contributing to overdiagnosis. METHODS Melanoma patients diagnosed in 2010 and 2011 with stage I lesions ≤1.0 mm thick and negative clinical lymph nodes from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were selected. Classification and regression tree and logistic regression models were developed and validated to identify patients with very-low risk of death from melanoma within 7 years. Logistic models were also used to identify patients at higher risk of death among this group of stage I patients. RESULTS Compared to an overall 7-year mortality from melanoma of 2.5% in these patients, a subset comprising 25% had a risk below 1%. Younger age at diagnosis and Clark level II were associated with low risk of death in all models. Breslow thickness below 0.4 mm, absence of mitogenicity, absence of ulceration, and female sex were also associated with lower mortality. A small subset of high-risk patients with >20% risk of death was also identified. CONCLUSION Patients with very-low risk of dying from melanoma within 7 years of diagnosis were identified. Such cases warrant further study and consensus discussion to develop classification criteria, with the potential to be categorized using an alternative term such as "melanocytic neoplasms of low malignant potential." LAY SUMMARY Although melanoma is the most serious skin cancer, most melanoma patients have high chances of survival. There is evidence that some lesions diagnosed as melanoma would never have caused symptoms or death, a phenomenon known as overdiagnosis. In this study, we used cancer registry data to identify a subset of early-stage melanoma patients with almost no melanoma deaths. Using two statistical approaches, we identified patients with <1% risk of dying from melanoma in 7 years. Such patients tended to be younger with minimal invasion into the skin. We also identified a very small patient subset with higher mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Eguchi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- UFR of Medicine University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michael W Piepkorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Dermatopathology Northwest, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joann G Elmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathleen F Kerr
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Yang H, Che D, Gu Y, Cao D. Prognostic and immune-related value of complement C1Q (C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC) in skin cutaneous melanoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:940306. [PMID: 36110204 PMCID: PMC9468976 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.940306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a common malignancy that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Complement C1Q is composed of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC and is involved in the occurrence and development of many malignant tumours. However, the effect of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC expression on tumour immunity and prognosis of cutaneous melanoma remains unclear.Methods: First, we analysed C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC expression levels and prognostic values using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) analysis, and further validation was performed using RT-qPCR, The Human Protein Atlas, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, and Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. We then performed univariate/multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, clinicopathological correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using TCGA dataset and established a nomogram model. Differentially expressed genes associated with C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC in SKCM were identified and analysed using LinkedOmics, TIMER, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and Metascape and Cytoscape software platforms. We used TIMER, GEPIA, and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to analyse the relationship between the three genes and the level of immune cell infiltration, biomarkers, and checkpoint expression in SKCM. Finally, GSEA was utilized to study the functional pathways of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC enrichment in SKCM.Results: The overexpression of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC provided significant value in the diagnosis of SKCM and has been associated with better overall survival (OS). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC are independent prognostic biomarkers for patients with SKCM. Immune cell infiltration, biomarkers, and checkpoints were positively correlated with the expression of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC. Furthermore, the results of functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that immune-related and apoptotic pathways were significantly enriched in the high-expression group of C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC.Conclusion: We found that C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of SKCM patients. The upregulated expression levels of these three complement components benefit patients from OS and may increase the effect of immunotherapy. This result may be due to the dual effects of anti-tumour immunity and apoptosis.
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Xing J, Jia Z, Li Y, Han Y. Construction of immunotherapy-related prognostic gene signature and small molecule drug prediction for cutaneous melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:939385. [PMID: 35957907 PMCID: PMC9358033 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.939385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous melanoma (CM), a kind of skin cancer with a high rate of advanced mortality, exhibits a wide variety of driver and transmitter gene alterations in the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME) associated with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Methods We analyzed the immunological infiltration of TME cells in normal and malignant tissues using 469 CM and 556 normal skin samples. We used a single sample gene set enrichment assay (ssGSEA) to quantify the relative abundance of 28 cells, then used the LASSO COX regression model to develop a riskScore prognostic model, followed by a small molecule drug screening and molecular docking validation, which was then validated using qRT-PCR and IHC. Results We developed a prognosis model around seven essential protective genes for the first time, dramatically elevated in tumor tissues, as did immune cell infiltration. Multivariate Cox regression results indicated that riskScore is an independent and robust prognostic indicator, and its predictive value in immunotherapy was verified. Additionally, we identified Gabapentin as a possible small molecule therapeutic for CM. Conclusions A riskScore model was developed in this work to analyze patient prognosis, TME cell infiltration features, and treatment responsiveness. The development of this model not only aids in predicting patient response to immunotherapy but also has significant implications for the development of novel immunotherapeutic agents and the promotion of tailored treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xing
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Han, ; Yan Li,
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Han, ; Yan Li,
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Schiedel AC. The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:873777. [PMID: 35495622 PMCID: PMC9039016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.873777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs transform extracellular stimuli into a physiological response by activating an intracellular signaling cascade initiated via binding to G proteins. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) hold the potential to pave the way for development of new, innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we will introduce G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an enigmatic receptor in terms of classification within the GPCR superfamily and localization. GPR143 has not been assigned to any of the GPCR families due to the lack of common structural motifs. Hence we will describe the most important motifs of classes A and B and compare them to the protein sequence of GPR143. While a precise function for the receptor has yet to be determined, the protein is expressed abundantly in pigment producing cells. Many GPR143 mutations cause X-linked Ocular Albinism Type 1 (OA1, Nettleship-Falls OA), which results in hypopigmentation of the eyes and loss of visual acuity due to disrupted visual system development and function. In pigment cells of the skin, loss of functional GPR143 results in abnormally large melanosomes (organelles in which pigment is produced). Studies have shown that the receptor is localized internally, including at the melanosomal membrane, where it may function to regulate melanosome size and/or facilitate protein trafficking to the melanosome through the endolysosomal system. Numerous additional roles have been proposed for GPR143 in determining cancer predisposition, regulation of blood pressure, development of macular degeneration and signaling in the brain, which we will briefly describe as well as potential ligands that have been identified. Furthermore, GPR143 is a promiscuous receptor that has been shown to interact with multiple other melanosomal proteins and GPCRs, which strongly suggests that this orphan receptor is likely involved in many different physiological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anke C. Schiedel,
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Cazzato G, Mangialardi K, Falcicchio G, Colagrande A, Ingravallo G, Arezzo F, Giliberti G, Trilli I, Loizzi V, Lettini T, Scarcella S, Annese T, Parente P, Lupo C, Casatta N, Maiorano E, Cormio G, Resta L, Ribatti D. Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) and Human Malignant Melanoma: A Retrospective Study. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:545. [PMID: 35328098 PMCID: PMC8951616 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen (CTA) identified in 1997 through analysis of the specificity of tumor-reactive T-cell clones derived from a patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Although at first it seemed even more specific, various studies have shown that PRAME can also be expressed in the context of atypical lesions that do not correspond solely to the definition of malignant melanoma. METHODS A systematic review of English articles was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS 126 records were identified in the literature search, of which 9 were duplicates. After screening for eligibility and inclusion criteria, 53 publications were included. CONCLUSIONS The advent of a new marker such as PRAME is surely a step forward not only in the diagnostic approach, but also in the immunotherapeutic approach to MM. However, various studies have shown that PRAME can also be expressed in the context of atypical lesions apart from MM and, for this reason, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (hence accuracy) are clearly lower. Further studies with larger case series will be necessary to understand better what possibilities are offered in terms of diagnostic reliability by PRAME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Katia Mangialardi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Giovanni Falcicchio
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanna Giliberti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Irma Trilli
- Odontostomatologic Clinic, Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Vera Loizzi
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Sara Scarcella
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70124 Casamassima, Italy;
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paola Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Lupo
- Innovation Department, Diapath S.p.A, Via Savoldini n.71, 24057 Martinengo, Italy; (C.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Nadia Casatta
- Innovation Department, Diapath S.p.A, Via Savoldini n.71, 24057 Martinengo, Italy; (C.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.M.); (A.C.); (G.I.); (G.G.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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Li G, Zhang J, Liu Y, Cheng X, Sun K, Hong W, Sha K. Analyzing Prognostic Hub Genes in the Microenvironment of Cutaneous Melanoma by Computer Integrated Bioinformatics. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:4493347. [PMID: 35300397 PMCID: PMC8923759 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4493347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is attracting increasing attention due to high mortality. In response to this, we synthetically analyze the CM dataset from the TCGA database and explore microenvironment-related genes that effectively predict patient prognosis. Immune/stromal scores of cases are calculated using the ESTIMATE algorithm and are significantly associated with overall patient survival. Then, differentially expressed genes are identified by comparing the immune score and stromal score, also prognostic genes are subsequently screened. Functional analysis shows that these genes are enriched in different activities of immune system. Moreover, 19 prognosis-related hub genes are extracted from the protein-protein interaction network, of which four unreported genes (IL7R, FLT3, C1QC, and HLA-DRB5) are chosen for validation. A significant negative relationship is found between the expression levels of the 4 genes and pathological stages, notably T grade. Furthermore, the K-M plots and TIMER results show that these genes have favorable value for CM prognosis. In conclusion, these results give a novel insight into CM and identify IL7R, FLT3, C1QC, and HLA-DRB5 as crucial roles for the diagnosis and treatment of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jingye Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yourao Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiqing Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Hong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, No. 57 Xunyang East Road, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ke Sha
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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