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Davern M, O’ Donovan C, Donlon NE, Mylod E, Gaughan C, Bhardwaj A, Sheppard AD, Bracken-Clarke D, Butler C, Ravi N, Donohoe CL, Reynolds JV, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Analysing the Combined Effects of Radiotherapy and Chemokine Receptor 5 Antagonism: Complementary Approaches to Promote T Cell Function and Migration in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:819. [PMID: 38672174 PMCID: PMC11048527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is a major contributor to poor responses. Novel treatment strategies are required to supplement current regimens and improve patient survival. This study examined the immunomodulatory effects that radiation therapy and chemokine receptor antagonism impose on T cell phenotypes in OAC with a primary goal of identifying potential therapeutic targets to combine with radiation to improve anti-tumour responses. Compared with healthy controls, anti-tumour T cell function was impaired in OAC patients, demonstrated by lower IFN-γ production by CD4+ T helper cells and lower CD8+ T cell cytotoxic potential. Such diminished T cell effector functions were enhanced following treatment with clinically relevant doses of irradiation. Interestingly, CCR5+ T cells were significantly more abundant in OAC patient blood compared with healthy controls, and CCR5 surface expression by T cells was further enhanced by clinically relevant doses of irradiation. Moreover, irradiation enhanced T cell migration towards OAC patient-derived tumour-conditioned media (TCM). In vitro treatment with the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc enhanced IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells and increased the migration of irradiated CD8+ T cells towards irradiated TCM, suggesting its synergistic therapeutic potential in combination with irradiation. Overall, this study highlights the immunostimulatory properties of radiation in promoting anti-tumour T cell responses in OAC and increasing T cell migration towards chemotactic cues in the tumour. Importantly, the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc holds promise to be repurposed in combination with radiotherapy to promote anti-tumour T cell responses in OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Davern
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cillian O’ Donovan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Noel E. Donlon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe Gaughan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Andrew D. Sheppard
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Dara Bracken-Clarke
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Christine Butler
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Narayanasamy Ravi
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Claire L. Donohoe
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - John V. Reynolds
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (M.D.); (C.O.D.); (N.E.D.); (E.M.); (C.G.); (A.B.); (A.D.S.); (D.B.-C.); (C.B.); (N.R.); (C.L.D.); (J.V.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Melissa J. Conroy
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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Mylod E, O'Connell F, Donlon NE, Davern M, Marion C, Butler C, Reynolds JV, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Real-time ex vivo monitoring of NK cell migration toward obesity-associated oesophageal adenocarcinoma following modulation of CX3CR1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4017. [PMID: 38369570 PMCID: PMC10874956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oesophagogastric adenocarcinomas (OAC) are poor prognosis, obesity-associated cancers which may benefit from natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies. Cellular immunotherapies encounter two key challenges to their success in OAC, namely recruitment to extratumoural tissues such as the omentum at the expense of the tumour and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) which can hamper NK cell function. Herein, we examined approaches to overcome the detrimental impact of obesity on NK cells and NK cell-based immunotherapies. We have demonstrated that NK cells migrate preferentially to the chemotactic signals of OAC patient-derived omentum over tumour in an ex vivo model of immune cell migration. We have identified CX3CR1 modulation and/or tumour chemokine profile remodelling as approaches to skew NK cell migration towards tumour. We also report targetable immunosuppressive facets of the obese OAC TME which dampen NK cell function, in particular cytotoxic capabilities. These data provide insights into approaches to therapeutically overcome key challenges presented by obesity and will inform superior design of NK cell-based immunotherapies for OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel E Donlon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Davern
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Marion
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine Butler
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Mitchelson KAJ, O’Connell F, O’Sullivan J, Roche HM. Obesity, Dietary Fats, and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk-Potential Mechanisms Relating to Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Metabolites 2024; 14:42. [PMID: 38248845 PMCID: PMC10821017 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major driving factor in the incidence, progression, and poor treatment response in gastrointestinal cancers. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of obesity and its resulting metabolic perturbations across four gastrointestinal cancer types, namely, oesophageal, gastric, liver, and colorectal cancer. Importantly, not all obese phenotypes are equal. Obese adipose tissue heterogeneity depends on the location, structure, cellular profile (including resident immune cell populations), and dietary fatty acid intake. We discuss whether adipose heterogeneity impacts the tumorigenic environment. Dietary fat quality, in particular saturated fatty acids, promotes a hypertrophic, pro-inflammatory adipose profile, in contrast to monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a hyperplastic, less inflammatory adipose phenotype. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of obesity, including dietary fat quality, on adipose tissue biology and oncogenesis, specifically focusing on lipid metabolism and inflammatory mechanisms. This is achieved with a particular focus on gastrointestinal cancers as exemplar models of obesity-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. J. Mitchelson
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, UCD Institute of Food and Health, and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 H1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, UCD Institute of Food and Health, and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 H1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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O’Connell F, Mylod E, Donlon NE, Heeran AB, Butler C, Bhardwaj A, Ramjit S, Durand M, Lambe G, Tansey P, Welartne I, Sheahan KP, Yin X, Donohoe CL, Ravi N, Dunne MR, Brennan L, Reynolds JV, Roche HM, O’Sullivan J. Energy Metabolism, Metabolite, and Inflammatory Profiles in Human Ex Vivo Adipose Tissue Are Influenced by Obesity Status, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Treatment Regimes in Patients with Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061681. [PMID: 36980567 PMCID: PMC10046380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is a poor prognosis cancer with limited response rates to current treatment modalities and has a strong link to obesity. To better elucidate the role of visceral adiposity in this disease state, a full metabolic profile combined with analysis of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, metabolites, and lipid profiles were assessed in human ex vivo adipose tissue explants from obese and non-obese OAC patients. These data were then related to extensive clinical data including obesity status, metabolic dysfunction, previous treatment exposure, and tumour regression grades. Real-time energy metabolism profiles were assessed using the seahorse technology. Adipose explant conditioned media was screened using multiplex ELISA to assess secreted levels of 54 pro-inflammatory mediators. Targeted secreted metabolite and lipid profiles were analysed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Adipose tissue explants and matched clinical data were collected from OAC patients (n = 32). Compared to visceral fat from non-obese patients (n = 16), visceral fat explants from obese OAC patients (n = 16) had significantly elevated oxidative phosphorylation metabolism profiles and an increase in Eotaxin-3, IL-17A, IL-17D, IL-3, MCP-1, and MDC and altered secretions of glutamine associated metabolites. Adipose explants from patients with metabolic dysfunction correlated with increased oxidative phosphorylation metabolism, and increases in IL-5, IL-7, SAA, VEGF-C, triacylglycerides, and metabolites compared with metabolically healthy patients. Adipose explants generated from patients who had previously received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 14) showed elevated secretions of pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-12p40, IL-1α, IL-22, and TNF-β and a decreased expression of triacylglycerides. Furthermore, decreased secreted levels of triacylglycerides were also observed in the adipose secretome of patients who received the chemotherapy-only regimen FLOT compared with patients who received no neo-adjuvant treatment or chemo-radiotherapy regimen CROSS. For those patients who showed the poorest response to currently available treatments, their adipose tissue was associated with higher glycolytic metabolism compared to patients who had good treatment responses. This study demonstrates that the adipose secretome in OAC patients is enriched with mediators that could prime the tumour microenvironment to aid tumour progression and attenuate responses to conventional cancer treatments, an effect which appears to be augmented by obesity and metabolic dysfunction and exposure to different treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eimear Mylod
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel E. Donlon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling B. Heeran
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine Butler
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Ramjit
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Durand
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Lambe
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Tansey
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ivan Welartne
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin P. Sheahan
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L. Donohoe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Narayanasamy Ravi
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- School of Chemical & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Mylod E, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Measuring Immune Cell Movement Toward the Soluble Microenvironment of Human Tissues Using a Boyden Chamber-Based Migration Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:231-240. [PMID: 37202623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Migration assays are used to measure cell movement toward a variety of chemoattractants in a controlled environment. Here we describe a method for a Boyden chamber-based migration assay using conditioned media generated from the tumor, liver, and visceral adipose tissue of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Mylod E, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Natural killer cell therapy: A new frontier for obesity-associated cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 535:215620. [PMID: 35283210 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of solid tumours is associated with better outcomes, placing augmentation of NK cell abundance in tumours as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach. The unique ability of NK cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity increases their versatility and applicability as an immunotherapeutic tool. However, successful utilisation of NK cell-based therapies in solid tumours is still at an early stage. Obesity has become a global health epidemic, and the prevalence of obesity-associated cancers has significantly increased. Obesity-associated malignancies provide a unique challenge for the successful application of cell-based immunotherapies including NK cell-based therapies because significant numbers of NK and T cells are recruited to the visceral adipose tissue at the expense of successful tumour infiltration and eradication. As such, immunotherapy efficacy has been disappointing for obesity-associated malignancies such as oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, immunotherapies for obesity-associated cancers warrant our further attention. Indeed, it is becoming ever more obvious that more innovative approaches are needed to re-invigorate anti-tumour immunity and overcome immune exclusion in such tumours. In this review, we briefly summarise the dysfunctionality of NK cells in obesity-associated cancer. We outline the NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches which hold promise as effective treatments in this disease space, including CAR-NK cells. Furthermore, we suggest future avenues which possess the potential to transform immunotherapy and specifically NK cell therapy efficacy for obesity-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland; Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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