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To KKW, Huang Z, Zhang H, Ashby CR, Fu L. Utilizing non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters to overcome multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 73:101058. [PMID: 38277757 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the primary factors that produces treatment failure in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. MDR is a complex multifactorial phenomenon, characterized by a decrease or abrogation of the efficacy of a wide spectrum of anticancer drugs that are structurally and mechanistically distinct. The overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, notably ABCG2 and ABCB1, are one of the primary mediators of MDR in cancer cells, which promotes the efflux of certain chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells, thereby decreasing or abolishing their therapeutic efficacy. A number of studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a pivotal role in mediating the upregulation of ABC transporters in certain MDR cancer cells. This review will provide updated information about the induction of ABC transporters due to the aberrant regulation of ncRNAs in cancer cells. We will also discuss the measurement and biological profile of circulating ncRNAs in various body fluids as potential biomarkers for predicting the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. Sequence variations, such as alternative polyadenylation of mRNA and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at miRNA target sites, which may indicate the interaction of miRNA-mediated gene regulation with genetic variations to modulate the MDR phenotype, will be reviewed. Finally, we will highlight novel strategies that could be used to modulate ncRNAs and circumvent ABC transporter-mediated MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Zoufang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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2
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Urbini M, Bleve S, Schepisi G, Menna C, Gurioli G, Gianni C, De Giorgi U. Biomarkers for Salvage Therapy in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16872. [PMID: 38069192 PMCID: PMC10706346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of metastatic testicular germ cell tumor patients has been dramatically improved by cisplatin-based chemotherapy combinations. However, up to 30% of patients with advanced disease relapse after first-line therapy and require salvage regimens, which include treatments with conventional-dose chemotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. For these patients, prognosis estimation represents an essential step in the choice of medical treatment but still remains a complex challenge. The available histological, clinical, and biochemical parameters attempt to define the prognosis, but they do not reflect the tumor's molecular and pathological features and do not predict who will exhibit resistance to the several treatments. Molecular selection of patients and validated biomarkers are highly needed in order to improve current risk stratification and identify novel therapeutic approaches for patients with recurrent disease. Biomolecular biomarkers, including microRNAs, gene expression profiles, and immune-related biomarkers are currently under investigation in testicular germ cell tumors and could potentially hold a prominent place in the future treatment selection and prognostication of these tumors. The aim of this review is to summarize current scientific data regarding prognostic and predictive biomarkers for salvage therapy in testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Urbini
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Sara Bleve
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Cecilia Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Caterina Gianni
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (U.D.G.)
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (U.D.G.)
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3
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Sajid A, Rahman H, Ambudkar SV. Advances in the structure, mechanism and targeting of chemoresistance-linked ABC transporters. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:762-779. [PMID: 37714963 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently display intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemically diverse anticancer drugs, limiting therapeutic success. Among the main mechanisms of this multidrug resistance is the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that mediate drug efflux, and, specifically, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1 are known to cause cancer chemoresistance. High-resolution structures, biophysical and in silico studies have led to tremendous progress in understanding the mechanism of drug transport by these ABC transporters, and several promising therapies, including irradiation-based immune and thermal therapies, and nanomedicine have been used to overcome ABC transporter-mediated cancer chemoresistance. In this Review, we highlight the progress achieved in the past 5 years on the three transporters, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1, that are known to be of clinical importance. We address the molecular basis of their broad substrate specificity gleaned from structural information and discuss novel approaches to block the function of ABC transporters. Furthermore, genetic modification of ABC transporters by CRISPR-Cas9 and approaches to re-engineer amino acid sequences to change the direction of transport from efflux to import are briefly discussed. We suggest that current information regarding the structure, mechanism and regulation of ABC transporters should be used in clinical trials to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaleeb Sajid
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hadiar Rahman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Alsaab HO, Abdullaev B, Alkhafaji AT, Alawadi AH, Jahlan I, Bahir H, Bisht YS, Alsaalamy A, Jabbar AM, Mustafa YF. A comprehension of signaling pathways and drug resistance; an insight into the correlation between microRNAs and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154848. [PMID: 37862919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of numerous therapies, cancer remains an incurable disease due to various factors, including drug resistance produced by cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate different target genes involved in biological and pathological processes, including cancer, through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The development of drug resistance in cancer treatment is a significant barrier because it decreases drug uptake, cellular transport, and changes in proteins involved in cell proliferation, survival, and apoptotic pathways. Numerous studies have found a connection between miRNAs and the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. This paper provides a broad overview of how miRNAs regulate signaling pathways and influence treatment resistance in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bekhzod Abdullaev
- Research Department of Biotechnology, New Uzbekistan University, Mustaqillik Avenue 54, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Milliy Bog Street 264, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan.
| | | | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ibtesam Jahlan
- Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Bahir
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yashwant Singh Bisht
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
| | - Abeer Mhussan Jabbar
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
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5
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Patellongi I, Amiruddin A, Massi MN, Islam AA, Pratama MY, Sutandyo N, Latar NH, Faruk M. Circulating miR-221/222 expression as microRNA biomarker predicting tamoxifen treatment outcome: a case-control study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3806-3815. [PMID: 37554919 PMCID: PMC10406100 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The high mortality rate in breast cancer (BC) patients is generally due to metastases resistant to systemic therapy. Two causes of systemic therapy resistance in BC patients are circulating miRNAs-221 and miR-222, leading to improved BC cell proliferation, survival, and reduced cell apoptosis. This study investigated the miRNA expression changes associated with cancer cell resistance to tamoxifen therapy and is expected to be clinically meaningful before providing endocrine therapy to luminal-type BC patients who express them. METHODS This case-control research included individuals with the luminal subtype of BC who had received tamoxifen medication for around one year. Furthermore, the case group contained 15 individuals with local recurrence or metastases, while the control group comprised 19 patients without local recurrence or metastases. Plasma miR-221/222 quantification was performed with real-time PCR using transcript-specific primers. RESULTS A significant difference was found in circulating miR-221 expression between cases and controls (P=0.005) but not in miR-222 expression (P=0.070). There were no significant differences between miR-221/222 expression, progesterone receptor, Ki67 protein levels, lymphovascular invasion, and stage. However, receiver operator characteristic curve analyses showed miR-221/222 expressions predictive of tamoxifen resistance (P=0.030) with a sensitivity of 60.00 and a specificity of 83.33%. CONCLUSION The use of circulating miR-221/222 expression can predict relapse as well as resistance to tamoxifen treatment in BC patients, and their testing is recommended for luminal subtype BC patients who will undergo tamoxifen therapy to determine their risk of tamoxifen resistance early, increasing treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Noorwati Sutandyo
- Department of Medical Hematology-Oncology, Dharmais Hospital National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nani H.M. Latar
- Endocrine and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faruk
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar
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Rani M, Kumari R, Singh SP, Devi A, Bansal P, Siddiqi A, Alsahli MA, Almatroodi SA, Rahmani AH, Rizvi MMA. MicroRNAs as master regulators of FOXO transcription factors in cancer management. Life Sci 2023; 321:121535. [PMID: 36906255 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are critical regulators of the plethora of genes, including FOXO "forkhead" dependent transcription factors, which are bonafide tumour suppressors. The FOXO family members modulate a hub of cellular processes like apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, differentiation, ROS detoxification, and longevity. Aberrant expression of FOXOs in human cancers has been observed due to their down-regulation by diverse microRNAs, which are predominantly involved in tumour initiation, chemo-resistance and tumour progression. Chemo-resistance is a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Over 90% of casualties in cancer patients are reportedly associated with chemo-resistance. Here, we have primarily discussed the structure, functions of FOXO and also their post-translational modifications which influence the activities of these FOXO family members. Further, we have addressed the role of microRNAs in carcinogenesis by regulating the FOXOs at post-transcriptional level. Therefore, microRNAs-FOXO axis can be exploited as a novel cancer therapy. The administration of microRNA-based cancer therapy is likely to be beneficial to curb chemo-resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Rani
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rosewell Park Comprehensive Care Centre, 665 Elm Street, Buffalo, NY, USA 14203
| | - Annu Devi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Preeti Bansal
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Aisha Siddiqi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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7
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microRNAs Associated with Gemcitabine Resistance via EMT, TME, and Drug Metabolism in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041230. [PMID: 36831572 PMCID: PMC9953943 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, pancreatic cancer remains a lethal disease with an extremely poor prognosis. The difficulty in early detection and chemoresistance to therapeutic agents are major clinical concerns. To improve prognosis, novel biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies for chemoresistance are urgently needed. microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the development, progression, and metastasis of several cancers. During the last few decades, the association between pancreatic cancer and miRNAs has been extensively elucidated, with several miRNAs found to be correlated with patient prognosis. Moreover, recent evidence has revealed that miRNAs are intimately involved in gemcitabine sensitivity and resistance through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the tumor microenvironment, and drug metabolism. Gemcitabine is the gold standard drug for pancreatic cancer treatment, but gemcitabine resistance develops easily after chemotherapy initiation. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the gemcitabine resistance mechanisms associated with aberrantly expressed miRNAs in pancreatic cancer, especially focusing on the mechanisms associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the tumor microenvironment, and metabolism. This novel evidence of gemcitabine resistance will drive further research to elucidate the mechanisms of chemoresistance and improve patient outcomes.
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8
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Bhavsar SP, Olsen L, Løkke C, Koster J, Flægstad T, Einvik C. Hsa-miR-323a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and targets STAT3 in neuroblastoma cells. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1098999. [PMID: 37033189 PMCID: PMC10079869 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1098999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies conducted in the last decades have revealed a role for the non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer development and progression. Several miRNAs within the chromosome region 14q32, a region commonly deleted in cancers, are associated with poor clinical outcome in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. We have previously identified miR-323a-3p from this region to be downregulated in chemotherapy treated neuroblastoma cells compared to pre-treatment cells from the same patients. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma tumors, this miRNA is downregulated in advanced stage 4 disease compared to stage 1-2. In this study, we attempt to delineate the unknown functional roles of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma. Methods Synthetic miRNA mimics were used to overexpress miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines. To investigate the functional roles of miR-323a-3p, cell viability assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter assay and western blot were conducted on the neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C. Results Ectopic expression of miR-323a-3p resulted in marked reduction of cell viability in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C by causing G1-cell cycle arrest in Kelly and SH-SY5Y and apoptosis in all the cell lines tested. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were reduced upon miR-323a-3p overexpression. A direct binding of the miR-323a-3p to the 3'UTR of STAT3 was experimentally validated by luciferase reporter assay, where miR-323a-3p reduced luminescent signal from full length STAT3 3'UTR luciferase reporter, but not from a reporter with mutation in the predicted seed sequence. Conclusions miR-323a-3p inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cell lines through G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the well-known oncogene STAT3 is a direct target of this miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Parashram Bhavsar
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lotte Olsen
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cecilie Løkke
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trond Flægstad
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, UNN–University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christer Einvik
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, UNN–University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: Christer Einvik
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Al-Awsi GRL, Jasim SA, Fakri Mustafa Y, Alhachami FR, Ziyadullaev S, Kandeel M, Abulkassim R, Sivaraman R, M Hameed N, Mireya Romero Parra R, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. The role of miRNA-128 in the development and progression of gastrointestinal and urogenital cancer. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4209-4231. [PMID: 36519554 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing data have shown the significance of various miRNAs in malignancy. In this regard, parallel to its biological role in normal tissues, miRNA-128 (miR-128) has been found to play an essential immunomodulatory function in the process of cancer initiation and development. The occurrence of the aberrant expression of miR-128 in tumors and the unique properties of miRNAs raise the prospect of their use as biomarkers and the next generation of molecular anticancer therapies. The function of miR-128 in malignancies such as breast, prostate, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, cervical, ovarian and bladder cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in this review. Finally, the effect of exosomal miR-128 on cancer resistance to therapeutics and cancer immunotherapy in certain malignancies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Firas Rahi Alhachami
- Department of Radiology, College of Health & Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Shukhrat Ziyadullaev
- No. 1 Department of Internal Diseases, Vice-rector for Scientific Affairs & Innovations, Samarkand State Medical University, Amir Temur Street 18, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshikh University, Kafrelshikh, 33516, Egypt
| | | | - R Sivaraman
- Department of Mathematics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Noora M Hameed
- Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Nisour University College, Iraq
| | | | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang L, Ye B, Chen Z, Chen ZS. Progress in the studies on the molecular mechanisms associated with multidrug resistance in cancers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:982-997. [PMID: 36970215 PMCID: PMC10031261 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the important methods to treat cancer, and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one major cause for the failure of cancer chemotherapy. Almost all anti-tumor drugs develop drug resistance over a period of time of application in cancer patients, reducing their effects on killing cancer cells. Chemoresistance can lead to a rapid recurrence of cancers and ultimately patient death. MDR may be induced by multiple mechanisms, which are associated with a complex process of multiple genes, factors, pathways, and multiple steps, and today the MDR-associated mechanisms are largely unknown. In this paper, from the aspects of protein-protein interactions, alternative splicing (AS) in pre-mRNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediation, genome mutations, variance in cell functions, and influence from the tumor microenvironment, we summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with MDR in cancers. In the end, prospects for the exploration of antitumor drugs that can reverse MDR are briefly discussed from the angle of drug systems with improved targeting properties, biocompatibility, availability, and other advantages.
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11
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Bertova A, Kontar S, Polozsanyi Z, Simkovic M, Rosenbergova Z, Rebros M, Sulova Z, Breier A, Imrichova D. Effects of Sulforaphane-Induced Cell Death upon Repeated Passage of Either P-Glycoprotein-Negative or P-Glycoprotein-Positive L1210 Cell Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810818. [PMID: 36142752 PMCID: PMC9501161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the membrane ABCB1 transporter in neoplastic cells is one of the most common causes of reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy. In our previous study, we investigated the effect of a single culture of ABCB1-negative (S) and ABCB1-positive variants of L1210 cells (R and T) in the presence of sulforaphane (SFN). We demonstrated that SFN induces the onset of autophagy more markedly in S cells than in R or T cells. In the current study, we focused on the effect of the repeated culture of S, R and T cells in SFN-containing media. The repeated cultures increased the onset of autophagy compared to the simple culture, mainly in S cells and to a lesser extent in R and T cells, as indicated by changes in the cellular content of 16 and 18 kDa fragments of LC3B protein or changes in the specific staining of cells with monodansylcadaverine. We conclude that SFN affects ABCB1-negative S cells more than ABCB1-positive R and T cells during repeated culturing. Changes in cell sensitivity to SFN appear to be related to the expression of genes for cell-cycle checkpoints, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Szilvia Kontar
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zoltan Polozsanyi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Simkovic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Rosenbergova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Rebros
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdena Sulova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (D.I.)
| | - Denisa Imrichova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (D.I.)
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Sancha SAR, Gomes AV, Loureiro JB, Saraiva L, Ferreira MJU. Amaryllidaceae-Type Alkaloids from Pancratium maritimum: Apoptosis-Inducing Effect and Cell Cycle Arrest on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185759. [PMID: 36144504 PMCID: PMC9501014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to find Amaryllidaceae alkaloids against breast cancer, including the highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer, the phytochemical study of Pancratium maritimum was carried out. Several Amaryllidaceae-type alkaloids, bearing scaffolds of the haemanthamine-, homolycorine-, lycorine-, galanthamine-, and tazettine-type were isolated (3–11), along with one alkamide (2) and a phenolic compound (1). The antiproliferative effect of compounds (1–11) was evaluated by the sulforhodamine B assay against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, breast cancer cells MCF-7, and the non-malignant fibroblast (HFF-1) and breast (MCF12A) cell lines. The alkaloids 3, 5, 7, and 11 showed significant growth inhibitory effects against all breast cancer cell lines, with IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values ranging from 0.73 to 16.3 µM. The homolycorine-type alkaloid 7 was selected for further investigation in MDA-MB-231 cells. In the annexin-V assay, compound 7 increased cell death by apoptosis, which was substantiated, in western blot analyses, by the increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Consistently, it further stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The antiproliferative effect of compound 7 was also associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest, which was supported by an increase in the p21 protein expression levels. In MDA-MB-231 cells, compound 7 also exhibited synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A. R. Sancha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriana V. Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratόrio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biolόgicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B. Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratόrio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biolόgicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratόrio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biolόgicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.J.U.F.); Tel.: +351-217946475 (M.J.U.F.); Fax: +351-217946470 (M.J.U.F.)
| | - Maria José U. Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.J.U.F.); Tel.: +351-217946475 (M.J.U.F.); Fax: +351-217946470 (M.J.U.F.)
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Sousa DP, Conde J. Gold Nanoconjugates for miRNA Modulation in Cancer Therapy: From miRNA Silencing to miRNA Mimics. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:626-640. [PMID: 36397876 PMCID: PMC9650716 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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Cancer is a major healthcare burden and cause of death
worldwide,
with an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer
deaths globally only in 2020. While several anticancer therapeutics
are available to date, many of these still show low treatment efficacy
and high off-target effects and adverse reactions. This prompts a
serious need to develop novel therapies that can decrease the side
effects and increase treatment efficacy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can have
a role in tumor development and progression, making them important
targets for the improvement of anticancer therapies. In this context,
gold nanoparticles have been widely studied for different clinical
applications due to their biocompatibility and possibility of customization,
and gold nanoconjugates targeting miRNAs are being developed for cancer
diagnosis and treatment. Here we summarize the research developed
so far and how it can contribute to cancer treatment, discuss how
it can be improved, and present the current challenges and future
perspectives on their design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. Sousa
- NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - João Conde
- NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
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14
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Marin JJG, Monte MJ, Macias RIR, Romero MR, Herraez E, Asensio M, Ortiz-Rivero S, Cives-Losada C, Di Giacomo S, Gonzalez-Gallego J, Mauriz JL, Efferth T, Briz O. Expression of Chemoresistance-Associated ABC Proteins in Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143524. [PMID: 35884584 PMCID: PMC9320734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One-third of the approximately 10 million deaths yearly caused by cancer worldwide are due to hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal tumors. One primary reason for this high mortality is the lack of response of these cancers to pharmacological treatment. More than 100 genes have been identified as responsible for seven mechanisms of chemoresistance, but only a few of them play a critical role. These include ABC proteins (mainly MDR1, MRP1-6, and BCRP), whose expression pattern greatly determines the individual sensitivity of each tumor to pharmacotherapy. Abstract Hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal cancers account for 36% of the ten million deaths caused by cancer worldwide every year. The two main reasons for this high mortality are their late diagnosis and their high refractoriness to pharmacological treatments, regardless of whether these are based on classical chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drugs, or newer immunomodulators. Mechanisms of chemoresistance (MOC) defining the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of each tumor depend on the synergic function of proteins encoded by more than one hundred genes classified into seven groups (MOC1-7). Among them, the efflux of active agents from cancer cells across the plasma membrane caused by members of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins (MOC-1b) plays a crucial role in determining tumor MDR. Although seven families of human ABC proteins are known, only a few pumps (mainly MDR1, MRP1-6, and BCRP) have been associated with reducing drug content and hence inducing chemoresistance in hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal cancer cells. The present descriptive review, which compiles the updated information on the expression of these ABC proteins, will be helpful because there is still some confusion on the actual relevance of these pumps in response to pharmacological regimens currently used in treating these cancers. Moreover, we aim to define the MOC pattern on a tumor-by-tumor basis, even in a dynamic way, because it can vary during tumor progression and in response to chemotherapy. This information is indispensable for developing novel strategies for sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. G. Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.G.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +34-663182872 (J.J.G.M.); +34-663056225 (O.B.)
| | - Maria J. Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Rocio I. R. Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Marta R. Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Elisa Herraez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Sara Ortiz-Rivero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Candela Cives-Losada
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus of Vegazana s/n, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Jose L. Mauriz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus of Vegazana s/n, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.R.R.); (E.H.); (M.A.); (S.O.-R.); (C.C.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.G.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +34-663182872 (J.J.G.M.); +34-663056225 (O.B.)
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15
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Li R, Chen W, Lu C, Li X, Chen X, Huang G, Wen Z, Li H, Tao L, Hu Y, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Ni L, Lai Y. A four-microRNA panel in serum may serve as potential biomarker for renal cell carcinoma diagnosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1076303. [PMID: 36727070 PMCID: PMC9885090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1076303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one out of the most universal malignant tumors globally, and its incidence is increasing annually. MicroRNA (miRNA) in serum could be considered as a non-invasive detecting biomarker for RCC diagnosis. METHOD A total of 224 participants (112 RCC patients (RCCs) and 112 normal controls (NCs)) were enrolled in the three-phrase study. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to reveal the miRNA expression levels in RCCs and NCs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were utilized to predict the diagnostic ability of serum miRNAs for RCC. Bioinformatic analysis and survival analysis were also included in our study. RESULTS Compared to NCs, the expression degree of miR-155-5p, miR-224-5p in serum was significantly upregulated in RCC patients, and miR-1-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-129-5p, and miR-200b-3p were downregulated. A four-miRNA panel was construed, and the AUC of the panel was 0.903 (95% CI: 0.847-0.944; p < 0.001; sensitivity = 75.61%, specificity = 93.67%). Results from GEPIA database indicated that CHL1, MPP5, and SORT1 could be seen as promising target genes of the four-miRNA panel. Survival analysis of candidate miRNAs manifested that miR-155-5p was associated with the survival rate of RCC significantly. CONCLUSIONS The four-miRNA panel in serum has a great potential to be non-invasive biomarkers for RCC sift to check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenkang Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinji Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingzhi Tao
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengping Zhao
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zebo Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangchao Ni
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqing Lai, ; Liangchao Ni,
| | - Yongqing Lai
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqing Lai, ; Liangchao Ni,
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