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Jasim SA, Salahdin OD, Malathi H, Sharma N, Rab SO, Aminov Z, Pramanik A, Mohammed IH, Jawad MA, Gabel BC. Targeting Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Related Drug Resistance by Small Interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01423-5. [PMID: 39060914 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after curative therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells' resistance to conventional therapies is the reasons for the worse clinical results of HCC patients. A tiny population of cancer cells with a strong potential for self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenesis has been identified as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The discovery of CSC surface markers and the separation of CSC subpopulations from HCC cells have been made possible by recent developments in the study of hepatic (liver) CSCs. Hepatic CSC surface markers include epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), CD133, CD90, CD13, CD44, OV-6, ALDH, and K19. CSCs have a significant influence on the development of cancer, invasiveness, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance in HCC, and thus provide a therapeutic chance to treat HCC and avoid its recurrence. Therefore, it is essential to develop treatment approaches that specifically and effectively target hepatic stem cells. Given this, one potential treatment approach is to use particular small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target CSC, disrupting their behavior and microenvironment as well as changing their epigenetic state. The characteristics of CSCs in HCC are outlined in this study, along with new treatment approaches based on siRNA that may be used to target hepatic CSCs and overcome HCC resistance to traditional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H Malathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, 140307, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Israa Hussein Mohammed
- College of nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Abed Jawad
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Benien C Gabel
- Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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2
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Binder AK, Bremm F, Dörrie J, Schaft N. Non-Coding RNA in Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells-Function and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7275. [PMID: 39000381 PMCID: PMC11242727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA world is wide, and besides mRNA, there is a variety of other RNA types, such as non-coding (nc)RNAs, which harbor various intracellular regulatory functions. This review focuses on small interfering (si)RNA and micro (mi)RNA, which form a complex network regulating mRNA translation and, consequently, gene expression. In fact, these RNAs are critically involved in the function and phenotype of all cells in the human body, including malignant cells. In cancer, the two main targets for therapy are dysregulated cancer cells and dysfunctional immune cells. To exploit the potential of mi- or siRNA therapeutics in cancer therapy, a profound understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of RNAs and following targeted intervention is needed to re-program cancer cells and immune cell functions in vivo. The first part focuses on the function of less well-known RNAs, including siRNA and miRNA, and presents RNA-based technologies. In the second part, the therapeutic potential of these technologies in treating cancer is discussed, with particular attention on manipulating tumor-associated immune cells, especially tumor-associated myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Katharina Binder
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (F.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Bremm
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (F.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (F.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.B.); (F.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhan L, Jiang X, Tang X. Comprehensive review for non-coding RNAs: From mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116218. [PMID: 38643906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an assorted collection of transcripts that are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have gained prominence as crucial regulators of various biological functions across diverse cell types and tissues, and their abnormal functioning has been implicated in disease. Notably, extensive research has focused on the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other types of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as significant contributors to human disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and infectious diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential utilization of ncRNAs as disease biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Lijuan Zhan
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China.
| | - Xiaozhu Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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4
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Wu HH, Leng S, Sergi C, Leng R. How MicroRNAs Command the Battle against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5865. [PMID: 38892054 PMCID: PMC11172831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate more than 30% of genes in humans. Recent studies have revealed that miRNAs play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. Large sets of miRNAs in human tumors are under-expressed compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, experiments have shown that interference with miRNA processing enhances tumorigenesis. Multiple studies have documented the causal role of miRNAs in cancer, and miRNA-based anticancer therapies are currently being developed. This review primarily focuses on two key points: (1) miRNAs and their role in human cancer and (2) the regulation of tumor suppressors by miRNAs. The review discusses (a) the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 by miRNA, (b) the critical role of the miR-144/451 cluster in regulating the Itch-p63-Ago2 pathway, and (c) the regulation of PTEN by miRNAs. Future research and the perspectives of miRNA in cancer are also discussed. Understanding these pathways will open avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting miRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Helena Wu
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Sarah Leng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (5B4. 09), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada (C.S.)
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (5B4. 09), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada (C.S.)
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Roger Leng
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
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Singh D, Singh L, Kaur S, Arora A. Nucleic acids based integrated macromolecular complexes for SiRNA delivery: Recent advancements. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38693628 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2347499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is monumental, offering a pathway to silence disease-causing genes with precision. However, the delivery of siRNA to target cells in-vivo remains a formidable challenge, owing to degradation by nucleases, poor cellular uptake and immunogenicity. This overview examines recent advancements in the design and application of nucleic acid-based integrated macromolecular complexes for the efficient delivery of siRNA. We dissect the innovative delivery vectors developed in recent years, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, dendrimer complexes and hybrid systems that incorporate stimuli-responsive elements for targeted and controlled release. Advancements in bioconjugation techniques, active targeting strategies and nanotechnology-enabled delivery platforms are evaluated for their contribution to enhancing siRNA delivery. It also addresses the complex interplay between delivery system design and biological barriers, highlighting the dynamic progress and remaining hurdles in translating siRNA therapies from bench to bedside. By offering a comprehensive overview of current strategies and emerging technologies, we underscore the future directions and potential impact of siRNA delivery systems in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Lovedeep Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Akshita Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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6
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Coorey CP, de Malmanche T, Chou A, Feddersen M. Complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy on a background of Alport syndrome: A case report. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024. [PMID: 38604610 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a case of complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in a patient who has a background of Stage 5 chronic kidney disease secondary to Alport syndrome. We explain our approach to the diagnosis of TMA, especially the reliance on non-renal manifestations of TMA and the role of kidney biopsy given there was a background of advanced kidney impairment at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Peter Coorey
- Renal Unit, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theo de Malmanche
- Immunology, NSW Health Pathology, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Feddersen
- Renal Unit, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
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Ghosh A, Maske P, Patel V, Dubey J, Aniket K, Srivastava R. Theranostic applications of peptide-based nanoformulations for growth factor defective cancers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129151. [PMID: 38181914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Growth factors play a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular growth and division by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Dysregulation of growth factor production or activity can contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in cancer. Peptide-based nanoformulations (PNFs) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for growth factor-deficient cancers. PNFs offer multifaceted capabilities including targeted delivery, imaging modalities, combination therapies, resistance modulation, and personalized medicine approaches. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited specificity, stability, pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, toxicity, and immunogenicity. To address these challenges and optimize PNFs for clinical translation, in-depth investigations are warranted. Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between peptides and nanoparticles, developing robust spectroscopic and computational methodologies, and establishing a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing peptide-nanoparticle interactions. Bridging these knowledge gaps will propel the translation of peptide-nanoparticle therapies from bench to bedside. While a few peptide-nanoparticle drugs have obtained FDA approval for cancer treatment, the integration of nanostructured platforms with peptide-based medications holds tremendous potential to expedite the implementation of innovative anticancer interventions. Therefore, growth factor-deficient cancers present both challenges and opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions, with peptide-based nanoformulations positioned as a promising avenue. Nonetheless, concerted research and development endeavors are essential to optimize the specificity, stability, and safety profiles of PNFs, thereby advancing the field of peptide-based nanotherapeutics in the realm of oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Priyanka Maske
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Patel
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Dubey
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Kundu Aniket
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Moazzam M, Zhang M, Hussain A, Yu X, Huang J, Huang Y. The landscape of nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery and therapeutic development. Mol Ther 2024; 32:284-312. [PMID: 38204162 PMCID: PMC10861989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Five small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), namely patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, inclisiran, and vutrisiran. Besides, siRNA delivery to the target site without toxicity is a big challenge for researchers, and naked-siRNA delivery possesses several challenges, including membrane impermeability, enzymatic degradation, mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) entrapment, fast renal excretion, endosomal escape, and off-target effects. The siRNA therapeutics can silence any disease-specific gene, but their intracellular and extracellular barriers limit their clinical applications. For this purpose, several modifications have been employed to siRNA for better transfection efficiency. Still, there is a quest for better delivery systems for siRNA delivery to the target site. In recent years, nanoparticles have shown promising results in siRNA delivery with minimum toxicity and off-target effects. Patisiran is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based siRNA formulation for treating hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis that ultimately warrants the use of nanoparticles from different classes, especially lipid-based nanoparticles. These nanoparticles may belong to different categories, including lipid-based, polymer-based, and inorganic nanoparticles. This review briefly discusses the lipid, polymer, and inorganic nanoparticles and their sub-types for siRNA delivery. Finally, several clinical trials related to siRNA therapeutics are addressed, followed by the future prospects and conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moazzam
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaotong Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Rigerna Therapeutics Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215127, China.
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Vuong HL, Lan CT, Le HTT. The development and technologies of RNA therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 203:13-39. [PMID: 38359995 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Since it was discovered for over 20 years ago, the potentiality of siRNAs in gene silencing in vitro and in vivo models has been recognized. Several studies in the new generation, molecular mechanisms, target attachment, and purification of RNA have supported the development of RNA therapeutics for a variety of applications. RNA therapeutics are growing rapidly with various platforms contributing to the standard of personalized medicine and rare disease treatment. Therefore, understanding the development and technologies of RNA therapeutics becomes a crucial point for new drug generation. Here, the primary purpose of this review is to provide a general view of six therapeutic categories that make up RNA-based therapeutic approaches, including RNA-target therapeutics, protein-targeted therapeutics, cellular reprogramming and tissues engineering, RNA-based protein replacement therapeutics, RNA-based genome editing, and RNA-based immunotherapies based on non-coding RNAs and coding RNA. Furthermore, we present an overview of the RNA strategies regarding viral approaches and nonviral approaches in designing a new generation of RNA technologies. The advantages and challenges of using RNA therapeutics are also discussed along with various approaches for RNA delivery. Therefore, this review is designed to provide updated reference evidence of RNA therapeutics in the battle against rare or difficult-to-treat diseases for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Lan Vuong
- Pharmacy Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chu Thanh Lan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunghyang University, South Korea
| | - Hien Thi Thu Le
- Intestinal Signaling and Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Zamanian MY, Golmohammadi M, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Alameri AA, Al-Hassan M, Alshahrani SH, Hasan MS, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Qasim QA, Heidari M, Verma A. Targeting autophagy with tamoxifen in breast cancer: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1092-1108. [PMID: 37402635 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) is often recommended as a first-line treatment for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (BC). However, TAM resistance continues to be a medical challenge for BC with hormone receptor positivity. The function of macro-autophagy and autophagy has recently been identified to be altered in BC, which suggests a potential mechanism for TAM resistance. Autophagy is a cellular stress-induced response to preserve cellular homeostasis. Also, therapy-induced autophagy, which is typically cytoprotective and activated in tumor cells, could sometimes be non-protective, cytostatic, or cytotoxic depending on how it is regulated. OBJECTIVE This review explored the literature on the connections between hormonal therapies and autophagy. We investigated how autophagy could develop drug resistance in BC cells. METHODS Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study. RESULTS The results demonstrated that protein kinases such as pAMPK, BAX, and p-p70S6K could be a sign of autophagy in developing TAM resistance. According to the study's findings, autophagy plays an important role in BC patients' TAM resistance. CONCLUSION Therefore, by overcoming endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors, autophagy inhibition may improve the therapeutic efficacy of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Golmohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ameer A Alameri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | | | - Mohammed Sami Hasan
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Research Group in Educational Statistics, National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Mahsa Heidari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagari, India
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Qian J, Guo Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Chen J, Wu X. Combination of micelles and liposomes as a promising drug delivery system: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2767-2789. [PMID: 37278964 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among various nanocarriers, liposomes, and micelles are relatively mature drug delivery systems with the advantages of prolonging drug half-life, reducing toxicity, and improving efficacy. However, both have problems, such as poor stability and insufficient targeting. To further exploit the excellent properties of micelles and liposomes and avoid their shortcomings, researchers have developed new drug delivery systems by combining the two and making use of their respective advantages to achieve the goals of increasing the drug loading capacity, multiple targeting, and multiple drug delivery. The results have demonstrated that this new combination approach is a very promising delivery platform. In this paper, we review the combination strategies, preparation methods, and applications of micelles and liposomes to introduce the research progress, advantages, and challenges of composite carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yankun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Organization Department, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
- Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Isazadeh H, Oruji F, Shabani S, Behroozi J, Nasiri H, Isazadeh A, Akbari M. Advances in siRNA delivery approaches in cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9529-9543. [PMID: 37741808 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the clinical applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cancer therapy have opened up new possibilities for precision medicine. siRNAs, as powerful genetic tools, have shown potential in targeting and suppressing the expression of specific genes associated with cancer progression. Their effectiveness has been further enhanced by incorporating them into nanoparticles, which protect siRNAs from degradation and enable targeted delivery. However, despite these promising developments, several challenges persist in the clinical translation of siRNA-based cancer therapy. This comprehensive review explores the progress and challenges associated with the clinical applications of siRNA in cancer therapy. This review highlights the use of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for optimizing siRNA efficacy in various types of carcinomas and the potential of siRNA-based therapy as a genetic approach to overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including severe drug toxicities and organ damage. Moreover, it emphasizes on the key challenges, including off-target effects, enzymatic degradation of siRNAs in serum, low tumor localization, stability issues, and rapid clearance from circulation that need to be addressed for successful clinical development of siRNA-based cancer therapy. Despite these challenges, the review identifies significant avenues for advancing siRNA technology from the laboratory to clinical settings. The ongoing progress in siRNA-loaded nanoparticles for cancer treatment demonstrates potential antitumor activities and safety profiles. By understanding the current state of siRNA-based therapy and addressing the existing challenges, we aim to pave the way for translating siRNA technology into effective oncologic clinics as an improved treatment options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farshid Oruji
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shima Shabani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Rafieenia F, Ebrahimi SO, Emadi ES, Taheri F, Reiisi S. Bioengineered chimeric tRNA/pre-miRNAs as prodrugs in cancer therapy. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3387. [PMID: 37608520 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Today, biologic prodrugs have led to targeting specific tumor markers and have increased specificity and selectivity in cancer therapy. Various studies have shown the role of ncRNAs in cancer pathology and tumorigenesis and have suggested that ncRNAs, especially miRNAs, are valuable molecules in understanding cancer biology and therapeutic processes. Most miRNAs-based research and treatment are limited to chemically synthesized miRNAs. Synthetic alterations in these miRNA mimics may affect their folding, safety profile, and even biological activity. However, despite synthetic miRNA mimics produced by automated systems, various carriers could be used to achieve efficient production of bioengineered miRNAs through economical microbial fermentation. These bioengineered miRNAs as biological prodrugs could provide a new approach for safe therapeutic methods and drug production. In this regard, bioengineered chimeric miRNAs could be selectively processed to mature miRNAs in different types of cancer cells by targeting the desired gene and regulating cancer progression. In this article, we aim to review bioengineered miRNAs and their use in cancer therapy, as well as offering advances in this area, including the use of chimeric tRNA/pre-miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rafieenia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Omar Ebrahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ensieh Sadat Emadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Forough Taheri
- Department of Genetics, Sharekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sharekord
| | - Somayeh Reiisi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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14
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Zhang B, Li J, Jiang J, Lin X, Sun X, Wang Q. Overcoming delivery barriers for RNA therapeutics in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:147-160. [PMID: 37844708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics can manipulate gene expression or protein production, making them suitable for treating a wide range of diseases. Theoretically, any disease that has a definite biological target would probably find feasible therapeutic approach from RNA-based therapeutics. Numerous clinical trials using RNA therapeutics fighting against cancer, infectious diseases or inherited diseases have been reported and achieved desirable therapeutic efficacy. So far, encouraging findings from various animal experimental studies have also confirmed the great potential of RNA-based therapies in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis (RA). However, the in vivo multiple physiological barriers still seriously compromise the therapeutic efficacy of RNA drugs. Thus, safe and effective delivery strategies for RNA therapeutics are quite essential for their further and wide application in RA therapy. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress achieved using RNA-based therapeutics and focus on delivery strategies that can overcome the in vivo delivery barriers in RA treatment. Furthermore, discussion about the existing problems in current RNA delivery systems for RA therapy has been also included here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Patent Examination Cooperation Sichuan Center of the Patent office, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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15
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Mondin A, Bertazza L, Barollo S, Pedron MC, Manso J, Piva I, Basso D, Merante Boschin I, Iacobone M, Pezzani R, Mian C, Censi S. Validation of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and possible therapeutic targets in medullary thyroid cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1151583. [PMID: 37361540 PMCID: PMC10285659 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that produces a hormone called calcitonin (CT). Thyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for MTC, as chemotherapy has been shown to have limited effectiveness. Targeted therapy approaches are currently being used for patients with advanced, metastatic MTC. Several studies have identified microRNAs, including miR-21, as playing a role in the development of MTC. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene that is an important target of miR-21. Our previous research has shown that high levels of miR-21 are associated with low PDCD4 nuclear scores and high CT levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of this pathway as a novel therapeutic target for MTC. Methods We used a specific process to silence miR-21 in two human MTC cell lines. We studied the effect of this anti-miRNA process alone and in combination with cabozantinib and vandetanib, two drugs used in targeted therapy for MTC. We analyzed the effect of miR-21 silencing on cell viability, PDCD4 and CT expression, phosphorylation pathways, cell migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Results Silencing miR-21 alone resulted in a reduction of cell viability and an increase in PDCD4 levels at both mRNA and protein levels. It also led to a reduction in CT expression at both mRNA and secretion levels. When combined with cabozantinib and vandetanib, miR-21 silencing did not affect cell cycle or migration but was able to enhance apoptosis. Conclusion Silencing miR-21, although not showing synergistic activity with TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), represents a potential alternative worth exploring as a therapeutic target for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mondin
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Loris Bertazza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Susi Barollo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pedron
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jacopo Manso
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piva
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Merante Boschin
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Mian
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Censi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Orro A, Trombetti GA. High-Accuracy ncRNA Function Prediction via Deep Learning Using Global and Local Sequence Information. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1631. [PMID: 37371726 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prediction of the biological function of non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) is an important step towards understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying many diseases. Since non-coding RNAs are present in great abundance in human cells and are functionally diverse, developing functional prediction tools is necessary. With recent advances in non-coding RNA biology and the availability of complete genome sequences for a large number of species, we now have a window of opportunity for studying non-coding RNA biology. However, the computational methods used to predict the non-coding RNA functions are mostly either scarcely accurate, when based on sequence information alone, or prohibitively expensive in terms of computational burden when a secondary structure prediction is needed. We propose a novel computational method to predict the biological function of non-coding RNA genes that is based on a collection of deep network architectures utilizing solely ncRNA sequence information and which does not rely on or require expensive secondary ncRNA structure information. The approach presented in this work exhibits comparable or superior accuracy to methods that employ both sequence and structural features, at a much lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Orro
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Gabriele A Trombetti
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, Italy
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17
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You J, Liu M, Li M, Zhai S, Quni S, Zhang L, Liu X, Jia K, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. The Role of HIF-1α in Bone Regeneration: A New Direction and Challenge in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098029. [PMID: 37175732 PMCID: PMC10179302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of repairing significant bone defects requires the recruitment of a considerable number of cells for osteogenesis-related activities, which implies the consumption of a substantial amount of oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, the limited supply of nutrients and oxygen at the defect site is a vital constraint that affects the regenerative effect, which is closely related to the degree of a well-established vascular network. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), which is an essential transcription factor activated in hypoxic environments, plays a vital role in vascular network construction. HIF-1α, which plays a central role in regulating cartilage and bone formation, induces vascular invasion and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells to promote and maintain extracellular matrix production by mediating the adaptive response of cells to changes in oxygen levels. However, the application of HIF-1α in bone tissue engineering is still controversial. As such, clarifying the function of HIF-1α in regulating the bone regeneration process is one of the urgent issues that need to be addressed. This review provides insight into the mechanisms of HIF-1α action in bone regeneration and related recent advances. It also describes current strategies for applying hypoxia induction and hypoxia mimicry in bone tissue engineering, providing theoretical support for the use of HIF-1α in establishing a novel and feasible bone repair strategy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian You
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Manxuan Liu
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shaobo Zhai
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Sezhen Quni
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kewen Jia
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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18
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Genome editing in cancer: Challenges and potential opportunities. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:394-402. [PMID: 36185740 PMCID: PMC9483578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since its mechanism was discovered back in 2012, the CRISPR/Cas9 system have revolutionized the field of genome editing. While at first it was seen as a therapeutic tool mostly relevant for curing genetic diseases, it has been recently shown to also hold the potential to become a clinically relevant therapy for cancer. However, there are multiple challenges that must be addressed prior to clinical testing. Predominantly, the safety of the system when used for in-vivo therapies, including off-target activity and the effects of the double strand break induction on genomic stability. Here, we will focus on the inherent challenges in the CRISPR/Cas9 system and discuss various opportunities to overcoming these challenges. In recent years, several works have shown that knocking down key genes by CRISPR/Cas9 based could potentially be a new type of cancer therapy. This has been made possible due to advances in the fields of In-vivo delivery, such as lentiviral vectors and lipid nanoparticles. Limiting CRISPR/Cas9 activity to the tumor and minimizing off-target activity are challenges that must be overcome before proceeding to the clinic. We review approaches arising from multiple disciplines that could overcome these challenges. The combination of these multi-disciplinary approaches should be able to overcome the different challenges and open the way to the clinic.
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19
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Tsuji Y. Optimization of Biotinylated RNA or DNA Pull-Down Assays for Detection of Binding Proteins: Examples of IRP1, IRP2, HuR, AUF1, and Nrf2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3604. [PMID: 36835018 PMCID: PMC9965622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of RNA- and DNA-binding proteins to a defined regulatory sequence, such as an AU-rich RNA and a DNA enhancer element, is important for understanding gene regulation through their interactions. For in vitro binding studies, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was widely used in the past. In line with the trend toward using non-radioactive materials in various bioassays, end-labeled biotinylated RNA and DNA oligonucleotides can be more practical probes to study protein-RNA and protein-DNA interactions; thereby, the binding complexes can be pulled down with streptavidin-conjugated resins and identified by Western blotting. However, setting up RNA and DNA pull-down assays with biotinylated probes in optimum protein binding conditions remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the step-by step optimization of pull-down for IRP (iron-responsive-element-binding protein) with a 5'-biotinylated stem-loop IRE (iron-responsive element) RNA, HuR, and AUF1 with an AU-rich RNA element and Nrf2 binding to an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) enhancer in the human ferritin H gene. This study was designed to address key technical questions in RNA and DNA pull-down assays: (1) how much RNA and DNA probes we should use; (2) what binding buffer and cell lysis buffer we can use; (3) how to verify the specific interaction; (4) what streptavidin resin (agarose or magnetic beads) works; and (5) what Western blotting results we can expect from varying to optimum conditions. We anticipate that our optimized pull-down conditions can be applicable to other RNA- and DNA-binding proteins along with emerging non-coding small RNA-binding proteins for their in vitro characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsuji
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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20
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Iacomino G. miRNAs: The Road from Bench to Bedside. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020314. [PMID: 36833241 PMCID: PMC9957002 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. It has been recognised that miRNA dysregulation reflects the state and function of cells and tissues, contributing to their dysfunction. The identification of hundreds of extracellular miRNAs in biological fluids has underscored their potential in the field of biomarker research. In addition, the therapeutic potential of miRNAs is receiving increasing attention in numerous conditions. On the other hand, many operative problems including stability, delivery systems, and bioavailability, still need to be solved. In this dynamic field, biopharmaceutical companies are increasingly engaged, and ongoing clinical trials point to anti-miR and miR-mimic molecules as an innovative class of molecules for upcoming therapeutic applications. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on several pending issues and new opportunities offered by miRNAs in the treatment of diseases and as early diagnostic tools in next-generation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iacomino
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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21
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Traber GM, Yu AM. RNAi-Based Therapeutics and Novel RNA Bioengineering Technologies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:133-154. [PMID: 35680378 PMCID: PMC9827509 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides researchers with a versatile means to modulate target gene expression. The major forms of RNAi molecules, genome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), converge into RNA-induced silencing complexes to achieve posttranscriptional gene regulation. RNAi has proven to be an adaptable and powerful therapeutic strategy where advancements in chemistry and pharmaceutics continue to bring RNAi-based drugs into the clinic. With four siRNA medications already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), several RNAi-based therapeutics continue to advance to clinical trials with functions that closely resemble their endogenous counterparts. Although intended to enhance stability and improve efficacy, chemical modifications may increase risk of off-target effects by altering RNA structure, folding, and biologic activity away from their natural equivalents. Novel technologies in development today seek to use intact cells to yield true biologic RNAi agents that better represent the structures, stabilities, activities, and safety profiles of natural RNA molecules. In this review, we provide an examination of the mechanisms of action of endogenous miRNAs and exogenous siRNAs, the physiologic and pharmacokinetic barriers to therapeutic RNA delivery, and a summary of the chemical modifications and delivery platforms in use. We overview the pharmacology of the four FDA-approved siRNA medications (patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, and inclisiran) as well as five siRNAs and several miRNA-based therapeutics currently in clinical trials. Furthermore, we discuss the direct expression and stable carrier-based, in vivo production of novel biologic RNAi agents for research and development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In our review, we summarize the major concepts of RNA interference (RNAi), molecular mechanisms, and current state and challenges of RNAi drug development. We focus our discussion on the pharmacology of US Food and Drug Administration-approved RNAi medications and those siRNAs and miRNA-based therapeutics that entered the clinical investigations. Novel approaches to producing new true biological RNAi molecules for research and development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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22
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Visintin R, Ray SK. Intersections of Ubiquitin-Proteosome System and Autophagy in Promoting Growth of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244063. [PMID: 36552827 PMCID: PMC9776575 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor notorious for its propensity to recur after the standard treatments of surgical resection, ionizing radiation (IR), and temozolomide (TMZ). Combined with the acquired resistance to standard treatments and recurrence, GBM is an especially deadly malignancy with hardly any worthwhile treatment options. The treatment resistance of GBM is influenced, in large part, by the contributions from two main degradative pathways in eukaryotic cells: ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. These two systems influence GBM cell survival by removing and recycling cellular components that have been damaged by treatments, as well as by modulating metabolism and selective degradation of components of cell survival or cell death pathways. There has recently been a large amount of interest in potential cancer therapies involving modulation of UPS or autophagy pathways. There is significant crosstalk between the two systems that pose therapeutic challenges, including utilization of ubiquitin signaling, the degradation of components of one system by the other, and compensatory activation of autophagy in the case of proteasome inhibition for GBM cell survival and proliferation. There are several important regulatory nodes which have functions affecting both systems. There are various molecular components at the intersections of UPS and autophagy pathways that pose challenges but also show some new therapeutic opportunities for GBM. This review article aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements in research regarding the intersections of UPS and autophagy with relevance to finding novel GBM treatment opportunities, especially for combating GBM treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhett Visintin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-803-216-3420; Fax: +1-803-216-3428
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23
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de la Torre C, Játiva P, Posadas I, Manzanares D, Blanco JLJ, Mellet CO, Fernández JMG, Ceña V. A β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanoparticle with Very High Transfection Efficiency Unveils siRNA-Activated TLR3 Responses in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2424. [PMID: 36365241 PMCID: PMC9692777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mimic interference RNAs (RNAi) and can bind target mRNAs with a high degree of specificity, leading to selective knockdown of the proteins they encode. However, siRNAs are very labile and must be both protected and transported by nanoparticles to be efficiently delivered into cells. In this work, we used a Janus-type polycationic amphiphilic β-cyclodextrin derivative to efficiently transfect siRNAs targeting mRNAs encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42-MAPK) or Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) into different cancer cell lines as well as astrocytes. We took advantage of this high transfection efficiency to simultaneously knock down p42-MAPK and Rheb to boost docetaxel (DTX)-mediated toxicity in two human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC3). We found that double knockdown of p42-MAPK and Rheb increased DTX-toxicity in LNCaP but not in PC3 cells. However, we also observed the same effect when scramble siRNA was used, therefore pointing to an off-target effect. Indeed, we found that the siRNA we used in this work induced toll-like receptor 3 activation, leading to β-interferon production and caspase activation. We believe that this mechanism could be very useful as a general strategy to elicit an immune response against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de la Torre
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Játiva
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Darío Manzanares
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Jiménez Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Savan NA, Saavedra PV, Halim A, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Wang P, Yoo B, Kiupel M, Sempere L, Medarova Z, Moore A. Case report: MicroRNA-10b as a therapeutic target in feline metastatic mammary carcinoma and its implications for human clinical trials. Front Oncol 2022; 12:959630. [PMID: 36387245 PMCID: PMC9643803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.959630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of deaths from cancer are caused by metastasis. miRNAs are critical players in biological processes such as proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and self-renewal. We and others have previously demonstrated that miRNA-10b promotes metastatic cell migration and invasion. Importantly, we also showed that miR-10b is a critical driver of metastatic cell viability and proliferation. To treat established metastases by inhibiting miR-10b, we utilized a therapeutic, termed MN-anti-miR10b, composed of anti-miR-10b antagomirs, conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles, that serve as delivery vehicles to tumor cells in vivo and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter. In our previous studies using murine models of metastatic breast cancer, we demonstrated the effectiveness of MN-anti-miR10b in preventing and eliminating existing metastases. With an outlook toward clinical translation of our therapeutic, here we report studies in large animals (companion cats) with spontaneous feline mammary carcinoma (FMC). We first investigated the expression and tissue localization of miR-10b in feline tumors and metastases and showed remarkable similarity to these features in humans. Next, in the first case study involving this therapeutic we intravenously dosed an FMC patient with MN-anti-miR10b and demonstrated its delivery to the metastatic lesions using MRI. We also showed the initial safety profile of the therapeutic and demonstrated significant change in miR-10b expression and its target HOXD10 after dosing. Our results provide support for using companion animals for further MN-anti-miR10b development as a therapy and serve as a guide for future clinical trials in human patients.
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Combined Treatment of Bronchial Epithelial Calu-3 Cells with Peptide Nucleic Acids Targeting miR-145-5p and miR-101-3p: Synergistic Enhancement of the Expression of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ( CFTR) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169348. [PMID: 36012615 PMCID: PMC9409490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encodes for a chloride channel defective in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Accordingly, upregulation of its expression might be relevant for the development of therapeutic protocols for CF. MicroRNAs are deeply involved in the CFTR regulation and their targeting with miRNA inhibitors (including those based on Peptide Nucleic Acids, PNAs)is associated with CFTR upregulation. Targeting of miR-145-5p, miR-101-3p, and miR-335-5p with antisense PNAs was found to be associated with CFTR upregulation. The main objective of this study was to verify whether combined treatments with the most active PNAs are associated with increased CFTR gene expression. The data obtained demonstrate that synergism of upregulation of CFTR production can be obtained by combined treatments of Calu-3 cells with antisense PNAs targeting CFTR-regulating microRNAs. In particular, highly effective combinations were found with PNAs targeting miR-145-5p and miR-101-3p. Content of mRNAs was analyzed by RT-qPCR, the CFTR production by Western blotting. Combined treatment with antagomiRNAs might lead to maximized upregulation of CFTR and should be considered in the development of protocols for CFTR activation in pathological conditions in which CFTR gene expression is lacking, such as Cystic Fibrosis.
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Viral Encoded miRNAs in Tumorigenesis: Theranostic Opportunities in Precision Oncology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071448. [PMID: 35889167 PMCID: PMC9321719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15% of all human cancers have a viral etiology. Although progress has been made, understanding the viral oncogenesis and associated molecular mechanisms remain complex. The discovery of cellular miRNAs has led to major breakthroughs. Interestingly, viruses have also been discovered to encode their own miRNAs. These viral, small, non-coding miRNAs are also known as viral-miRNAs (v-miRNAs). Although the function of v-miRNAs largely remains to be elucidated, their role in tumorigenesis cannot be ignored. V-miRNAs have also been shown to exploit the cellular machinery to benefit viral replication and survival. Although the discovery of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and its viral miRNAs, is a work in progress, the existence of HPV-, EBV-, HBV-, MCPyV- and KSHV-encoded miRNA has been documented. V-miRNAs have been shown to target host factors to advance tumorigenesis, evade and suppress the immune system, and deregulate both the cell cycle and the apoptotic machinery. Although the exact mechanisms of v-miRNAs-induced tumorigenesis are still unclear, v-miRNAs are active role-players in tumorigenesis, viral latency and cell transformation. Furthermore, v-miRNAs can function as posttranscriptional gene regulators of both viral and host genes. Thus, it has been proposed that v-miRNAs may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancers with a viral etiology. Although significant challenges exist in their clinical application, emerging reports demonstrate their potent role in precision medicine. This review will focus on the roles of HPV-, HCV-, EBV-, HBV-, MCPyV-, and KSHV-produced v-miRNAs in tumorigenesis, as effectors in immune evasion, as diagnostic biomarkers and as novel anti-cancer therapeutic targets. Finally, it will discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with v-miRNAs theranostics in precision oncology.
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Zhao M, Qi Q, Liu S, Huang R, Shen J, Zhu Y, Chai J, Zheng H, Wu H, Liu H. MicroRNA-34a: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895242. [PMID: 35795649 PMCID: PMC9250967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can occur in many organs, and severe cases leading to organ failure and death. No specific treatment for fibrosis so far. In recent years, microRNA-34a (miR-34a) has been found to play a role in fibrotic diseases. MiR-34a is involved in the apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence, also regulates TGF-β1/Smad signal pathway, and negatively regulates the expression of multiple target genes to affect the deposition of extracellular matrix and regulate the process of fibrosis. Some studies have explored the efficacy of miR-34a-targeted therapies for fibrotic diseases. Therefore, miR-34a has specific potential for the treatment of fibrosis. This article reviews the important roles of miR-34a in fibrosis and provides the possibility for miR-34a as a novel therapeutic target in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Handan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huangan Wu, ; Huirong Liu,
| | - Huirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huangan Wu, ; Huirong Liu,
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Ahmed EA, Rajendran P, Scherthan H. The microRNA-202 as a Diagnostic Biomarker and a Potential Tumor Suppressor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115870. [PMID: 35682549 PMCID: PMC9180238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-202 (miR-202) is a member of the highly conserved let-7 family that was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans and recently reported to be involved in cell differentiation and tumor biology. In humans, miR-202 was initially identified in the testis where it was suggested to play a role in spermatogenesis. Subsequent research showed that miR-202 is one of the micro-RNAs that are dysregulated in different types of cancer. During the last decade, a large number of investigations has fortified a role for miR-202 in cancer. However, its functions can be double-edged, depending on context they may be tumor suppressive or oncogenic. In this review, we highlight miR-202 as a potential diagnostic biomarker and as a suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis in several types of tumors. We link miR-202 expression levels in tumor types to its involved upstream and downstream signaling molecules and highlight its potential roles in carcinogenesis. Three well-known upstream long non-coding-RNAs (lncRNAs); MALAT1, NORAD, and NEAT1 target miR-202 and inhibit its tumor suppressive function thus fueling cancer progression. Studies on the downstream targets of miR-202 revealed PTEN, AKT, and various oncogenes such as metadherin (MTDH), MYCN, Forkhead box protein R2 (FOXR2) and Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS). Interestingly, an upregulated level of miR-202 was shown by most of the studies that estimated its expression level in blood or serum of cancer patients, especially in breast cancer. Reduced expression levels of miR-202 in tumor tissues were found to be associated with progression of different types of cancer. It seems likely that miR-202 is embedded in a complex regulatory network related to the nature and the sensitivity of the tumor type and therapeutic (pre)treatments. Its variable roles in tumorigenesis are mediated in part thought its oncogene effectors. However, the currently available data suggest that the involved signaling pathways determine the anti- or pro-tumorigenic outcomes of miR-202’s dysregulation and its value as a diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Ahmed
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-6568331887
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany;
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