1
|
Pham TN, Coupey J, Thariat J, Valable S. Lymphocyte radiosensitivity: An extension to the linear-quadratic model? Radiother Oncol 2024; 198:110406. [PMID: 38925262 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The linear-quadratic (LQ) model has been pivotal for evaluating the effects of radiation on cells, but it is primarily characterized by linear responses, which has exhibited limitations when applied to lymphocyte data. The present research aims to address these limitations and to explore an alternative model extended from the conventional LQ model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature providing lymphocyte counts from assays investigating apoptosis and survival after in vitro irradiation was selected. To address the nonlinearity in lymphocyte responses to radiation, we developed a saturation model characterized by a negative exponential relationship between radiation dose and cellular response. We compared the performance of this saturation model against that of conventional models, including the LQ model and its variants (linear model LM and linear-quadratic-cubic model LQC), as well as the repair-misrepair (RMR) model. The models were evaluated based on prediction-residual plots, residual standard errors, and the Akaike information criterion (AIC). We applied the saturation model to two additional datasets: (1) a dataset from the existing literature that assessed stimulated and unstimulated human lymphocytes exposed to gamma irradiation in vitro and (2) a novel dataset involving T lymphocytes from rodent spleens after exposure to various radiation types (X-rays and protons). RESULTS The literature (n = 15 out of 2342) showed that lymphocyte apoptosis varies with dose, time and experimental conditions. The saturation model had a lower AIC of 718 compared to the LM, LQ, LQC and RMR models (AIC of 728, 720, 720 and 734, respectively). The saturation model had a lower residual error and more consistent error distribution. Integrating time as a covariate, the saturation model also had a better AIC for demonstrating time-dependent variations in lymphocyte responses after irradiation. For datasets involving unstimulated lymphocytes before irradiation, the saturation model provided a more accurate fit than did the LM, LQ, and RMR models. In these cases, the fit of the saturation model was comparable to that of the LQC model but offered an advantage when extrapolating to higher doses, where the LQC model might underestimate survival. For stimulated lymphocytes, which are radioresistant, all the models approximated the LM. Both the LQ and saturation models indicated greater radiosensitivity to protons in vitro. CONCLUSION The new "saturation model" performed better than the LQ model in quantifying lymphocyte apoptosis and survival, estimating time dependency and assessing the role of radiation modalities or lymphocyte stimulation. Further experiments are warranted to experimentally explore the validity of the saturation model as a promising alternative in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Nguyen Pham
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT UMR6030, GIP CYCERON, F-14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, France - Normandie Université, France
| | - Julie Coupey
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT UMR6030, GIP CYCERON, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, France - Normandie Université, France; Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, Normandy, France.
| | - Samuel Valable
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT UMR6030, GIP CYCERON, F-14000 Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang W, Sun J, Zhao J, Cheng J, Jiang G, Wang Z. Up modulation of dose-averaged linear energy transfer by simultaneous integrated boost in carbon-ion radiotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024; 25:e14279. [PMID: 38259194 PMCID: PMC11163503 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local recurrence in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) after carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) may partly attribute to low dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETd), despite high CIRT dose. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the approaches to up-modulate the CIRT LETd and to evaluate the corresponding oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) reduction. METHODS 10 LAPCs that had been irradiated by CIRT with 67.5 Gy (RBE) in 15 fractions were selected. Their original plans were taken as the control plan for the LETd and OER investigations. Our considerations for up-modulating LETd were: (1) to deliver high doses to gross tumor volume core (GTVcore), while keeping dose constraints of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in tolerance; (2) to put more Bragg-peak (BP) within the modulated targets; (3) to increase the BP density, high doses were necessary; (4) CIRT LETd could be effectively increased to small volumes; and (5) simultaneous integrated boost technique (SIB) could achieve the aforementioned tasks. The LETd and the corresponding OER distributions of each type of SIB plan were evaluated. RESULTS We delivered up to 100 Gy (RBE) to GTVcore using SIB. The mean LETd of GTV increased significantly by 21.3% from 47.8 to 58.0 keV/μm (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mean OER of GTVcore decreased by 6.6%, from 1.51 to 1.41 (p < 0.05). The GI LETdS in all modulated plans were not more than those in the original plans. CONCLUSIONS SIB could effectively increase CIRT LETd to LAPC, thus producing reduced OER, which may effectively overcome the radioresistance of LAPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Medical PhysicsShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
- Institute of Modern PhysicsApplied Ion Beam Physics LaboratoryFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiayao Sun
- Department of Medical PhysicsShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
| | - Jingfang Zhao
- Department of Medical PhysicsShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
- Department of Radiation OncologyFudan University Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Nuclear MedicineShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
| | - Guo‐Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiation OncologyShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyShanghai Proton and Heavy Ion CenterFudan University Cancer HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation TherapyShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernardo T, Kuntze A, Klein D, Heinzelmann F, Timmermann B, von Neubeck C. Endothelial Cell Response to Combined Photon or Proton Irradiation with Doxorubicin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12833. [PMID: 37629014 PMCID: PMC10454477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are essential treatment modalities to target cancer cells, but they frequently cause damage to the normal tissue, potentially leading to side effects. As proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) can precisely spare normal tissue, this therapeutic option is of increasing importance regarding (neo-)adjuvant and definitive anti-cancer therapies. Akin to photon-based radiotherapy, PBT is often combined with systemic treatment, such as doxorubicin (Dox). This study compares the cellular response of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) following irradiation with photons (X) or protons (H) alone and also in combination with different sequences of Dox. The cellular survival, cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, viability, morphology, and migration were all investigated. Dox monotreatment had minor effects on all endpoints. Both radiation qualities alone and in combination with longer Dox schedules significantly reduced clonogenic survival and proliferation, increased the apoptotic cell fraction, induced a longer G2/M cell cycle arrest, and altered the cell morphology towards endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EndoMT) processes. Radiation quality effects were seen for metabolic viability, proliferation, and motility of HMEC-1 cells. Additive effects were found for longer Dox schedules. Overall, similar effects were found for H/H-Dox and X/X-Dox. Significant alterations between the radiation qualities indicate different but not worse endothelial cell damage by H/H-Dox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bernardo
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Anna Kuntze
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Feline Heinzelmann
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), 45147 Essen, Germany;
- West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.B.); (B.T.)
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), 45147 Essen, Germany;
- West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.B.); (B.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yagi M, Tsubouchi T, Hamatani N, Takashina M, Saruwatari N, Minami K, Wakisaka Y, Fujitaka S, Hirayama S, Nihongi H, Hasegawa A, Koizumi M, Shimizu S, Ogawa K, Kanai T. Validation of robust radiobiological optimization algorithms based on the mixed beam model for intensity-modulated carbon-ion therapy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288545. [PMID: 37506069 PMCID: PMC10381094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, treatment planning systems (TPSs) that can compute the intensities of intensity-modulated carbon-ion therapy (IMCT) using scanned carbon-ion beams are limited. In the present study, the computational efficacy of the newly designed IMCT algorithms was analyzed for the first time based on the mixed beam model with respect to the physical and biological doses; moreover, the validity and effectiveness of the robust radiobiological optimization were verified. A dose calculation engine was independently generated to validate a clinical dose determined in the TPS. A biological assay was performed using the HSGc-C5 cell line to validate the calculated surviving fraction (SF). Both spot control (SC) and voxel-wise worst-case scenario (WC) algorithms were employed for robust radiobiological optimization followed by their application in a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group benchmark phantom under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions and a clinical case for range and position errors. Importantly, for the first time, both SC and WC algorithms were implemented in the integrated TPS platform that can compute the intensities of IMCT using scanned carbon-ion beams for robust radiobiological optimization. For assessing the robustness, the difference between the maximum and minimum values of a dose-volume histogram index in the examined error scenarios was considered as a robustness index. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) determined by the independent dose calculation engine exhibited a -0.6% difference compared with the RBE defined by the TPS at the isocenter, whereas the measured and the calculated SF were similar. Regardless of the objects, compared with the conventional IMCT, the robust radiobiological optimization enhanced the sensitivity of the examined error scenarios by up to 19% for the robustness index. The computational efficacy of the novel IMCT algorithms was verified according to the mixed beam model with respect to the physical and biological doses. The robust radiobiological optimizations lowered the impact of range and position uncertainties considerably in the examined scenarios. The robustness of the WC algorithm was more enhanced compared with that of the SC algorithm. Nevertheless, the SC algorithm can be used as an alternative to the WC IMCT algorithm with respect to the computational cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yagi
- Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Medical Physics, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiro Tsubouchi
- Department of Medical Physics, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hamatani
- Department of Medical Physics, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takashina
- Department of Medical Physics, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Saruwatari
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Minami
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yushi Wakisaka
- Department of Radiation Technology, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shusuke Hirayama
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nihongi
- Hitachi, Ltd., Healthcare Innovation Division/Healthcare Business Division, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Azusa Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koizumi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Shimizu
- Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Kanai
- Department of Medical Physics, Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bernardo T, Behrends C, Klein D, Kuntze A, Timmermann B, von Neubeck C. Similar additive effects of doxorubicin in combination with photon or proton irradiation in soft tissue sarcoma models. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1211984. [PMID: 37503316 PMCID: PMC10368985 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1211984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-precision radiotherapy with proton beams is frequently used in the management of aggressive soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and is often combined with doxorubicin (Dox), the first-line chemotherapy for STS. However, current treatment approaches continue to result in high local recurrence rates often occurring within the treatment field. This strongly indicates the need of optimized treatment protocols taking the vast heterogeneity of STS into account, thereby fostering personalized treatment approaches. Here, we used preclinical STS models to investigate the radiation response following photon (X) or proton (H) irradiation alone and in combination with different treatment schedules of Dox. As preclinical models, fibrosarcoma (HT-1080), undifferentiated pleiomorphic sarcoma (GCT), and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines were used; the latter two are mutated for TP53. The cellular response regarding clonogenic survival, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution, proliferation, viability, morphology, and motility was investigated. The different STS cell types revealed a dose-dependent radiation response with reduced survival, proliferation, viability, and motility whereas G2/M phase arrest as well as apoptosis were induced. RD cells showed the most radiosensitive phenotype; the linear quadratic model fit could not be applied. In combined treatment schedules, Dox showed the highest efficiency when applied after or before and after radiation; Dox treatment only before radiation was less efficient. GCT cells were the most chemoresistant cell line in this study most probably due to their TP53 mutation status. Interestingly, similar additive effects could be observed for X or H irradiation in combination with Dox treatment. However, the additive effects were determined more frequently for X than for H irradiation. Thus, further investigations are needed to specify alternative drug therapies that display superior efficacy when combined with H therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bernardo
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carina Behrends
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Kuntze
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wakisaka Y, Minami K, Okada N, Tsubouchi T, Hamatani N, Yagi M, Takashina M, Kanai T. Treatment planning of carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer based on cellular experiments with PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Phys Med 2023; 107:102537. [PMID: 36780791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Treatment plans for carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in Japan are designed to uniformly deliver the prescribed clinical dose based on the radiosensitivity of human salivary gland (HSG) cells to the planning target volume (PTV). However, sensitivity to carbon beams varies between cell lines, that is, it should be checked that the clinical dose distribution based on the cell radiosensitivity of the treatment site is uniform within the PTV. [Methods] We modeled the linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of the linear-quadratic (LQ) coefficients specific to prostate cancer, which accounts for the majority of CIRT. This was achieved by irradiating prostate cancer cells (PC3) with X-rays from a 4 MV-Linac and carbon beams with different LETs of 11.1-214.3 keV/μm. By using the radiosensitivity of PC3 cells derived from cellular experiments, we reconstructed prostate-cancer-specific clinical dose distributions on patient computed tomography (CT). [Results] The LQ coefficient, α, of PC3 cells was larger than that of HSG cells at low (<50 keV/μm) LET and smaller at high (>50 keV/μm) LET, which was validated by cellular experiments performed on rectangular SOBPs. The reconstructed dose distribution on patient CT was sloped when 1 fraction incident from the one side of the patient was considered, but remained uniform from the sum of 12 fractions of the left-right opposing beams (as is used in clinical practice). [Conclusion] Our study reveals the inhomogeneity of clinical doses in single-field plans calculated using the PC3 radiosensitivity data. However, this inhomogeneity is compensated by using the combination of left-right opposing beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Wakisaka
- Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Minami
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nao Okada
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masashi Yagi
- Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuaki Kanai
- Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gibb M, He R, Petri-Fink A, Sayes CM. Human lung cell models to study aerosol delivery - considerations for model design and development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106337. [PMID: 36410570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human lung tissue models range from simple monolayer cultures to more advanced three-dimensional co-cultures. Each model system can address the interactions of different types of aerosols and the choice of the model and the mode of aerosol exposure depends on the relevant scenario, such as adverse outcomes and endpoints of interest. This review focuses on the functional, as well as structural, aspects of lung tissue from the upper airway to the distal alveolar compartments as this information is relevant for the design of a model as well as how the aerosol properties determine the interfacial properties with the respiratory wall. The most important aspects on how to design lung models are summarized with a focus on (i) choice of appropriate scaffold, (ii) selection of cell types for healthy and diseased lung models, (iii) use of culture condition and assembly, (iv) aerosol exposure methods, and (v) endpoints and verification process. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew Gibb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Ruiwen He
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
| |
Collapse
|