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Xiang H, Wang X, Xu M, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Li C, Liu L, Deng T, Tang G, Yan C, Ou J, Lin Q, He J, Sun P, Li A, Chen H, Heng PA, Lin X. Deep Learning-assisted Diagnosis of Breast Lesions on US Images: A Multivendor, Multicenter Study. Radiol Artif Intell 2023; 5:e220185. [PMID: 37795135 PMCID: PMC10546363 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.220185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a deep learning (DL) model for breast US across four hospitals and assess its value to readers with different levels of experience. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, a dual attention-based convolutional neural network was built and validated to discriminate malignant tumors from benign tumors by using B-mode and color Doppler US images (n = 45 909, March 2011-August 2018), acquired with 42 types of US machines, of 9895 pathologic analysis-confirmed breast lesions in 8797 patients (27 men and 8770 women; mean age, 47 years ± 12 [SD]). With and without assistance from the DL model, three novice readers with less than 5 years of US experience and two experienced readers with 8 and 18 years of US experience, respectively, interpreted 1024 randomly selected lesions. Differences in the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were tested using the DeLong test. Results The DL model using both B-mode and color Doppler US images demonstrated expert-level performance at the lesion level, with an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.95) for the internal set. In external datasets, the AUCs were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.94) for hospital 1, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.94) for hospital 2, and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98) for hospital 3. DL assistance led to improved AUCs (P < .001) for one experienced and three novice radiologists and improved interobserver agreement. The average false-positive rate was reduced by 7.6% (P = .08). Conclusion The DL model may help radiologists, especially novice readers, improve accuracy and interobserver agreement of breast tumor diagnosis using US.Keywords: Ultrasound, Breast, Diagnosis, Breast Cancer, Deep Learning, Ultrasonography Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Xu
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Shue Zeng
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Chunyan Li
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Lixian Liu
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Tingting Deng
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Guoxue Tang
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Cuiju Yan
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Jinjing Ou
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Qingguang Lin
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Jiehua He
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Peng Sun
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Anhua Li
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Hao Chen
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Pheng-Ann Heng
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
| | - Xi Lin
- From the Departments of Ultrasound (H.X., C.L., L.L., T.D., C.Y., J.O., Q.L., A.L., X.L.) and Pathology (J.H., P.S.), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (X.W.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, Calif (X.W.); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (X.W., P.A.H.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (M.X.); Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Cancer Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (Y.Z.); Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.); Department of Ultrasound and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (G.T.); and Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (H.C.)
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