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Zhou S, Abdihamid O, Tan F, Zhou H, Liu H, Li Z, Xiao S, Li B. KIT mutations and expression: current knowledge and new insights for overcoming IM resistance in GIST. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:153. [PMID: 38414063 PMCID: PMC10898159 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma located in gastrointestinal tract and derived from the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) lineage. Both ICC and GIST cells highly rely on KIT signal pathway. Clinically, about 80-90% of treatment-naive GIST patients harbor primary KIT mutations, and special KIT-targeted TKI, imatinib (IM) showing dramatic efficacy but resistance invariably occur, 90% of them was due to the second resistance mutations emerging within the KIT gene. Although there are multiple variants of KIT mutant which did not show complete uniform biologic characteristics, most of them have high KIT expression level. Notably, the high expression level of KIT gene is not correlated to its gene amplification. Recently, accumulating evidences strongly indicated that the gene coding, epigenetic regulation, and pre- or post- protein translation of KIT mutants in GIST were quite different from that of wild type (WT) KIT. In this review, we elucidate the biologic mechanism of KIT variants and update the underlying mechanism of the expression of KIT gene, which are exclusively regulated in GIST, providing a promising yet evidence-based therapeutic landscape and possible target for the conquer of IM resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishan Zhou
- Division of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Xiangya road 87
| | - Omar Abdihamid
- Garissa Cancer Center, Garissa County Referral Hospital, Kismayu road, Garissa town, P.O BOX, 29-70100, Kenya
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Division of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China, Hunan, Changsha
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Division of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heli Liu
- Division of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China, Hunan, Changsha
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine of Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 410008, MA, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Xiangya road 87#.
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Bellefkih FZ, Benchakroun N, Lalya I, Amaoui B, El Kacemi H, Acharki A, El Hfid M, El Mazghi A, Chekrine T, Bouchbika Z, Jouhadi H, Sahraoui S, Tawfiq N, Michalet M. Radiotherapy in the management of rare gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review. Cancer Radiother 2023; 27:622-637. [PMID: 37500390 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis is to assess radiotherapy's role and technical aspects in an array of rare gastrointestinal (GI) cancers for adult patients. Collection data pertaining to radiotherapy and digestive rare cancers were sourced from Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improved outcomes for patients with esophageal undifferentiated carcinoma compared with esophageal salivary gland types of carcinomas. For rare gastric epithelial carcinoma, perioperative chemotherapy is the common treatment. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy showed no benefice compared with adjuvant chemotherapy for duodenal adenocarcinoma. Small bowel sarcomas respond well to radiotherapy. By analogy to anal squamous cell carcinoma, exclusive chemoradiotherapy provided better outcomes for patients with rectal squamous cell carcinoma. For anal adenocarcinoma, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by radical surgery, was the most effective regimen. For pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, chemoradiotherapy can be a suitable option as postoperative or exclusive for unresectable/borderline disease. The stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a promising approach for hepatobiliary malignancy. Radiotherapy is a valuable option in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) for palliative intent, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) resistant disease, and unresectable or residual disease. Involved field (IF) radiotherapy for digestive lymphoma provides good results, especially for gastric extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT). In conclusion, radiotherapy is not an uncommon indication in this context. A multidisciplinary approach is needed for better management of digestive rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Bellefkih
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - N Benchakroun
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco; Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - I Lalya
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - B Amaoui
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - H El Kacemi
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A Acharki
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M El Hfid
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A El Mazghi
- Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - T Chekrine
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Z Bouchbika
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - H Jouhadi
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - S Sahraoui
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco; Association marocaine d'oncologie-radiothérapie (Aoram), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - N Tawfiq
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M Michalet
- Service d'oncologie-radiothérapie, institut du cancer de Montpellier, Fédération d'oncologie-radiothérapie d'Occitanie Méditerranée (Forom), Montpellier, France
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Toulmonde M, Dinart D, Brahmi M, Verret B, Jean-Denis M, Ducimetière F, Desolneux G, Méeus P, Palussière J, Buy X, Bouhamama A, Gillon P, Dufresne A, Hénon C, Le Loarer F, Karanian M, Ngo C, Mathoulin-Pélissier S, Bellera C, Le Cesne A, Blay JY, Italiano A. Evolution of Patterns of Care and Outcomes in the Real-Life Setting for Patients with Metastatic GIST Treated in Three French Expert Centers over Three Decades. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4306. [PMID: 37686582 PMCID: PMC10487208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal tumors characterized by KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Over three decades, significant changes in drug discovery and loco-regional (LR) procedures have impacted treatment strategies. We assessed the evolution of treatment strategies for metastatic GIST patients treated in the three national coordinating centers of NetSarc, the French network of sarcoma referral centers endorsed by the National Institute of Cancers, from 1990 to 2018. The primary objective was to describe the clinical and biological profiles as well as the treatment modalities of patients with metastatic GIST in a real-life setting, including access to clinical trials and LR procedures in the metastatic setting. Secondary objectives were to assess (1) patients' outcome in terms of time to next treatment (TNT) for each line of systemic treatment, (2) patients' overall survival (OS), (3) evolution of patients' treatment modalities and OS according to treatment access: <2002 (pre-imatinib approval), 2002-2006 (pre-sunitinib approval), 2006-2014 (pre-regorafenib approval), post 2014, and (4) the impact of clinical trials and LR procedures on TNT and OS in the metastatic setting. 1038 patients with a diagnosis of GIST made in one of the three participating centers between 1990 and 2018 were included in the national prospective database. Among them, 492 patients presented metastasis, either synchronous or metachronous. The median number of therapy lines in the metastatic setting was 3 (range 0-15). More than half of the patients (55%) participated in a clinical trial during the course of their metastatic disease and half (51%) underwent additional LR procedures on metastatic sites. The median OS in the metastatic setting was 83.4 months (95%CI [72.7; 97.9]). The median TNT was 26.7 months (95%CI [23.4; 32.3]) in first-line, 10.2 months (95%CI [8.6; 11.8]) in second line, 6.7 months (95%CI [5.3; 8.5]) in third line, and 5.5 months (95%CI [4.3; 6.7]) in fourth line, respectively. There was no statistical difference in OS in the metastatic setting between the four therapeutic periods (log rank, p = 0.18). In multivariate analysis, age, AFIP Miettinen classification, mutational status, surgery of the primary tumor, participation in a clinical trial in the first line and LR procedure to metastatic sites were associated with longer TNT in the first line, whereas age, mitotic index, mutational status, surgery of the primary tumor and LR procedure to metastatic sites were associated with longer OS. This real-life study advocates for early reference of metastatic GIST patients to expert centers to orchestrate the best access to future innovative clinical trials together with LR strategies and further improve GIST patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Toulmonde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Derek Dinart
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (D.D.); (S.M.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Mehdi Brahmi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (A.D.); (J.Y.B.)
| | - Benjamin Verret
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (B.V.); (C.H.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Myriam Jean-Denis
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.J.-D.); (F.D.)
| | - Françoise Ducimetière
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.J.-D.); (F.D.)
| | - Gregoire Desolneux
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Pierre Méeus
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France;
| | - Jean Palussière
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (J.P.); (X.B.)
| | - Xavier Buy
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (J.P.); (X.B.)
| | - Amine Bouhamama
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France;
| | - Pauline Gillon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Armelle Dufresne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (A.D.); (J.Y.B.)
| | - Clémence Hénon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (B.V.); (C.H.); (A.L.C.)
| | | | - Marie Karanian
- Department of Pathology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France;
| | - Carine Ngo
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Simone Mathoulin-Pélissier
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (D.D.); (S.M.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Carine Bellera
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (D.D.); (S.M.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Axel Le Cesne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (B.V.); (C.H.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Jean Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (A.D.); (J.Y.B.)
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
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Golčić M, Jones RL, Huang P, Napolitano A. Evaluation of Systemic Treatment Options for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4081. [PMID: 37627109 PMCID: PMC10452236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical treatment is recommended for the majority of localised GIST, while systemic treatment is the cornerstone of management for metastatic or unresectable disease. While a three-year regimen of imatinib is the standard of care in the adjuvant setting, there is no precise recommendation for the duration of neoadjuvant treatment, where imatinib is usually given between 4 and 12 months. Continuous treatment with imatinib at a dose of 400 mg once per day is recommended for most patients with unresectable or metastatic GIST in the first line. An exception is represented by patients with tumours harbouring the imatinib-insensitive PDGFRA D842V mutation who would be better treated with avapritinib. Targeted therapies are also recommended in the presence of NTRK rearrangements and BRAF mutations, although limited data are available. While an increase in the dose of imatinib to 800 mg is an option for the second line, sunitinib is usually considered the standard of care. Similar outcomes were reported for ripretinib in patients with tumours harbouring KIT exon 11 mutation, with significantly fewer side effects. Regorafenib and ripretinib are the standards of care in the third and fourth lines, respectively. The recent development of various systemic treatment options allows for a more personalised approach based on the molecular profile of the GIST, patient characteristics, and the profile of medications' adverse events. A multidisciplinary approach is paramount since combining systemic treatment with locoregional treatment options and supportive care is vital for long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Golčić
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Paul Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK;
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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Brucchi F, Lauricella S, Bottero L, Faillace GG. Anal canal gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255040. [PMID: 37028821 PMCID: PMC10083735 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryGastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are malignant mesenchymal tumours that originate from the interstitial pacemaker cells of Cajal. They are particularly rare, comprising only 5% of all GISTs, and often present at an advanced stage. Treatment for these tumours is still a topic of debate due to their low incidence and insidious location. A woman in her mid-70s presented with rectal bleeding and anal discomfort. A 4.5×4 cm anal GIST was diagnosed. A local excision was performed and the patient was further treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. At a 6-month follow-up, the MRI showed that she was disease free. Anorectal GISTs are unusual and tend to be aggressive. Surgical resection is the first-line treatment for primary, localised GISTs. However, the appropriate surgical technique for these tumours is still a topic of debate. Further studies are needed to fully understand the oncologic behaviour of these rare neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brucchi
- General Surgery Residency Program, University of Milan, Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Lauricella
- Department of Surgery, Ospedale Citta' di Sesto San Giovanni, Sesto San Giovanni, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Luca Bottero
- Department of Surgery, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Lombardia, Italy
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Harris N, Fraser O, Bauer M, Foroudi F, Bui A, Tebbutt N, Chao M, Lim Joon D. Stereotactic radiotherapy produces a durable response in a peri-rectal GIST. Adv Radiat Oncol 2023; 8:101199. [PMID: 37089277 PMCID: PMC10119498 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Niall Tebbutt
- Surgery, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Daryl Lim Joon
- Departments of Radiation Oncology
- Corresponding author: Daryl Lim Joon, MBBS, PhD, FRANZCR
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Yang HZ, Guo Y, Pu L, Yu XQ, Zhang J. Fluorescent Self-Reporting Lipid Nanoparticles for Nitric Oxide/Gene Co-Delivery and Combination Therapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1404-1414. [PMID: 36594589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination cancer therapy of nitric oxide (NO) with gene therapy is a promising method for tumor treatment. However, efficient co-delivery of gas and therapeutic genes to tumor cells remains a challenge. Herein, we designed a nano-sized ultraviolet (UV) light-responsive cationic lipid vector DPNO(Zn). Fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal imaging experiments revealed that DPNO(Zn) lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) could rapidly release NO under low-power UV light irradiation. Moreover, the fluorescence turn-on might take place along with the release of NO, indicating the self-reporting ability. Gene delivery experiments showed that DPNO(Zn) LNPs had good gene transfection ability, making such materials a good candidate for gas/gene combination therapy. In vitro antitumor assay demonstrated that the co-delivery system was more effective in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation than individual NO or pTrail treatment. Studies on the mechanism of tumor cell apoptosis induced by NO/pTrail co-delivery showed that NO could not only effectively increase the accumulation of p53 protein in tumor cells, thereby promoting the activation of caspase-3, but also induce mitochondrial damage. On the other hand, the Trail protein expressed by pTrail gene could enhance the degree of NO-induced caspase-3 activation, indicating the synergistic effect. These results proved that DPNO(Zn) LNP may serve as a multifunctional nanocarrier for potential tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lin Pu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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Wang T, Liao J, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Jin Q, Wu Y. Aloe vera for prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis: A systematic review and cumulative analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976698. [PMID: 36249738 PMCID: PMC9557187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aloe vera were frequently reported to reduce the risk of radiation-induced dermatitis (RID), but the quantitative results from all the relevant studies were not presently available. This study sought to conduct a cumulative analysis to better clarify the preventive effects of aloe vera in RID. Methods: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan Fang Database were utilized for identifying the eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) without language restrictions, up to March 2022. The pooled incidence of RID was conducted by the Relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) through the STATA software under a random-effects model. This systematic review and cumulative analysis were registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022335188). Results: Fourteen RCTs met our predefined inclusion criteria, enrolling 1,572 participants (mean age: 46.5–56 years). The cumulative results revealed that patients pretreated with aloe vera were associated with a significantly lower risk of RID compared to those without aloe vera usage (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67–0.88, p < 0.001; heterogeneity: I2 = 79.8%, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the pooled incidence of Grade 2–4, Grade 2, and Grade 3 RID was also dramatically lower in the group of aloe vera as compared to the placebo group [RR = 0.44 (0.27, 0.74), 0.58 (0.36, 0.94), and 0.27 (0.12, 0.59) in Grade 2–4, Grade 2, and Grade 3, respectively]. However, in regard to Grade 4 RID, the combined RR indicated that the incidence of RID was comparable between aloe vera and the control group (RR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02–1.01, p = 0.051; heterogeneity: I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.741). The sensitivity analyses showed that there was no substantial change in the new pooled RR after eliminating anyone of the included study. Conclusion: The current cumulative analysis revealed that patients pretreated with aloe vera were less likely to suffer from RID than the controls without using aloe vera. Based on this finding, the prophylactic application of aloe vera might significantly reduce the incidence of RID, especially in Grade 2 and Grade 3 RID. Further large-sample multicenter RCTs are still warranted to confirm these findings and for better clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Zheng
- Postgraduate Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianru Jin
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjing Wu
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hanzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjing Wu,
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