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Vilela T, Valente S, Correia J, Ferreira F. Advances in immunotherapy for breast cancer and feline mammary carcinoma: From molecular basis to novel therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189144. [PMID: 38914239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cancer is a topic that has been investigated for many years. As established, inflammation emerges as a defining characteristic of cancer, presenting itself as a compelling target for therapeutic interventions in the realm of oncology. Controlling the tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained paramount significance, modifying not only the effectiveness of immunotherapy but also modulating the outcomes and prognoses of standard chemotherapy and other anticancer treatments. Immunotherapy has surfaced as a central focus within the domain of tumor treatments, using immune checkpoint inhibitors as cancer therapy. Immune checkpoints and their influence on the tumor microenvironment dynamic are presently under investigation, aiming to ascertain their viability as therapeutic interventions across several cancer types. Cancer presents a significant challenge in humans and cats, where female breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent malignancy and feline mammary carcinoma stands as the third most frequent. This review seeks to summarize the data about the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) respective ongoing investigations as prospective targets for therapy for human breast cancer, while also outlining findings from studies reported on feline mammary carcinoma (FMC), strengthening the rationale for employing FMC as a representative model in the exploration of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Vilela
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Valente
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; CIISA-Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; CIISA-Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Rodrigues-Jesus J, Canadas-Sousa A, Oliveira P, Figueira AC, Marrinhas C, Petrucci GN, Gregório H, Tinoco F, Goulart A, Felga H, Vilhena H, Dias-Pereira P. Distribution of Inflammatory Infiltrate in Feline Mammary Lesions: Relationship With Clinicopathological Features. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38863270 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a frequent finding in feline mammary neoplasms. Recent research suggests that the presence and location of tumour-associated immune cells might play a significant role in the clinical outcome of feline mammary carcinomas. The present study aimed to characterise the overall inflammatory infiltrates in healthy, hyperplastic/dysplastic, benign and malignant lesions of the feline mammary gland, and to evaluate its association with clinicopathological features. Perilesional and intralesional inflammatory foci were evaluated in 307 lesions from 185 queens, and categorised according to its distribution and intensity. The presence, location and density of tertiary lymphoid structures were also assessed. A control group included 24 queens without mammary changes. The presence of intralesional and perilesional inflammatory infiltrate was observed in a majority of the lesions (80.8% and 90.2%, respectively), but differed according to the type of mammary lesion, being more remarkable in malignant neoplasms. Only scarce individual cells were observed in 28.1% of the normal mammary glands. Data analysis revealed statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) between the presence of a more prominent intralesional and perilesional inflammatory reaction and several clinicopathological features associated with worse prognosis, including clinical stage, tumour size, mitotic count, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, tertiary lymphoid structures were significantly more frequent in tumours with an infiltrative growth and lymph node metastasis. According to our results, the inflammatory reaction present in different types of feline mammary lesions is associated with the development of more aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues-Jesus
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Populations Studies, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Figueira
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marrinhas
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Baixo Vouga (HVBV), Águeda, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo N Petrucci
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Porto (HVP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gregório
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- AniCura Veterinary Hospital Centre (CHV), Porto, Portugal
| | - Flora Tinoco
- Dra. Flora Tinoco Veterinary Clinic, Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Felga
- Clínica dos Gatos Veterinary Clinic, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences AL4AnimaLS, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:441-468. [PMID: 38158304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 5 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies, which will hopefully expand our veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA; Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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