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Nikmanesh N, Hosseini S, Mirbagheri F, Asadsangabi K, Fattahi MR, Safarpour AR, Abarghooee EF, Moravej A, Shamsdin SA, Akrami H, Saghi SA, Nikmanesh Y. Knowledge on Human Papillomavirus Infections, Cancer Biology, Immune Interactions, Vaccination Coverage and Common Treatments: A Comprehensive Review. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:221-239. [PMID: 38841885 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a circular, double-stranded DNA virus and recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infectious agent worldwide. The HPV life cycle encompasses three primary stages. First, the virus infiltrates the basal cells of the stratified epidermis. Second, there is a low-level expression of viral genes and preservation of the viral genome in the basal layer. Lastly, productive replication of HPV occurs in differentiated cells. An effective immune response, involving various immune cells, including innate immunity, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer T cells, is instrumental in clearing HPV infection and thwarting the development of HPV-associated tumors. Vaccines have demonstrated their efficacy in preventing genital warts, high-grade precancerous lesions, and cancers in females. In males, the vaccines can also aid in preventing genital warts, anal precancerous lesions, and cancer. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough and detailed exploration of HPV infections, delving into its genetic characteristics, life cycle, pathogenesis, and the role of high-risk and low-risk HPV strains. In addition, this review seeks to elucidate the intricate immune interactions that govern HPV infections, spanning from innate immunity to adaptive immune responses, as well as examining the evasion mechanisms used by the virus. Furthermore, the article discusses the current landscape of HPV vaccines and common treatments, contributing to a holistic understanding of HPV and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Nikmanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - SeyedehZahra Hosseini
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Kimiya Asadsangabi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Moravej
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Azra Shamsdin
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Akrami
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Amirreza Saghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Nikmanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Del Prete R, Nesta D, Triggiano F, Lorusso M, Garzone S, Vitulano L, Denicolò S, Indraccolo F, Mastria M, Ronga L, Inchingolo F, Aityan SK, Nguyen KCD, Tran TC, Gargiulo Isacco C, Santacroce L. Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenicity and the Need of New Perspectives: Thoughts from a Retrospective Analysis on Human Papillomavirus Outcomes Conducted at the Hospital University of Bari, Apulia, Italy, between 2011 and 2022. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:968. [PMID: 38732382 PMCID: PMC11083870 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current manuscript's aim was to determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype-specific prevalence and distribution among individuals, males, and females, of different ages in the region of Apulia, Italy, highlighting the possible variables involved in the carcinogenicity mechanism. In addition, we proposed two hypothetical models of HPV's molecular dynamics, intending to clarify the impact of prevention and therapeutic strategies, explicitly modeled by recent survey data. METHODS We presented clinical data from 9647 participants tested for either high-risk (HR) or low-risk (LR) HPV at the affiliated Bari Policlinic University Hospital of Bari from 2011 to 2022. HPV DNA detection was performed using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex real-time PCR assay. Statistical analysis showed significant associations for all genders and ages and both HR- and LR-HPV types. A major number of significant pairwise associations were detected for the higher-risk types and females and lower-risk types and males. RESULTS The overall prevalence of HPV was 50.5% (n-4.869) vs. 49.5% (n-4.778) of the study population, of which 74.4% (n-3621) were found to be HPV high-risk (HR-HPV) genotypes and 57.7% (n-2.807) low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes, of which males were 58% and females 49%; the three most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 53 (n707-15%), 16 (n704-14%), and 31 (n589-12%), and for LR-HPV, they were 42 (19%), 6 (16%), and 54 (13%); 56% of patients screened for HPV were ≤ 30 years old, 53% were between 31 and 40 years old, 46% were 41-50 and 51-60 years old, and finally, 44% of subjects were >60 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided comprehensive epidemiological data on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among 9647 participants, which could serve as a significant reference for clinical practice, and it implied the necessity for more effective screening methods for HPV carcinogenesis covering the use of more specific molecular investigations. Although this is a predominantly descriptive and epidemiological study, the data obtained offer not only a fairly unique trend compared to other studies of different realities and latitudes but also lead us to focus on the HPV infection within two groups of young people and adults and hypothesize the possible involvement of dysbiosis, stem cells, and the retrotransposition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Del Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Daniela Nesta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Mara Lorusso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Stefania Garzone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Vitulano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Sofia Denicolò
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Francesca Indraccolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Michele Mastria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Luigi Ronga
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Sergey K. Aityan
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 5000 MacArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA 94613, USA;
| | - Kieu C. D. Nguyen
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Toai Cong Tran
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City 700100, Vietnam;
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), U.O.C. Microbiology and Virology, University-Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (R.D.P.); (D.N.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (L.V.); (S.D.); (F.I.); (M.M.); (L.R.); (F.I.); (K.C.D.N.); (L.S.)
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Heidari-Ezzati S, Moeinian P, Ahmadian-Nejad B, Maghbbouli F, Abbasi S, Zahedi M, Afkhami H, Shadab A, Sajedi N. The role of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in cervical cancer: modulating miRNA function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1308730. [PMID: 38434620 PMCID: PMC10906305 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1308730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a primary global health concern, ranking as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Despite advancements in prognosis, long-term outcomes remained poor. Beyond HPV, cofactors like dietary deficiencies, immunosuppression, hormonal contraceptives, co-infections, and genetic variations are involved in CC progression. The pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, has brought to light the critical regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). The aberrant expression of these miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of CC. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent literature regarding the involvement of lncRNAs and circRNAs in modulating miRNA functions in cervical neoplasia and metastasis. Studies have shown that lncRNAs and circRNAs hold great potential as therapeutic agents and innovative biomarkers in CC. However, more clinical research is needed to advance our understanding of the therapeutic benefits of circRNAs and lncRNAs in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Heidari-Ezzati
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bonab University of Medical Sciences, Bonab, Iran
| | - Parisa Moeinian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Ahmadian-Nejad
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sheida Abbasi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahlagha Zahedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Deputy of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayereh Sajedi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
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Dang BTN, Kwon TK, Lee S, Jeong JH, Yook S. Nanoparticle-based immunoengineering strategies for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2024; 365:773-800. [PMID: 38081328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a groundbreaking strategy that has revolutionized the field of oncology compared to other therapeutic strategies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. However, cancer complexity, tumor heterogeneity, and immune escape have become the main hurdles to the clinical application of immunotherapy. Moreover, conventional immunotherapies cause many harmful side effects owing to hyperreactivity in patients, long treatment durations and expensive cost. Nanotechnology is considered a transformative approach that enhances the potency of immunotherapy by capitalizing on the superior physicochemical properties of nanocarriers, creating highly targeted tissue delivery systems. These advantageous features include a substantial specific surface area, which enhances the interaction with the immune system. In addition, the capability to finely modify surface chemistry enables the achievement of controlled and sustained release properties. These advances have significantly increased the potential of immunotherapy, making it more powerful than ever before. In this review, we introduce recent nanocarriers for application in cancer immunotherapy based on strategies that target different main immune cells, including T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. We also provide an overview of the role and significance of nanotechnology in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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