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Masatti L, Marchetti M, Pirrotta S, Spagnol G, Corrà A, Ferrari J, Noventa M, Saccardi C, Calura E, Tozzi R. The unveiled mosaic of intra-tumor heterogeneity in ovarian cancer through spatial transcriptomic technologies: A systematic review. Transl Res 2024; 273:104-114. [PMID: 39111726 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a significant global health issue among women. Diagnosis and treatment pose challenges due to difficulties in predicting patient responses to therapy, primarily stemming from gaps in understanding tumor chemoresistance mechanisms. Recent advancements in transcriptomic technologies like single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of ovarian cancer intratumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment composition. Spatial transcriptomics, in particular, comprises a plethora of technologies that enable the detection of hundreds of transcriptomes and their spatial distribution within a histological section, facilitating the study of cell types, states, and interactions within the tumor and its microenvironment. Studies investigating the spatial distribution of gene expression in ovarian cancer masses have identified specific features that impact prognosis and therapy outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that specific spatial patterns of tumor cells and their immune and non-immune microenvironment significantly influence therapy response, as well as the behavior and progression of primary tumors and metastatic sites. The importance of spatially contextualizing ovarian cancer transcriptomes is underscored by these findings, which will advance our understanding and therapeutic approaches for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Masatti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Marchetti
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Spagnol
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Corrà
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ferrari
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Noventa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Saccardi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrica Calura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Tozzi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Women and Children, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Gopallawa I, Gupta C, Jawa R, Cyril A, Jawa V, Chirmule N, Gujar V. Applications of Organoids in Advancing Drug Discovery and Development. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00233-8. [PMID: 39002723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are small, self-organizing three-dimensional cell cultures that are derived from stem cells or primary organs. These cultures replicate the complexity of an organ, which cannot be achieved by single-cell culture systems. Organoids can be used in testing of new drugs instead of animals. Development and validation of organoids is thus important to reduce the reliance on animals for drug testing. In this review, we have discussed the developmental and regulatory aspects of organoids and highlighted their importance in drug development. We have first summarized different types of culture-based organoid systems such as submerged Matrigel, micro-fluidic 3D cultures, inducible pluripotent stem cells, and air-liquid interface cultures. These systems help us understand the intricate interplay between cells and their surrounding milieu for identifying functions of target receptors, soluble factors, and spatial interactions. Further, we have discussed the advances in humanized severe-combined immunodeficiency mouse models and their applications in the pharmacology of immune-oncology. Since regulatory aspects are important in using organoids for drug development, we have summarized FDA and EMA regulations on organoid research to support pre-clinical studies. Finally, we have included some unique studies highlighting the use of organoids in studying infectious diseases, cancer, and fundamental biology. These studies also exemplify the latest technological advances in organoid development resulting in improved efficiency. Overall, this review comprehensively summarizes the applications of organoids in early drug development during discovery and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiwari Gopallawa
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | | | - Rayan Jawa
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arya Cyril
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NY, USA.
| | | | - Vikramsingh Gujar
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Budi NYP, Lai WY, Huang YH, Ho HN. 3D organoid cultivation improves the maturation and functional differentiation of cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1361084. [PMID: 39040044 PMCID: PMC11260683 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1361084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic cholangiopathies are diseases that affect cholangiocytes, and they have unknown etiologies. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only treatment available for end-stage liver disease. Limited access to the bile duct makes it difficult to model cholangiocyte diseases. In this study, by mimicking the embryonic development of cholangiocytes and using a robust, feeder- and serum-free protocol, we first demonstrate the generation of unique functional 3D organoids consisting of small and large cholangiocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as opposed to traditional 2D culture systems. At day 28 of differentiation, the human PSC-derived cholangiocytes expressed markers of mature cholangiocytes, such as CK7, CK19, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Compared with the 2D culture system-generated cholangiocytes, the 3D cholangiocyte organoids (COs) showed higher expression of the region-specific markers of intrahepatic cholangiocytes YAP1 and JAG1 and extrahepatic cholangiocytes AQP1 and MUC1. Furthermore, the COs had small-large tube-like structures and functional assays revealed that they exhibited characteristics of mature cholangiocytes, such as multidrug resistance protein 1 transporter function and CFTR channel activity. In addition to the extracellular matrix supports, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling regulation might be involved in this cholangiocyte maturation and differentiation. These results indicated the successful generation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocytes by using our 3D organoid protocol. The results highlight the advantages of our 3D culture system over the 2D culture system in promoting the functional differentiation and maturation of cholangiocytes. In summary, in advance of the previous works, our study provides a possible concept of small-large cholangiocyte transdifferentiation of human PSCs under cost-effective 3D culture conditions. The study findings have implications for the development of effective cell-based therapy using COs for patients with cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nova Yuli Prasetyo Budi
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wei-Yu Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zou J, Shah O, Chiu YC, Ma T, Atkinson JM, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Tseng GC. Systems approach for congruence and selection of cancer models towards precision medicine. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011754. [PMID: 38198519 PMCID: PMC10805322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer models are instrumental as a substitute for human studies and to expedite basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. For a given cancer type, a wide selection of models, such as cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, organoids and genetically modified murine models, are often available to researchers. However, how to quantify their congruence to human tumors and to select the most appropriate cancer model is a largely unsolved issue. Here, we present Congruence Analysis and Selection of CAncer Models (CASCAM), a statistical and machine learning framework for authenticating and selecting the most representative cancer models in a pathway-specific manner using transcriptomic data. CASCAM provides harmonization between human tumor and cancer model omics data, systematic congruence quantification, and pathway-based topological visualization to determine the most appropriate cancer model selection. The systems approach is presented using invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) subtype and suggesting CAMA1 followed by UACC3133 as the most representative cell lines for ILC research. Two additional case studies for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and patient-derived xenograft/organoid (PDX/PDO) are further investigated. CASCAM is generalizable to any cancer subtype and will authenticate cancer models for faithful non-human preclinical research towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Osama Shah
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tianzhou Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Atkinson
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adrian V. Lee
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George C. Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Tong K, Bandari M, Carrick JN, Zenkevich A, Kothari OA, Shamshad E, Stefanik K, Haro KS, Perekatt AO, Verzi MP. In Vitro Organoid-Based Assays Reveal SMAD4 Tumor-Suppressive Mechanisms for Serrated Colorectal Cancer Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5820. [PMID: 38136364 PMCID: PMC10742020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most prominent cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Up to 20% of colon cancers follow the serrated tumor pathway driven by mutations in the MAPK pathway. Loss of SMAD4 function occurs in the majority of late-stage colon cancers and is associated with aggressive cancer progression. Therefore, it is important to develop technology to accurately model and better understand the genetic mechanisms behind cancer invasion. Organoids derived from tumors found in the Smad4KO BRAFV600E/+ mouse model present multiple phenotypes characteristic of invasion both in ex vivo and in vivo systems. Smad4KO BRAFV600E/+ tumor organoids can migrate through 3D culture and infiltrate through transwell membranes. This invasive behavior can be suppressed when SMAD4 is re-expressed in the tumor organoids. RNA-Seq analysis reveals that SMAD4 expression in organoids rapidly regulates transcripts associated with extracellular matrix and secreted proteins, suggesting that the mechanisms employed by SMAD4 to inhibit invasion are associated with regulation of extracellular matrix and secretory pathways. These findings indicate new models to study SMAD4 regulation of tumor invasion and an additional layer of complexity in the tumor-suppressive function of the SMAD4/Tgfβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian Health School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Manisha Bandari
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
| | - Jillian N. Carrick
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Anastasia Zenkevich
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Om A. Kothari
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
| | - Eman Shamshad
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
| | - Katarina Stefanik
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Katherine S. Haro
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
| | - Ansu O. Perekatt
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (A.O.P.)
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Gómez-Álvarez M, Agustina-Hernández M, Francés-Herrero E, Rodríguez-Eguren A, Bueno-Fernandez C, Cervelló I. Addressing Key Questions in Organoid Models: Who, Where, How, and Why? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16014. [PMID: 37958996 PMCID: PMC10650475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures designed to recreate the biological characteristics of the body's native tissues and organs in vitro. There has been a recent surge in studies utilizing organoids due to their distinct advantages over traditional two-dimensional in vitro approaches. However, there is no consensus on how to define organoids. This literature review aims to clarify the concept of organoids and address the four fundamental questions pertaining to organoid models: (i) What constitutes organoids?-The cellular material. (ii) Where do organoids grow?-The extracellular scaffold. (iii) How are organoids maintained in vitro?-Via the culture media. (iv) Why are organoids suitable in vitro models?-They represent reproducible, stable, and scalable models for biological applications. Finally, this review provides an update on the organoid models employed within the female reproductive tract, underscoring their relevance in both basic biology and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Marcos Agustina-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Emilio Francés-Herrero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Rodríguez-Eguren
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Clara Bueno-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Cervelló
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), IVI Foundation, IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (M.A.-H.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.); (C.B.-F.)
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Arias-Diaz AE, Ferreiro-Pantin M, Barbazan J, Perez-Beliz E, Ruiz-Bañobre J, Casas-Arozamena C, Muinelo-Romay L, Lopez-Lopez R, Vilar A, Curiel T, Abal M. Ascites-Derived Organoids to Depict Platinum Resistance in Gynaecological Serous Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13208. [PMID: 37686015 PMCID: PMC10487816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynaecological serous carcinomas (GSCs) constitute a distinctive entity among female tumours characterised by a very poor prognosis. In addition to late-stage diagnosis and a high rate of recurrent disease associated with massive peritoneal carcinomatosis, the systematic acquisition of resistance to first-line chemotherapy based on platinum determines the unfavourable outcome of GSC patients. To explore the molecular mechanisms associated with platinum resistance, we generated patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from liquid biopsies of GSC patients. PDOs are emerging as a relevant preclinical model system to assist in clinical decision making, mainly from tumoural tissue and particularly for personalised therapeutic options. To approach platinum resistance in a GSC context, proficient PDOs were generated from the ascitic fluid of ovarian, primary peritoneal and uterine serous carcinoma patients in platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant clinical settings from the uterine aspirate of a uterine serous carcinoma patient, and we also induced platinum resistance in vitro in a representative platinum-sensitive PDO. Histological and immunofluorescent characterisation of these ascites-derived organoids showed resemblance to the corresponding original tumours, and assessment of platinum sensitivity in these preclinical models replicated the clinical setting of the corresponding GSC patients. Differential gene expression profiling of a panel of 770 genes representing major canonical cancer pathways, comparing platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant PDOs, revealed cellular response to DNA damage stimulus as the principal biological process associated with the acquisition of resistance to the first-line therapy for GSC. Additionally, candidate genes involved in regulation of cell adhesion, cell cycles, and transcription emerged from this proof-of-concept study. In conclusion, we describe the generation of PDOs from liquid biopsies in the context of gynaecological serous carcinomas to explore the molecular determinants of platinum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estrella Arias-Diaz
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam Ferreiro-Pantin
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
| | - Jorge Barbazan
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Perez-Beliz
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Juan Ruiz-Bañobre
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Casas-Arozamena
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Lopez-Lopez
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vilar
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Teresa Curiel
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.E.A.-D.); (M.F.-P.); (J.B.); (J.R.-B.); (C.C.-A.); (L.M.-R.); (R.L.-L.); (T.C.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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