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Cerbone L, Orecchia S, Bertino P, Delfanti S, de Angelis AM, Grosso F. Clinical Next Generation Sequencing Application in Mesothelioma: Finding a Golden Needle in the Haystack. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5716. [PMID: 38136262 PMCID: PMC10741845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma comprises a group of rare cancers arising from the mesothelium of the pleura, peritoneum, tunica vaginalis testis and pericardium. Mesothelioma is generally associated with asbestos exposure and has a dismal prognosis, with few therapeutic options. Several next generation sequencing (NGS) experiments have been performed on mesothelioma arising at different sites. These studies highlight a genomic landscape mainly characterized by a high prevalence (>20%) of genomic aberrations leading to functional losses in oncosuppressor genes such as BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2, SETD2 and TP53. Nevertheless, to date, evidence of the effect of targeting these alterations with specific drugs is lacking. Conversely, 1-2% of mesothelioma might harbor activating mutations in oncogenes with specifically approved drugs. The goal of this review is to summarize NGS applications in mesothelioma and to provide insights into target therapy of mesothelioma guided by NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cerbone
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (L.C.); (P.B.); (S.D.); (A.M.d.A.)
| | - Sara Orecchia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Pietro Bertino
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (L.C.); (P.B.); (S.D.); (A.M.d.A.)
| | - Sara Delfanti
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (L.C.); (P.B.); (S.D.); (A.M.d.A.)
| | - Antonina Maria de Angelis
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (L.C.); (P.B.); (S.D.); (A.M.d.A.)
| | - Federica Grosso
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio e and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (L.C.); (P.B.); (S.D.); (A.M.d.A.)
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Gambichler T, Harnischfeger F, Skrygan M, Majchrzak-Stiller B, Buchholz M, Müller T, Braumann C. In Vitro Experiments on the Effects of GP-2250 on BRAF-Mutated Melanoma Cell Lines and Benign Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15336. [PMID: 37895015 PMCID: PMC10607550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced glycolysis (Warburg effect) driven by the BRAF oncogene, dysregulated GAPDH expression, and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may significantly contribute to the resistance-targeted therapy of BRAF-mutated melanomas. Therefore, we aimed to study for the first time the anti-tumor activity of the GAPDH inhibitor GP-2250 in BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines and benign melanocytes. We employed three melanoma cell lines and one primary melanocyte cell line (Ma-Mel-61a, Ma-Mel-86a, SH-4 and ATCC-PCS-200-013, respectively), which were exposed to different GP-2250 doses. GP-2250's effects on cell proliferation and viability were evaluated by means of the BrdU and MTT assays, respectively. The RealTime-Glo Annexin V Apoptosis and Necrosis Assay was performed for the evaluation of apoptosis and necrosis induction. RT-PCR and western blotting were implemented for the determination of AKT and STAT3 gene and protein expression analyses, respectively. The melanoma cell lines showed a dose-dependent response to GP-2250 during BrDU and MTT testing. The RealTime-Glo Annexin V assay revealed the heterogenous impact of GP-2250 on apoptosis as well as necrosis. With respect to the melanoma cell lines Ma-Mel-86a and SH-4, the responses and dosages were comparable to those used for the MTT viability assay. Using the same dose range of GP-2250 administered to melanoma cells, however, we observed neither the noteworthy apoptosis nor necrosis of GP-2250-treated benign melanocytes. The gene expression profiles in the melanoma cell lines for AKT and STAT3 were heterogenous, whereby AKT as well as STAT3 gene expression were most effectively downregulated using the highest GP-2250 doses. Immunoblotting revealed that there was a time-dependent decrease in protein expression at the highest GP-2250 dose used, whereas a time- as well as dose-dependent AKT decrease was predominantly observed in Ma-Mel-61a. The STAT3 protein expression of Ma-Mel-86a and SH-4 was reduced in a time-dependent pattern at lower and moderate doses. STAT3 expression in Ma-Me-61a was barely altered by GP-2250. In conclusion, GP-2250 has anti-neoplastic effects in BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines regarding tumor cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis/necrosis. GP-2250 is able to downregulate the gene and protein expression of aberrant tumorigenic pathways in melanoma cell lines. Since GP-2250 is a GAPDH inhibitor, the substance may be a promising combination therapy for tumors presenting the Warburg effect, such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Friederike Harnischfeger
- Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Marina Skrygan
- Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Britta Majchrzak-Stiller
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (B.M.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marie Buchholz
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (B.M.-S.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Chris Braumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Gelsenkirchen, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45878 Gelsenkirchen, Germany;
- Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Herne, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44623 Herne, Germany
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Hartman ML, Koziej P, Kluszczyńska K, Czyz M. Pro-Apoptotic Activity of MCL-1 Inhibitor in Trametinib-Resistant Melanoma Cells Depends on Their Phenotypes and Is Modulated by Reversible Alterations Induced by Trametinib Withdrawal. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4799. [PMID: 37835493 PMCID: PMC10571954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although BRAFV600/MEK inhibitors improved the treatment of melanoma patients, resistance is acquired almost inevitably. METHODS Trametinib withdrawal/rechallenge and MCL-1 inhibition in trametinib-resistance models displaying distinct p-ERK1/2 levels were investigated. RESULTS Trametinib withdrawal/rechallenge caused reversible changes in ERK1/2 activity impacting the balance between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins. Reversible alterations were found in MCL-1 levels and MCL-1 inhibitors, BIM and NOXA. Taking advantage of melanoma cell dependency on MCL-1 for survival, we used S63845. While it was designed to inhibit MCL-1 activity, we showed that it also significantly reduced NOXA levels. S63845-induced apoptosis was detected as the enhancement of Annexin V-positivity, caspase-3/7 activation and histone H2AX phosphorylation. Percentages of Annexin V-positive cells were increased most efficiently in trametinib-resistant melanoma cells displaying the p-ERK1/2low/MCL-1low/BIMhigh/NOXAlow phenotype with EC50 values at concentrations as low as 0.1 μM. Higher ERK1/2 activity associated with increased MCL-1 level and reduced BIM level limited pro-apoptotic activity of S63845 further influenced by a NOXA level. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the notion that the efficiency of an agent designed to target a single protein can largely depend on the phenotype of cancer cells. Thus, it is important to define appropriate phenotype determinants to stratify the patients for the novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.H.); (P.K.); (K.K.)
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LIU R, LI M, HU Z, SONG Z, CHEN J. [Research Advances of RAD51AP1 in Tumor Progression and Drug Resistance]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2023; 26:701-708. [PMID: 37985156 PMCID: PMC10600754 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.102.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The genomic instability may lead to an initiation of cancer in many organisms. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is vital in maintaining cellular genomic stability. RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1), which plays a crucial role in HRR and primarily participates in forming D-loop, was reported as an essential protein for maintaining cellular genomic stability. However, recent studies showed that RAD51AP1 was significantly overexpressed in various cancer types and correlated with poor prognosis. These results suggested that RAD51AP1 may play a significant pro-cancer effect in multiple cancers. The underlying mechanism is still unclear. Cancer stemness-maintaining effects of RAD51AP1 might be considered as the most reliable mechanism. Meanwhile, RAD51AP1 also promoted resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy in many cancers. Thus, researches focused on RAD51AP1, and its regulatory molecules may provide new targets for overcoming cancer progression and treatment resistance. Here, we reviewed the latest research on RAD51AP1 in cancers and summarized its differential expression and prognostic implications. In this review, we also outlined the potential mechanisms of its pro-cancer and drug resistance-promoting effects to provide several potential directions for further research.
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Priantti JN, Vilbert M, Madeira T, Moraes FCA, Hein ECK, Saeed A, Cavalcante L. Efficacy and Safety of Rechallenge with BRAF/MEK Inhibitors in Advanced Melanoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3754. [PMID: 37568570 PMCID: PMC10417341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rechallenging advanced melanoma patients with BRAFi/MEKi. Seven studies, accounting for 400 patients, were included. Most patients received immunotherapy before the rechallenge, and 79% underwent rechallenge with the combination of BRAFi/MEKi. We found a median progression-free survival of 5 months and overall survival of 9.8 months. The one-year survival rate was 42.63%. Regarding response, ORR was 34% and DCR 65%. There were no new or unexpected safety concerns. Rechallenge with BRAFi/MEKi can improve outcomes in advanced melanoma patients with refractory disease. These findings have significant implications for clinical practice, particularly in the setting of progressive disease in later lines and limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Priantti
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Amazonas-UFAM, Manaus 69020-160, AM, Brazil
| | - Maysa Vilbert
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thiago Madeira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Erica C Koch Hein
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ludimila Cavalcante
- Department of Medical Oncology, Novant Health Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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Bhai P, Turowec J, Santos S, Kerkhof J, Pickard L, Foroutan A, Breadner D, Cecchini M, Levy MA, Stuart A, Welch S, Howlett C, Lin H, Sadikovic B. Molecular profiling of solid tumors by next-generation sequencing: an experience from a clinical laboratory. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1208244. [PMID: 37483495 PMCID: PMC10359709 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1208244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Personalized targeted therapies have transformed management of several solid tumors. Timely and accurate detection of clinically relevant genetic variants in tumor is central to the implementation of molecular targeted therapies. To facilitate precise molecular testing in solid tumors, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays have emerged as a valuable tool. In this study, we provide an overview of the technical validation, diagnostic yields, and spectrum of variants observed in 3,164 solid tumor samples that were tested as part of the standard clinical diagnostic assessment in an academic healthcare institution over a period of 2 years. Methods The Ion Ampliseq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 assay (ThermoFisher) that targets ~2,800 COSMIC mutations from 50 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes was validated, and a total of 3,164 tumor DNA samples were tested in 2 years. A total of 500 tumor samples were tested by the comprehensive panel containing all the 50 genes. Other samples, including 1,375 lung cancer, 692 colon cancer, 462 melanoma, and 135 brain cancer, were tested by tumor-specific targeted subpanels including a few clinically actionable genes. Results Of 3,164 patient samples, 2,016 (63.7%) tested positive for at least one clinically relevant variant. Of 500 samples tested by a comprehensive panel, 290 had a clinically relevant variant with TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA being the most frequently mutated genes. The diagnostic yields in major tumor types were as follows: breast (58.4%), colorectal (77.6%), lung (60.4%), pancreatic (84.6%), endometrial (72.4%), ovary (57.1%), and thyroid (73.9%). Tumor-specific targeted subpanels also demonstrated high diagnostic yields: lung (69%), colon (61.2%), melanoma (69.7%), and brain (20.7%). Co-occurrence of mutations in more than one gene was frequently observed. Conclusions The findings of our study demonstrate the feasibility of integrating an NGS-based gene panel screen as part of a standard diagnostic protocol for solid tumor assessment. High diagnostic rates enable significant clinical impact including improved diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Bhai
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Turowec
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Santos
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - LeeAnne Pickard
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aidin Foroutan
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Breadner
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Cecchini
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A. Levy
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan Stuart
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Welch
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Howlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hanxin Lin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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