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Jawa Y, Yadav P, Gupta S, Mathan SV, Pandey J, Saxena AK, Kateriya S, Tiku AB, Mondal N, Bhattacharya J, Ahmad S, Chaturvedi R, Tyagi RK, Tandon V, Singh RP. Current Insights and Advancements in Head and Neck Cancer: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutics with Cues from Single Cell and 3D Model Omics Profiling. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676948. [PMID: 34490084 PMCID: PMC8418074 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is among the ten leading malignancies worldwide, with India solely contributing one-third of global oral cancer cases. The current focus of all cutting-edge strategies against this global malignancy are directed towards the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment that obstructs most treatment blueprints. Subsequent to the portrayal of established information, the review details the application of single cell technology, organoids and spheroid technology in relevance to head and neck cancer and the tumor microenvironment acknowledging the resistance pattern of the heterogeneous cell population in HNC. Bioinformatic tools are used for study of differentially expressed genes and further omics data analysis. However, these tools have several challenges and limitations when analyzing single-cell gene expression data that are discussed briefly. The review further examines the omics of HNC, through comprehensive analyses of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics profiles. Patterns of alterations vary between patients, thus heterogeneity and molecular alterations between patients have driven the clinical significance of molecular targeted therapies. The analyses of potential molecular targets in HNC are discussed with connotation to the alteration of key pathways in HNC followed by a comprehensive study of protein kinases as novel drug targets including its ATPase and additional binding pockets, non-catalytic domains and single residues. We herein review, the therapeutic agents targeting the potential biomarkers in light of new molecular targeted therapies. In the final analysis, this review suggests that the development of improved target-specific personalized therapies can combat HNC's global plight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Jawa
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sivapar V. Mathan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay K. Saxena
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashu B. Tiku
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 in head and neck cancer: role in tumor resistance, metastasis, prognosis and therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57351-57366. [PMID: 27385000 PMCID: PMC5302994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence supporting the role of the plasminogen activator system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly of its uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) / uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) and SERPINE1 components. Overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 enhances tumor cell migration and invasion and plays a key role in metastasis development, conferring poor prognosis. The apparent paradox of uPA/uPAR and its inhibitor SERPINE1 producing similar effects is solved by the identification of SERPINE1 activated signaling pathways independent of uPA inhibition. Both uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 are directly linked to the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of stem cell properties and resistance to antitumor agents. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the deregulation of these proteins in all these processes. We also summarize their potential value as prognostic biomarkers or potential drug targets in HNSCC patients. Concomitant overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 is associated with a higher risk of metastasis and could be used to identify patients that would benefit from an adjuvant treatment. In the future, the specific inhibitors of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1, which are still under development, could be used to design new therapeutic strategies in HNSCCs.
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Misawa K, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Mima M, Misawa Y, Mineta H. Analysis of Site-Specific Methylation of Tumor-Related Genes in Head and Neck Cancer: Potential Utility as Biomarkers for Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010027. [PMID: 29361757 PMCID: PMC5789377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying the epigenetic regulation of tumor-related genes (TRGs) can provide insights into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and the risk for disease recurrence in HPV-negative head and neck cancers, originating in the hypopharynx, larynx, and oral cavity. We analyzed the methylation status of the promoters of 30 TRGs in 178 HPV-negative head and neck cancer patients using a quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Promoter methylation was correlated with various clinical characteristics and patient survival. The mean number of methylated TRGs was 14.2 (range, 2-25). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the methylation of COL1A2 and VEGFR1 was associated with poor survival for hypopharyngeal cancer, with hazard ratios: 3.19; p = 0.009 and 3.07; p = 0.014, respectively. The methylation of p16 and COL1A2 were independent prognostic factors for poor survival in laryngeal cancer (hazard ratio: 4.55; p = 0.013 and 3.12; p = 0.035, respectively). In patients with oral cancer, the methylation of TAC1 and SSTR1 best correlated with poor survival (hazard ratio: 4.29; p = 0.005 and 5.38; p = 0.029, respectively). Our findings suggest that methylation status of TRGs could serve as important site-specific biomarkers for prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with HPV-negative head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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Protein kinase B: emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation of cellular signaling in cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:569-580. [PMID: 28379898 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is one of the multifaceted kinases in the human kinome, existing in three isoforms. PKB plays a vital role in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated oncogenesis in various malignancies and is one of the attractive targets for cancer drug discovery. Recent studies have shown that the functional significance of an individual isoform of PKB is not redundant in cancer. It has been found that PKB isoforms play distinct roles in the regulation of cellular invasion and migration during tumorigenesis. PKB activation plays a central role during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a cellular program required for the cancer cell invasion and migration. However, the differential behavior of each PKB isoform has been shown in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies have suggested that PKBα (Akt1) plays a conflicting role in tumorigenesis by acting either as a pro-oncogenic factor by suppressing the apoptotic machinery or by restricting tumor invasion. PKBβ (Akt2) promotes cell migration and invasion and similarly PKBγ (Akt3) has been reported to promote tumor migration. As PKB is known for its pro-oncogenic properties, it needs to be unraveled how three isoforms of PKB compensate during tumor progression. In this review, we attempted to sum up how different isoforms of PKB play a role in cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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Jimenez L, Lim J, Burd B, Harris TM, Ow TJ, Kawachi N, Belbin TJ, Angeletti R, Prystowsky MB, Childs G, Segall JE. miR-375 Regulates Invasion-Related Proteins Vimentin and L-Plastin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1523-1536. [PMID: 28499703 PMCID: PMC5500828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invasion is a hallmark of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We previously determined that low relative miR-375 expression was associated with poor patient prognosis. HNSCC cells with increased miR-375 expression have lower invasive properties and impaired invadopodium activity. Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and reverse-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we assessed the impact of miR-375 expression on protein levels in UM-SCC-1 cells. Increased miR-375 expression was associated with down-regulation of proteins involved in cellular assembly and organization, death and survival, and movement. Two invasion-associated proteins, vimentin and L-plastin, were strongly down-regulated by miR-375. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that high miR-375 expression reduced vimentin promoter activity, suggesting that vimentin is an indirect target of miR-375. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a potential miR-375 direct target, and its knockdown reduced vimentin and L-plastin expression. Data in The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC database showed a significant inverse correlation between miR-375 expression and RUNX1, vimentin, and L-plastin RNA expression. These clinical correlations validate our in vitro model findings and support a mechanism in which miR-375 suppresses RUNX1 levels, resulting in reduced vimentin and L-plastin expression. Furthermore, knockdown of RUNX1, L-plastin, and vimentin resulted in significant reductions in cell invasion in vitro, indicating the functional significance of miR-375 regulation of specific proteins involved in HNSCC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizandra Jimenez
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jihyeon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Berta Burd
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Thomas J Ow
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nicole Kawachi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Thomas J Belbin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ruth Angeletti
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Geoffrey Childs
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Golden S, Yu XM, Odorico S, Jain V, Marin A, Ma S, Kenney S, Chen H. The Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2 protein induces a subset of NOTCH target genes in thyroid cancer cell lines but fails to suppress proliferation. Surgery 2016; 161:195-201. [PMID: 27847111 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus is associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies and has been reported to infect thyroid cells. The Epstein-Barr virus protein, EBNA2, regulates viral and cellular promoters by binding to RBP-jκ. Similarly, NOTCH1, a tumor suppressor protein in thyroid epithelial cells, competes with EBNA2 for binding to overlapping sites on RBP-jκ. EBNA2 activates a subset of NOTCH-responsive genes in lymphocytes and myocytes; however, the effect of EBNA2 expression on NOTCH targets in epithelial cells is unknown. Here we have explored whether EBNA2 activates NOTCH1 targets in thyroid cancer lines and examined its effect on cellular proliferation. METHODS Two human thyroid cancer lines, follicular FTC-236 and anaplastic HTh7, were transfected with EBNA2, NOTCH1, or control vectors. Notch targets were measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cellular proliferation was measured by MTT analysis. RESULTS EBNA2 activated only a subset of NOTCH1 targets. Expression of HES1 and HEY1 were increased 10-fold in FTC-236 and HTh7 cells, respectively, but the majority of NOTCH1 targets examined were not affected. In contrast to NOTCH1, EBNA2 did not suppress proliferation. CONCLUSION EBNA2 does not activate most Notch1-responsive genes or suppress proliferation in human thyroid cancer cells. Instead, EBNA2 may compete with NOTCH1 for limiting amounts of RBP-jκ in epithelial cells and inhibit certain aspects of NOTCH1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Golden
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Xiao-Min Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Scott Odorico
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Vansh Jain
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Ana Marin
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Shidong Ma
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Shannon Kenney
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
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Srinath S, Iyengar AR, Mysorekar V. Sonic hedgehog in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:377-383. [PMID: 27721600 PMCID: PMC5051283 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed the involvement of hedgehog (Hh) signaling component in proliferation and invasive behavior of many carcinomas. AIM This study aims to identify the expression of sonic Hh (SHH) protein of SHH pathway in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using SHH (H-160) (Santa Cruz, sc-9042) which could have therapeutic implication in future. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 250 cases comprising 50 normal oral mucosa, 50 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia, 50 well, 50 moderate and 50 poorly differentiated OSCCs were included in the study. Immunohistochemical evaluation of SHH protein expression was conducted using monoclonal antibody. Interpretation of the expression was done by immunoreactive score of Remmele and Stegner (IRS) scoring method. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Chi-Square test was used to analyze the results. RESULTS The study showed that SHH signaling molecules are highly expressed in OSCC, and their expression was mainly in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. CONCLUSION The SHH signaling component is associated with the pathological parameter in OSCC and oral epithelial dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Srinath
- Department of Oral Pathology, GDCRI, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha R Iyengar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DAPMRV, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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