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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129536. [PMID: 38278390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia.
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2
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Komariah LN, Arita S, Cundari L, Afrah BD. Recovery of potassium salt by acidification of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6112-6120. [PMID: 38375015 PMCID: PMC10875729 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Crude glycerol (CG) is a major byproduct of biodiesel production. Most of it cannot be utilized due to major impurities. The CG generally contains alkalis, which generate the residual salts in a series of its purification stages. This study aims to obtain the optimum process conditions and acid molar ratio to produce a higher potassium salt yield while improving the purity of glycerol by a simple acidification procedure. The CG was obtained from the transesterification of palm oil using a catalyst based on potassium carbonate. A phosphoric acid (85%) is utilized at various molar ratios and the process temperature is 60-80 °C. The strong acid was slowly added to the CG and heated for 30 minutes with a mixing speed of 250 rpm. The optimum acidification process occurred at a temperature of 70 °C with a molar crude glycerol ratio to phosphoric acid of 1 : 0.5. The glycerol purity was increased from 43.3% to 67.63% (w/w). It effectively obtains a potassium phosphate salt with a yield of 6.78%. The functional group infrared (IR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra identified the salt residue as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4). This is composed predominantly of potassium oxide (K2O) and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), 50% and 47.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leily Nurul Komariah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya 30662 Indralaya Ogan Ilir Indonesia
| | - Susila Arita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya 30662 Indralaya Ogan Ilir Indonesia
| | - Lia Cundari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya 30662 Indralaya Ogan Ilir Indonesia
| | - Bazlina Dawami Afrah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya 30662 Indralaya Ogan Ilir Indonesia
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3
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Bala-Litwiniak A, Musiał D, Nabiałczyk M. Computational and Experimental Studies on Combustion and Co-Combustion of Wood Pellets with Waste Glycerol. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7156. [PMID: 38005084 PMCID: PMC10672839 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The shortage of fossil fuels and their rising prices, as well as the global demand for renewable energy and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, result in an increased interest in the production of alternative biofuels, such as biodiesel or biomass pellets. In this study, the possibility of utilizing waste glycerol, as an addition to pine pellets intended for heating purposes, has been investigated. The usefulness of pellets containing glycerol additions has been compared in terms of applicable quality standards for wood pellets. The highest values of moisture (4.58%), ash (0.5%) and bulk density (650 kg/m3) were observed for pellets without glycerin waste. The addition of waste glycerol slightly increases the calorific value of the pellet (17.94 MJ/kg for 7.5% additive). A 10-kW domestic biomass boiler has been employed to burn the tested pellets. The consumption of analyzed fuels during boiler operation was determined. The concentration of CO, CO2 and NOx in exhaust gases has also been examined. It was observed that the addition of 7.5% of waste glycerol contributes to the reduction in NOx concentrations by 30 ppm and CO2 by 0.15%. The obtained experimental results were compared with the numerical calculations made with the use of ANSYS Chemkin-Pro. The conducted research indicates the legitimacy of utilizing waste glycerol as an additive to wood pellets. In addition, this type of addition has a positive effect on, among others, the increase in calorific value, as well as lower emissions of combustion products such as NOx and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bala-Litwiniak
- Department of Production Management, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland; (D.M.); (M.N.)
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4
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Ma L, Liu H, He D. Recent Progress in Catalyst Development of the Hydrogenolysis of Biomass-Based Glycerol into Propanediols-A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1264. [PMID: 38002388 PMCID: PMC10669600 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomass-based glycerol to produce chemicals with high added value is of great significance for solving the problem of glycerol surplus and thus reducing the production cost of biodiesel. The production of 1,2-propanediol (abbreviated as 1,2-PDO) and 1,3-propanediol (abbreviated as 1,3-PDO) via the hydrogenolysis of glycerol is one of the most representative and highest-potential processes for the comprehensive utilization of biomass-based glycerol. Glycerol hydrogenolysis may include several parallel and serial reactions (involving broken C-O and C-C bonds), and therefore, the catalyst is a key factor in improving the rate of glycerol hydrogenolysis and the selectivities of the target products. Over the past 20 years, glycerol hydrogenolysis has been extensively investigated, and until now, the developments of catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis have been active research topics. Non-precious metals, including Cu, Ni, and Co, and some precious metals (Ru, Pd, etc.) have been used as the active components of the catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, while precious metals such as Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, and Ir have been used for the catalytic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PDO. In this article, we focus on reviewing the research progress of the catalyst systems, including Cu-based catalysts and Pt-, Ru-, and Pd-based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, as well as Pt-WOx-based and Ir-ReOx-based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-PDO. The influence of the properties of active components and supports, the effects of promoters and additives, and the interaction and synergic effects between active component metals and supports are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, China;
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dehua He
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Pandit K, Jeffrey C, Keogh J, Tiwari MS, Artioli N, Manyar HG. Techno-Economic Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis of Glycerol Valorization to Biofuel Additives via Esterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:9201-9210. [PMID: 37333489 PMCID: PMC10273226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is a valuable feedstock, produced in biorefineries as a byproduct of biodiesel production. Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid yields a mixture of mono-, di-, and triacetins. The acetins are commercially important value-added products with a wide range of industrial applications as fuel additives and fine chemicals. Esterification of glycerol to acetins substantially increases the environmental sustainability and economic viability of the biorefinery concept. Among the acetins, diacetin (DA) and triacetin (TA) are considered high-energy-density fuel additives. Herein, we have studied the economic feasibility of a facility producing DA and TA by a two-stage process using 100,000 tons of glycerol per year using Aspen Plus. The capital costs were estimated by Aspen Process Economic Analyzer software. The analysis indicates that the capital costs are 71 M$, while the operating costs are 303 M$/year. The gross profit is 60.5 M$/year, while the NPV of the project is 235 M$ with a payback period of 1.7 years. Sensitivity analysis has indicated that the product price has the most impact on the NPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutarth Pandit
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Callum Jeffrey
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - John Keogh
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Manishkumar S. Tiwari
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management
and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nancy Artioli
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Haresh G. Manyar
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
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6
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Książek EE, Janczar-Smuga M, Pietkiewicz JJ, Walaszczyk E. Optimization of Medium Constituents for the Production of Citric Acid from Waste Glycerol Using the Central Composite Rotatable Design of Experiments. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073268. [PMID: 37050031 PMCID: PMC10096785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Citric acid is currently produced by submerged fermentation of sucrose with the aid of Aspergillus niger mold. Its strains are characterized by a high yield of citric acid biosynthesis and no toxic by-products. Currently, new substrates are sought for production of citric acid by submerged fermentation. Waste materials such as glycerol or pomace could be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis of citric acid. Due to the complexity of the metabolic state in fungus, there is an obvious need to optimize the important medium constituents to enhance the accumulation of desired product. Potential optimization approach is a statistical method, such as the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The aim of this study was to increase the yield of citric acid biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger PD-66 in media with waste glycerol as the carbon source. A mathematical method was used to optimize the culture medium composition for the biosynthesis of citric acid. In order to maximize the efficiency of the biosynthesis of citric acid the central composite, rotatable design was used. Waste glycerol and ammonium nitrate were identified as significant variables which highly influenced the final concentration of citric acid (Y1), volumetric rate of citric acid biosynthesis (Y2), and yield of citric acid biosynthesis (Y3). These variables were subsequently optimized using a central composite rotatable design. Optimal values of input variables were determined using the method of the utility function. The highest utility value of 0.88 was obtained by the following optimal set of conditions: waste glycerol—114.14 g∙L−1and NH4NO3—2.85 g∙L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ewa Książek
- Department of Agroengineering and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janczar-Smuga
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jan Pietkiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Physical Culture Sciences, Witelon Collegium State University, Sejmowa 5A, 59-220 Legnica, Poland
| | - Ewa Walaszczyk
- Department of Process Management, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Dhabhai R, Koranian P, Huang Q, Scheibelhoffer DSB, Dalai AK. Purification of glycerol and its conversion to value-added chemicals: A review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2189054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajay Kumar Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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8
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Upgrading Major Waste Streams Derived from the Biodiesel Industry and Olive Mills via Microbial Bioprocessing with Non-Conventional Yarrowia lipolytica Strains. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a bioprocess involving the valorization of biodiesel-derived glycerol as the main carbon source for cell proliferation of Yarrowia lipolytica strains and production of metabolic compounds, i.e., citric acid (Cit), polyols, and other bio-metabolites, the substitution of process tap water with olive mill wastewater (OMW) in batch fermentations, and partial detoxification of OMW (up to 31.1% decolorization). Increasing initial phenolics (Phen) of OMW-glycerol blends led to substantial Cit secretion. Maximum Cit values, varying between 64.1–65.1 g/L, combined with high yield (YCit/S = 0.682–0.690 g Cit/g carbon sources) and productivity (0.335–0.344 g/L/h) were achieved in the presence of Phen = 3 g/L. The notable accumulation of endopolysaccharides (EPs) on the produced biomass was determined when Y. lipolytica LMBF Y-46 (51.9%) and ACA-YC 5033 (61.5%) were cultivated on glycerol-based media. Blending with various amounts of OMW negatively affected EPs and polyols biosynthesis. The ratio of mannitol:arabitol:erythritol was significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the fermentation media. Erythritol was the major polyol in the absence of OMW (53.5–62.32%), while blends of OMW-glycerol (with Phen = 1–3 g/L) promoted mannitol production (54.5–76.6%). Nitrogen-limited conditions did not favor the production of cellular lipids (up to 16.6%). This study addressed sustainable management and resource efficiency enabling the bioconversion of high-organic-load and toxic waste streams into valuable products within a circular bioeconomy approach.
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9
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High production of acetoin from glycerol by Bacillus subtilis 35. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:175-185. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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10
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Diamantopoulou P, Papanikolaou S. Biotechnological production of sugar-alcohols: focus on Yarrowia lipolytica and edible/medicinal mushrooms. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Utilization of biofuels generated from renewable sources has attracted broad attention due to their benefits such as reducing consumption of fossil fuels, sustainability, and consequently prevention of global warming. The production of biodiesel causes a huge amount of by-product, crude glycerol, to accumulate. Glycerol, because of its unique structure having three hydroxyl groups, can be converted to a variety of industrially valuable products. In recent decades, increasing studies have been carried out on different catalytic pathways to selectively produce a wide range of glycerol derivatives. In the current review, the main routes including carboxylation, oxidation, etherification, hydrogenolysis, esterification, and dehydration to convert glycerol to value-added products are investigated. In order to achieve more glycerol conversion and higher desired product selectivity, acquisition of knowledge on the catalysts, the type of acidic or basic, the supports, and studying various reaction pathways and operating parameters are necessary. This review attempts to summarize the knowledge of catalytic reactions and mechanisms leading to value-added derivatives of glycerol. Additionally, the application of main products from glycerol are discussed. In addition, an overview on the market of glycerol, its properties, applications, and prospects is presented.
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12
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Marrocchi A, Trombettoni V, Campana F, Passagrilli V, Nazari A, Bracciale MP, Santarelli ML, Vaccaro L. Glycerol valorization: Development of selective protocols for acetals production through tailor-made macroreticular acid resins. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Ma Y, Li T, Tan Z, Ma L, Liu H, Zhu L. Chemoenzymatic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid and glycolic acid. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:75. [PMID: 38647569 PMCID: PMC10992446 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic valorization of raw glycerol derived from biodiesel into high-value chemicals has attracted great attention. Here, we report chemoenzymatic cascade reactions that convert glycerol to lactic acid and glycolic acid. In the enzymatic step, a coenzyme recycling system was developed to convert glycerol into 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) with a yield of 92.3% in potassium phosphate buffer (300 mM, pH 7.1) containing 100 mM glycerol, 2 mM NAD+, 242 U/mL glycerol dehydrogenase-GldA and NADH oxidase-SpNoxK184R at 30 °C. Subsequently, NaOH or NaClO2 catalyzes the formation of lactic acid and glycolic acid from DHA. The high yield of lactic acid (72.3%) and glycolic acid (78.2%) verify the benefit of the chemoenzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 9, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tianzhen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zijian Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 9, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources, Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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14
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Koller M, Obruča S. Biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from glycerol: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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16
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Abida K, Ali A. A review on catalytic role of heterogeneous acidic catalysts during glycerol acetylation to yield acetins. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Optimization of Lipid Production by Schizochytrium limacinum Biomass Modified with Ethyl Methane Sulfonate and Grown on Waste Glycerol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053108. [PMID: 35270800 PMCID: PMC8910453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising avenues of biofuel research relates to using waste as a starting feedstock to produce liquid or gaseous energy carriers. The global production of waste glycerol by the refinery industry is rising year after year. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) on the growth rates and intracellular lipid accumulation in heterotrophically-cultured Schizochytrium limacinum microalgae, grown on waste glycerol as the carbon source. The strain S. limacinum E20, produced by incubating a reference strain in EMS for 20 min, was found to perform the best in terms of producing biomass (0.054 gDW/dm3·h) and accumulating intracellular bio-oil (0.021 g/dm3·h). The selected parameters proved to be optimal for S. limacinum E20 biomass growth at the following values: temperature 27.3 °C, glycerol level 249.0 g/dm3, oxygen in the culture 26%, and yeast extract concentration 45.0 g/dm3. In turn, the optimal values for lipid production in an S. limacinum E20 culture were: temperature 24.2 °C, glycerol level 223.0 g/dm3, oxygen in the culture 10%, and yeast extract concentration 10.0 g/dm3. As the process conditions are different for biomass growth and for intracellular lipid accumulation, it is recommended to use a two-step culture process, which resulted in a lipid synthesis rate of 0.41 g/dm3·h.
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18
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Aqueous phase reforming process for the valorization of wastewater streams: Application to different industrial scenarios. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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20
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Challenges & Opportunities on Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Value Added Chemicals. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.3.10524.525-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of biodiesel industry, its main by-product, crude glycerol, is anticipated to reach a global production of 6 million tons in 2025. It is actually a worrying phenomenon as glycerol could potentially emerge as an excessive product with little value. Glycerol, an alcohol and oxygenated chemical from biodiesel production, has essentially enormous potential to be converted into higher value-added chemicals. Using glycerol as a starting material for value-added chemical production will create a new demand on the glycerol market such as lactic acid, propylene glycol, alkyl lactatehydrogen, olefins and others. This paper briefly reviews the recent development on value-added chemicals derived from glycerol through catalytic conversion of refined and crude glycerol that have been proven to be promising in research stage with commercialization potential, or have been put in a corporate marketable production. Despite of the huge potential of products that can be transformed from glycerol, there are still numerous challenges to be addressed and discussed that include catalyst design and robustness; focus on crude or refined glycerol; reactor technology, reaction mechanism and thermodynamic analysis; and overall process commercial viability. The discussion will hopefully provide new insights on justified direction to focus on for glycerol transformation technology. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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21
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The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the chemical transformation of oils/fats (i.e., triacylglycerols) to the use of biofuels or bio-lubricants in the means of transport, which is a novelty. The chemical transformation is necessary to obtain products that are more usable with properties corresponding to fuels synthesized from crude oil. Two types of fuels are described—biodiesel (the mixture of methyl esters produced by transesterification) and green diesel (paraffins produced by hydrogenation of oils). Moreover, three bio-lubricant synthesis methods are described. The transformation, which is usually catalysed, depends on: (i) the type and composition of the raw material, including alcohols for biodiesel production and hydrogen for green diesel; (ii) the type of the catalyst in the case of catalysed reactions; (iii) the reaction conditions; and (iv) types of final products. The most important catalysts, especially heterogeneous and including reaction conditions, for each product are described. The properties of biodiesel and green diesel and a comparison with diesel from crude oil are also discussed.
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22
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Lad BC, Coleman SM, Alper HS. Microbial valorization of underutilized and nonconventional waste streams. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6371101. [PMID: 34529075 PMCID: PMC9118980 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The growing burden of waste disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has renewed interest in the remediation, valorization, and/or repurposing of waste. Traditional approaches such as composting, anaerobic digestion, use in fertilizers or animal feed, or incineration for energy production extract very little value out of these waste streams. In contrast, waste valorization into fuels and other biochemicals via microbial fermentation is an area of growing interest. In this review, we discuss microbial valorization of nonconventional, aqueous waste streams such as food processing effluents, wastewater streams, and other industrial wastes. We categorize these waste streams as carbohydrate-rich food wastes, lipid-rich wastes, and other industrial wastes. Recent advances in microbial valorization of these nonconventional waste streams are highlighted, along with a discussion of the specific challenges and opportunities associated with impurities, nitrogen content, toxicity, and low productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena C Lad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Sarah M Coleman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712 USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712 USA
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23
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Chilakamarry CR, Sakinah AMM, Zularisam AW, Pandey A. Glycerol waste to value added products and its potential applications. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2021; 1:378-396. [PMID: 38624889 PMCID: PMC8182736 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid industrial and economic development runs on fossil fuel and other energy sources. Limited oil reserves, environmental issues, and high transportation costs lead towards carbon unbiased renewable and sustainable fuel. Compared to other carbon-based fuels, biodiesel is attracted worldwide as a biofuel for the reduction of global dependence on fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect. During biodiesel production, approximately 10% of glycerol is formed in the transesterification process in a biodiesel plant. The ditching of crude glycerol is important as it contains salt, free fatty acids, and methanol that cause contamination of soil and creates environmental challenges for researchers. However, the excessive cost of crude glycerol refining and market capacity encourage the biodiesel industries for developing a new idea for utilising and produced extra sources of income and treat biodiesel waste. This review focuses on the significance of crude glycerol in the value-added utilisation and conversion to bioethanol by a fermentation process and describes the opportunities of glycerol in various applications. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan , Malaysia 26300
| | - A. M. Mimi Sakinah
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan , Malaysia 26300
| | - A. W. Zularisam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology , Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan , Malaysia 26300
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001 India
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Optimization of a Recombinant Lectin Production in Pichia pastoris Using Crude Glycerol in a Fed-Batch System. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of heterologous proteins for medical use is an important area of interest. The optimization of the bioprocesses includes the improvement of time, costs, and unit operations. Our study shows that a lectin fraction from Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) (TBLF) has cytotoxic effects on colon cancer cells and in vivo antitumorigenic activity. However, the low-yield, time-consuming, and expensive process made us focus on the development of a strategy to obtain a recombinant lectin using engineered Pichia pastoris yeast. Pure glycerol is one of the most expensive supplies; therefore, we worked on process optimization using crude glycerol from biodiesel production. Recombinant lectin (rTBL-1) production and purification were evaluated for the first time by an experimental design where crude glycerol (G65) was used and compared against pure glycerol (G99) in a controlled stirred-tank bioreactor with a fed-batch system. The recombinant lectin was detected and identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and UHPLC–ESI–QTOF/MS analysis. The results show that the recombinant lectin can be produced from G65 with no significant differences with respect to G99: the reaction rates were 2.04 and 1.43 mg L−1 h−1, and the yields were 264.95 and 274.67 mgL−1, respectively. The current low cost of crude glycerol and our results show the possibility of producing heterologous proteins using this substrate with high productivity.
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The Effect of the Dietary Inclusion of Crude Glycerin in Pre-Starter and Starter Diets for Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051249. [PMID: 33926077 PMCID: PMC8145888 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of crude glycerin in post-weaning diets for piglets on growth performance and digestibility. The study was carried out with a total of 360 piglets over a 39 day period. Animals were blocked by body weight (7.7 ± 0.86 kg) and allotted randomly to one of three dietary treatments containing 0, 2.5 or 5% glycerin (G0, G2.5 and G5, respectively). Considering the whole period, glycerin did not affect the average daily gain. However, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to decrease or decreased linearly as the amount of glycerin increased, respectively (p = 0.060 and p = 0.039). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry and organic matter (DM, OM) increased linearly with increasing glycerin in both periods (p ≤ 0.05). At the end of the study, there were no differences between treatments for any of the hormones measured. In conclusion, the FCR and digestibility of DM and OM were improved although the ADFI tended to be lower when glycerin was included at 5%. Consequently, crude glycerin could be used as an alternative ingredient to partially replace sweet whey and wheat in post-weaning diets.
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Davis KA, Yoo S, Shuler EW, Sherman BD, Lee S, Leem G. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from biomass conversion. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:6. [PMID: 33635439 PMCID: PMC7910387 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomass has incredible potential as an alternative to fossil fuels for energy production that is sustainable for the future of humanity. Hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic biomass conversion not only produces valuable carbon-free energy in the form of molecular hydrogen but also provides an avenue of production for industrially relevant biomass products. This photocatalytic conversion can be realized with efficient, sustainable reaction materials (biomass) and inexhaustible sunlight as the only energy inputs. Reported herein is a general strategy and mechanism for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from biomass and biomass-derived substrates (including ethanol, glycerol, formic acid, glucose, and polysaccharides). Recent advancements in the synthesis and fundamental physical/mechanistic studies of novel photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from biomass conversion are summarized. Also summarized are recent advancements in hydrogen evolution efficiency regarding biomass and biomass-derived substrates. Special emphasis is given to methods that utilize unprocessed biomass as a substrate or synthetic photocatalyst material, as the development of such will incur greater benefits towards a sustainable route for the evolution of hydrogen and production of chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Alicia Davis
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sunghoon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13306, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric W Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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27
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Versatile Coordination Polymer Catalyst for Acid Reactions Involving Biobased Heterocyclic Chemicals. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical valorization/repurposing of biomass-derived chemicals contributes to a biobased economy. Furfural (Fur) is a recognized platform chemical produced from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, and furfuryl alcohol (FA) is its most important application. The aromatic aldehydes Fur and benzaldehyde (Bza) are commonly found in the slate of compounds produced via biomass pyrolysis. On the other hand, glycerol (Gly) is a by-product of the industrial production of biodiesel, derived from fatty acid components of biomass. This work focuses on acid catalyzed routes of Fur, Bza, Gly and FA, using a versatile crystalline lamellar coordination polymer catalyst, namely [Gd(H4nmp)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O (1) [H6nmp=nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid)] synthesized via an ecofriendly, relatively fast, mild microwave-assisted approach (in water, 70 °C/40 min). This is the first among crystalline coordination polymers or metal-organic framework type materials studied for the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions, giving heterobicyclic products of the type dioxolane and dioxane, and was also effective for the FA/ethanol reaction. 1 was stable and promoted the target catalytic reactions, selectively leading to heterobicyclic dioxane and dioxolane type products in the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions (up to 91% and 95% total yields respectively, at 90 °C/4 h), and, on the other hand, 2-(ethoxymethyl)furan and ethyl levulinate from heterocyclic FA.
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28
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Abstract
Energy policies in the US and in the EU during the last decades have been focused on enhanced oil and gas recovery, including the so-called tertiary extraction or enhanced oil recovery (EOR), on one hand, and the development and implementation of renewable energy vectors, on the other, including biofuels as bioethanol (mainly in US and Brazil) and biodiesel (mainly in the EU) [...]
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Souza BCD, Bossardi FF, Furlan GR, Folle AB, Reginatto C, Polidoro TA, Carra S, Silveira MMD, Malvessi E. Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of 2,3-Butanediol, Glycerol, Acetoin, Ethanol, and Phosphate in Microbial Cultivations. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1869754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Campos de Souza
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia Frozza Bossardi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Greice Ribeiro Furlan
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Analia Borges Folle
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Reginatto
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Tomás Augusto Polidoro
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Carra
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Moura da Silveira
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Eloane Malvessi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Once a biorefinery is ready to operate, the main processed materials need to be completely evaluated in terms of many different factors, including disposal regulations, technological limitations of installation, the market, and other societal considerations. In biorefinery, glycerol is the main by-product, representing around 10% of biodiesel production. In the last few decades, the large-scale production of biodiesel and glycerol has promoted research on a wide range of strategies in an attempt to valorize this by-product, with its transformation into added value chemicals being the strategy that exhibits the most promising route. Among them, C3 compounds obtained from routes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification, etc. represent an alternative to petroleum-based routes for chemicals such as acrolein, propanediols, or carboxylic acids of interest for the polymer industry. Another widely studied and developed strategy includes processes such as reforming or pyrolysis for energy, clean fuels, and materials such as activated carbon. This review covers recent advances in catalysts used in the most promising strategies considering both chemicals and energy or fuel obtention. Due to the large variety in biorefinery industries, several potential emergent valorization routes are briefly summarized.
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