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Warmuth L, Steurer M, Schild D, Zimina A, Grunwaldt JD, Pitter S. Reversible and Irreversible Structural Changes in Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 Catalysts during Methanol Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8813-8821. [PMID: 38335022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The structure and chemical state of heterogeneous catalysts are closely related to their operational stability. Knowing these relationships as precisely as possible is thus essential for further catalyst development. This work focuses on the deactivation of a Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-type catalyst for methanol synthesis. Experiments were performed in a parallel setup, with which time-dependent changes in the catalyst material can be observed. Elucidation of potential deactivation pathways is described for catalyst aging at different times on stream (0, 50, 935 h). Data from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy measurements reveal that sintering of Cu0 domains and restructuring within ZnO domains mainly contribute to deactivation. Subsequent reactivation by reduction (in H2/N2) reverts the observed structural changes only to a limited extent. Moreover, this work highlights the participation of ZrO2 as a promoter and reveals redispersion of zirconia after initial reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Warmuth
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Steurer
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dieter Schild
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Kubas D, Beck JM, Kasisari E, Schätzler T, Becherer A, Fischer A, Krossing I. From CO 2 to DME: Enhancement through Heteropoly Acids from a Catalyst Screening and Stability Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15203-15216. [PMID: 37151500 PMCID: PMC10157840 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) via CO2 hydrogenation in a single step was studied using an improved class of bifunctional catalysts in a fixed bed reactor (T R: 210-270 °C; 40 bar; gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) 19,800 NL kgcat -1 h-1; ratio CO2/H2/N2 3:9:2). The competitive bifunctional catalysts tested in here consist of a surface-basic copper/zinc oxide/zirconia (CZZ) methanol-producing part and a variable surface-acidic methanol dehydration part and were tested in overall 45 combinations. As dehydration catalysts, zeolites (ferrierite and β-zeolite), alumina, or zirconia were tested alone as well as with a coating of Keggin-type heteropoly acids (HPAs), i.e., silicotungstic or phosphotungstic acid. Two different mixing methods to generate bifunctional catalysts were tested: (i) a single-grain method with intensive intra-particular contact between CZZ and the dehydration catalyst generated by mixing in an agate mortar and (ii) a dual-grain approach relying on physical mixing with low contact. The influence of the catalyst mixing method and HPA loading on catalyst activity and stability was investigated. From these results, a selection of best-performing bifunctional catalysts was investigated in extended measurements (time on stream: 160 h/7 days, T R: 250 and 270 °C; 40 bar; GHSV 19,800 NL kgcat -1 h-1; ratio CO2/H2/N2 3:9:2). Silicotungstic acid-coated bifunctional catalysts showed the highest resilience toward deactivation caused by single-grain preparation and during catalysis. Overall, HPA-coated catalysts showed higher activity and resilience toward deactivation than uncoated counterparts. Dual-grain preparation showed superior performance over single grain. Furthermore, silicotungstic acid coatings with 1 KU nm-2 (Keggin unit per surface area of carrier) on Al2O3 and ZrO2 as carrier materials showed competitive high activity and stability in extended 7-day measurements compared to pure CZZ. Therefore, HPA coating is found to be a well-suited addition to the CO2-to-DME catalyst toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Kubas
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Maria Beck
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erdogan Kasisari
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Schätzler
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anita Becherer
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Kubas D, Semmel M, Salem O, Krossing I. Is Direct DME Synthesis Superior to Methanol Production in Carbon Dioxide Valorization? From Thermodynamic Predictions to Experimental Confirmation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Kubas
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Semmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ouda Salem
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Yang M, Yu J, Zimina A, Sarma BB, Pandit L, Grunwaldt JD, Zhang L, Xu H, Sun J. Probing the Nature of Zinc in Copper-Zinc-Zirconium Catalysts by Operando Spectroscopies for CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216803. [PMID: 36507860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Active Zn species in Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts have not been clearly identified yet due to their complex nature and dynamic structural changes during reactions. Herein, atomically dispersed Zn on ZrO2 support is established in Cu-based catalysts by separating Zn and Zr components from Cu (Cu-ZnZr) via the double-nozzle flame spray pyrolysis (DFSP) method. It exhibits superiority in methanol selectivity and yield compared to those with Cu-ZnO interface and isolated ZnO nanoparticles. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals that the atomically dispersed Zn species are induced during the reaction due to the strengthened Zn-Zr interaction. They can suppress formate decomposition to CO and decrease the H2 dissociation energy, shifting the reaction to methanol production. This work enlightens the rational design of unique Zn species by regulating coordination environments and offers a new perspective for exploring complex interactions in multi-component catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Pandit
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ling Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, China
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5
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Müller A, Comas-Vives A, Copéret C. Ga and Zn increase the oxygen affinity of Cu-based catalysts for the CO x hydrogenation according to ab initio atomistic thermodynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13442-13458. [PMID: 36507169 PMCID: PMC9685501 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydrogenation of CO or CO2 to methanol, a highly vivid research area in the context of sustainable development, is typically carried out with Cu-based catalysts. Specific elements (so-called promoters) improve the catalytic performance of these systems under a broad range of reaction conditions (from pure CO to pure CO2). Some of these promoters, such as Ga and Zn, can alloy with Cu and their role remains a matter of debate. In that context, we used periodic DFT calculations on slab models and ab initio thermodynamics to evaluate both metal alloying and surface formation by considering multiple surface facets, different promoter concentrations and spatial distributions as well as adsorption of several species (O*, H*, CO* and ) for different gas phase compositions. Both Ga and Zn form an fcc-alloy with Cu due to the stronger interaction of the promoters with Cu than with themselves. While the Cu-Ga-alloy is more stable than the Cu-Zn-alloy at low promoter concentrations (<25%), further increasing the promoter concentration reverses this trend, due to the unfavoured Ga-Ga-interactions. Under CO2 hydrogenation conditions, a substantial amount of O* can adsorb onto the alloy surfaces, resulting in partial dealloying and oxidation of the promoters. Therefore, the CO2 hydrogenation conditions are actually rather oxidising for both Ga and Zn despite the large amount of H2 present in the feedstock. Thus, the growth of a GaO x /ZnO x overlayer is thermodynamically preferred under reaction conditions, enhancing CO2 adsorption, and this effect is more pronounced for the Cu-Ga-system than for the Cu-Zn-system. In contrast, under CO hydrogenation conditions, fully reduced and alloyed surfaces partially covered with H* and CO* are expected, with mixed CO/CO2 hydrogenation conditions resulting in a mixture of reduced and oxidised states. This shows that the active atmosphere tunes the preferred state of the catalyst, influencing the catalytic activity and stability, indicating that the still widespread image of a static catalyst under reaction conditions is insufficient to understand the complex interplay of processes taking place on a catalyst surface under reaction conditions, and that dynamic effects must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland +41 44 633 93 94
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien 1060 Vienna Austria
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zurich Switzerland +41 44 633 93 94
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6
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Kinetics of the Direct DME Synthesis: State of the Art and Comprehensive Comparison of Semi-Mechanistic, Data-Based and Hybrid Modeling Approaches. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid kinetic models represent a promising alternative to describe and evaluate the effect of multiple variables in the performance of complex chemical processes, since they combine system knowledge and extrapolability of the (semi-)mechanistic models in a wide range of reaction conditions with the adaptability and fast convergence of data-based approaches (e.g., artificial neural networks—ANNs). For the first time, a hybrid kinetic model for the direct DME synthesis was developed consisting of a reactor model, i.e., balance equations, and an ANN for the reaction kinetics. The accuracy, computational time, interpolation and extrapolation ability of the new hybrid model were compared to those of aumped and a data-based model with the same validity range, using both simulations and experiments. The convergence of parameter estimation and simulations with the hybrid model is much faster than with theumped model, and the predictions show a greater degree of accuracy within the models’ validity range. A satisfactory dimension and range extrapolation was reached when the extrapolated variable was included in the knowledge module of the model. This feature is particularly dependent on the network architecture and phenomena covered by the underlying model, andess on the experimental conditions evaluated during model development.
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7
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Guse D, Polierer S, Wild S, Pitter S, Kind M. Improved Preparation of Cu/Zn‐Based Catalysts by Well‐Defined Conditions of Co‐Precipitation and Aging. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sabrina Polierer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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8
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Tofighi G, Lichtenberg H, Gaur A, Wang W, Wild S, Herrera Delgado K, Pitter S, Dittmeyer R, Grunwaldt JD, Doronkin DE. Continuous synthesis of Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3 nanoparticles in a co-precipitation reaction using a silicon based microfluidic reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic reactor enabled continuous co-precipitation synthesis of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for methanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Tofighi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Henning Lichtenberg
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Gaur
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Wild S, Lacerda de Oliveira Campos B, Zevaco TA, Guse D, Kind M, Pitter S, Herrera Delgado K, Sauer J. Experimental investigations and model-based optimization of CZZ/H-FER 20 bed compositions for the direct synthesis of DME from CO2-rich syngas. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic investigations and model-based optimization of CuO/ZnO/ZrO2 : H-FER 20 catalytic systems for direct DME synthesis from CO2-rich syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wild
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bruno Lacerda de Oliveira Campos
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Zevaco
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - David Guse
- TVT – Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- TVT – Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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10
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Styring P, Dowson GRM. Oxygenated Transport Fuels from Carbon Dioxide : Driving towards Net Zero. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651321x16063027322661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The restructuring of the economy post-COVID-19 coupled to the drive towards Net Zero carbon dioxide emissions means we must rethink the way we use transport fuels. Fossil-carbon based fuels are ubiquitous in the transport sector, however there are alternative synthetic fuels that could
be used as drop-in or replacement fuels. The main hurdles to achieving a transition to synthetic fuels are the limited availability of low-cost carbon dioxide at an appropriate purity, the availability of renewable hydrogen and, in the case of hydrocarbons, catalysts that are selective for
small and particular chain lengths. In this paper we will consider some of the alternative fuels and methods that could reduce cost, both economically and environmentally. We recommend that increased effort in the rapid development of these fuels should be a priority in order to accelerate
the possibility of achieving Net Zero without costly infrastructure changes. As ground transportation offers a more straightforward approach legislatively, we will look at oxygenated organic fuels as an alternative drop-in replacement for hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Styring
- UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilisation, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
| | - George R. M. Dowson
- UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilisation, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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11
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Wild S, Polierer S, Zevaco TA, Guse D, Kind M, Pitter S, Herrera Delgado K, Sauer J. Direct DME synthesis on CZZ/H-FER from variable CO 2/CO syngas feeds. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2556-2564. [PMID: 35424220 PMCID: PMC8693869 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalyst systems for the conversion of synthesis gas, which are tolerant to fluctuating CO/CO2 gas compositions, have great potential for process-technical applications, related to the expected changes in the supply of synthesis gas. Copper-based catalysts usually used in the synthesis of methanol play an important role in this context. We investigated the productivity characteristics for their application in direct dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis as a function of the CO2/COx ratio over the complete range from 0 to 1. For this purpose, we compared an industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol catalyst with a self-developed Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalyst prepared by a continuous coprecipitation approach. For DME synthesis, catalysts were combined with two commercial dehydration catalysts, H-FER 20 and γ-Al2O3, respectively. Using a standard testing procedure, we determined the productivity characteristics in a temperature range between 483 K and 523 K in a fixed bed reactor. The combination of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 and H-FER 20 provided the highest DME productivity with up to 1017 gDME (kgCu h)−1 at 523 K, 50 bar and 36 000 mlN (g h)−1 and achieved DME productivities higher than 689 gDME (kgCu h)−1 at all investigated CO2/COx ratios under the mentioned conditions. With the use of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2//H-FER 20 a promising operating range between CO2/COx 0.47 and 0.8 was found where CO as well as CO2 can be converted with high DME selectivity. First results on the long-term stability of the system Cu/ZnO/ZrO2//H-FER 20 showed an overall reduction of 27.0% over 545 h time on stream and 14.6% between 200 h and 545 h under variable feed conditions with a consistently high DME selectivity. Catalyst systems for the conversion of synthesis gas, which are tolerant to fluctuating CO/CO2 gas compositions, have great potential for process-technical applications, related to the expected changes in the synthesis gas supply.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wild
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sabrina Polierer
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thomas A Zevaco
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - David Guse
- TVT - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kaiserstraße 12 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- TVT - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kaiserstraße 12 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- IKFT - Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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12
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Delgado Otalvaro N, Sogne G, Herrera Delgado K, Wild S, Pitter S, Sauer J. Kinetics of the direct DME synthesis from CO 2 rich syngas under variation of the CZA-to-γ-Al 2O 3 ratio of a mixed catalyst bed. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24556-24569. [PMID: 35481015 PMCID: PMC9036900 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether over mechanical mixtures of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) and γ-Al2O3 was studied in a wide range of process conditions. Experiments were performed at an industrially relevant pressure of 50 bar varying the carbon oxide ratio in the feed (CO2 in COx from 20 to 80%), temperature (503–533 K), space-time (240–400 kgcat s mgas−3), and the CZA-to-γ-Al2O3 weight ratio (from 1 to 5). Factors favoring the DME production in the investigated range of conditions are an elevated temperature, a low CO2 content in the feed, and a CZA-to-γ-Al2O3 weight ratio of 2. A lumped kinetic model was parameterized to fit the experimental data, resulting in one of the predictive models with the broadest range of validity in the open literature for the CZA/γ-Al2O3 system. Experimental and numerical kinetic investigations for the direct DME synthesis resulted in one of the predictive models with the broadest range of validity in the open literature for the CZA/γ-Al2O3 system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Sogne
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wild
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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