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Zhang S, Wang Y, Yang C, Wang X, Wang S, Yin J, Du Y, Wu D, Hu J, Zhao Q. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH 2-MMS. Foods 2024; 13:2736. [PMID: 39272502 PMCID: PMC11394612 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, amino-modified micro-mesoporous silica (NH2-MMS) with hierarchical pores was prepared by modifying micro-mesoporous silica ZSM-5 with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and used as an adsorbent in solid-phase extraction to analyze free fatty acids (FFAs) in krill oil during storage for an initial time. The Brunner Emmet Teller adsorption experiment and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that NH2-MMS, with a hierarchical pore structure, was successfully synthesized. The adsorption experiments, especially static adsorption, indicate that the absorption ability of the prepared NH2-MMS, with a hierarchical pore structure, toward FFAs was better than that of traditional amino-modified mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with a mesoporous structure at all temperature and concentrations. Fairly low limits of detection (0.06-0.15 μg g-1), acceptable recoveries (85.16-94.31%), and precision (0.08-5.26%) were attained under ideal circumstances. Moreover, NH2-MMS has the advantages of easy preparation and being environmentally friendly. As a result, this method offers an alternative to the current method for determining FFAs in different kinds of oil specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiping Yin
- Information Technology Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yinan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Yang Y, Liu G, Zheng M, Liu S, Yang Q, Liu X, Wang M, Yang L. Discovery of significant atmospheric emission of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from secondary zinc smelting. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113594. [PMID: 35525118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants. Current knowledge on the emissions of Cl/Br- PAHs is far insufficient for source control, much less on their formation mechanisms. In this field study, Cl/Br-PAHs formation mechanisms were proposed from the macro perspective of practical secondary metal smelting industries. We found secondary zinc smelting as a significant source of Cl/Br-PAHs (9553 ng/m3 in stack gas), exceeding concentrations from other metal smelting sources by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Cl/Br-PAH emission characteristics differed between various secondary metal smelting processes, indicating dominance of different formation mechanisms. Cl/Br-PAHs with fewer rings were dominant from secondary zinc smelting and secondary copper smelting. Differently, emissions from secondary aluminum smelting were dominated by congeners with more rings. The differences in congener profiles were attributable to the catalytic effects of metal compounds during smelting activities. Zinc oxide and copper oxide dominantly catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions, contributing to the formation of intermediate radicals and subsequent dimerization to Cl/Br-PAHs with fewer rings. Differently, aluminum oxide induced alkylation reactions and accelerated ring growth, resulting in the formation of Cl-PAHs with more rings. The newly proposed mechanisms can successfully explain the emission characteristics of Cl/Br-PAHs during smelting activities, which should be important implication for Cl/Br-PAHs targeted source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center of Eco-environmental Monitoring and Scientific Research, Administration of Ecology and Environment of Haihe River Basin and Beihai Sea Area, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and the Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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