1
|
Koczorowski T, Wicher B, Krakowiak R, Mylkie K, Marusiak A, Tykarska E, Ziegler-Borowska M. Photocatalytic Activity of Sulfanyl Porphyrazine/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites in Degradation of Organic Pollutants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7264. [PMID: 36295343 PMCID: PMC9611658 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium(II) sulfanyl porphyrazine with peripheral morpholinethoxy substituents was embedded on the surface of titanium(IV) dioxide nanoparticles. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized with the use of particle size and distribution (NTA analysis), electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA), FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The measured particle size of the obtained material was 327.4 ± 15.5 nm. Analysis with XRD showed no visible changes in the crystallinity of the material after deposition of porphyrazine on the TiO2 surface. However, SEM images revealed noticeable changes in the morphology of the obtained hybrid material: higher aggregation and less ordered structure of the aggregates. The TGA analysis revealed the lost 3.6% (0.4 mg) of the mass of obtained material in the range 250-550 °C. In the FTIR-ATR analysis, C-H stretching vibratins in the range of 3000-2800 cm-1, originating from porphyrazine moieties, were detected. The photocatalytic applicability of the nanomaterial was assessed in photodegradation studies of methylene blue and bisphenol A as reference environmental pollutants. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine with porphyrazine/TiO2 hybrids as photocatalysts was studied, accompanied by an HPLC chromatography assessment of photodegradation. In total, 43% of the initial concentration was achieved in the case of bisphenol A, after 4 h of irradiation, whereas 57% was achieved in the case of carbamazepine. In each photodegradation reaction, the activity of the obtained photocatalytic nanomaterial was proved with almost linear degradation. The photodegradation reaction rate constants were calculated, and revealed 5.75 × 10-5 s-1 for bisphenol A and 5.66 × 10-5 s-1 for carbamazepine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafal Krakowiak
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kinga Mylkie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Marusiak
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Musial J, Belet A, Mlynarczyk DT, Kryjewski M, Goslinski T, Lambert SD, Poelman D, Stanisz BJ. Nanocomposites of Titanium Dioxide and Peripherally Substituted Phthalocyanines for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193279. [PMID: 36234406 PMCID: PMC9565719 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are often used in photosensitization of titanium(IV) oxide, a commonly employed photocatalyst, as such an approach holds the promise of obtaining highly stable and efficient visible light-harvesting materials. Herein, we report on the preparation, characterization and photoactivity of a series of composites based on TiO2 and peripherally modified metallophthalocyanines: either tetrasulfonated or 4,4',4'',4'''-tetraazaphthalocyanines, with either copper(II), nickel(II) or zinc(II) as the central metal ion. Physicochemical characterization was performed using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, hydrodynamic particle-size analysis, surface-area analysis using N2 adsorption-desorption measurements and thermogravimetry combined with differential scanning calorimetry. The band-gap energy values were lower for the composites with peripherally modified phthalocyanines than for the commercial TiO2 P25 or the unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine-grafted TiO2. TG-DSC results confirmed that the chemical deposition, used for the preparation of Pc/TiO2 composites, is a simple and efficient method for TiO2 surface modification, as all the Pc load was successfully grafted on TiO2. The photocatalytic potential of the Pc/TiO2 materials was assessed in the photocatalytic removal of sulfamethoxazole-a commonly used antibacterial drug of emerging ecological concern. To compare the activity of the materials in different conditions, photodegradation tests were conducted both in water and in an organic medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Musial
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Artium Belet
- Department of Chemical Engineering–Nanomaterials, Catalysis, Electrochemistry, University of Liege, Building B6a, Allée du 6 Août 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Kryjewski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stéphanie D. Lambert
- Department of Chemical Engineering–Nanomaterials, Catalysis, Electrochemistry, University of Liege, Building B6a, Allée du 6 Août 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dirk Poelman
- LumiLab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beata J. Stanisz
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bakun P, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Mlynarczyk DT, Musielak M, Mylkie K, Dlugaszewska J, Koczorowski T, Suchorska WM, Ziegler-Borowska M, Goslinski T, Krakowiak R. Gallic Acid-Functionalized, TiO 2-Based Nanomaterial-Preparation, Physicochemical and Biological Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124177. [PMID: 35744240 PMCID: PMC9228946 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing and skin tissue regeneration remain the most critical challenges faced by medical professionals. Titanium(IV) oxide-based materials were proposed as components of pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds and unsightly scarring. A gallic acid-functionalized TiO2 nanomaterial (TiO2-GA) was obtained using the self-assembly technique and characterized using the following methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry (TG). Additionally, physicochemical and biological tests (DPPH assay, Microtox® acute toxicity test, MTT assay) were performed to assess antioxidant properties as well as to determine the cytotoxicity of the novel material against eukaryotic (MRC-5 pd19 fibroblasts) and prokaryotic (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aliivibrio fischeri) cells. To determine the photocytotoxicity of the material, specific tests were carried out with and without exposure to visible light lamps (425 nm). Following the results, the TiO2-GA material could be considered an additive to dressings and rinsing suspensions for the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds that are at risk of bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Bakun
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.T.M.); (T.K.); (R.K.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.T.M.); (T.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Marika Musielak
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Kinga Mylkie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.T.M.); (T.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Wiktoria M. Suchorska
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.T.M.); (T.K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Rafal Krakowiak
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.T.M.); (T.K.); (R.K.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines on Solid-State Mesoporous Matrices as Catalysts in Oxidation Reactions. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072532. [PMID: 35407864 PMCID: PMC8999812 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The review presents recent examples of heterogenic catalysts based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines loaded on mesoporous materials, such as MCM-41, SBA-15, MCM-48, SBA-16 or Al-MCM-41. Heterogenic approach to catalysis eases recovery, reuse and prevent macrocycle aggregation. In this application, mesoporous silica is a promising candidate for anchoring macrocycle and obtaining a new catalyst. Introduction of porphyrin or phthalocyanine into the mesoporous material may be performed through adsorption of the macrocycle, or by its in situ formation—by reaction of substrates introduced to the pores of the catalytic material. Catalytic reactions studied are oxidation processes, focused on alkane, alkene or arene as substrates. The products obtained are usually epoxides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes or acids. The greatest interest lies in oxidation of cyclohexane and cyclohexene, as a source of adypic acid and derivatives. Some of the reactions may be viewed as biomimetic processes, resembling processes that occur in vivo and are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme family.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Nowadays, society’s widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and the consequent accumulation of such compounds or their metabolites in effluents requires the development of efficient strategies and systems that lead to their effective degradation. This can be done through oxidative processes, in which tetrapyrrolic macrocycles (porphyrins, phthalocyanines) deserve special attention since they are among the most promising degradation catalysts. This paper presents a review of the literature over the past ten years on the major advances made in the development of oxidation processes of pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions using tetrapyrrole-based catalysts. The review presents a brief discussion of the mechanisms involved in these oxidative processes and is organized by the degradation of families of pharmaceutical compounds, namely antibiotics, analgesics and neurological drugs, among others. For each family, a critical analysis and discussion of the fundamental roles of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles are presented, regarding both photochemical degradative processes and direct oxidative chemical degradation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Titanium Dioxide-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants including Pharmaceutical Pollutants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment has been a growing problem in recent years. Due to the rapid growth in human population, the expansion of cities, along with the development of industry, more and more dangerous chemicals end up in the environment, especially in soil and water. For the most part, it is not possible to effectively remove chemicals through traditional remediation techniques, because those used in treatment plants are not specifically designed for this purpose. Therefore, new approaches for water remediation are in great demand. Many efforts have been focused on applications of photocatalysis for the remediation of chemical pollutants including drugs. Titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles have particularly been considered as potential photocatalysts due to their favorable properties. In this article, we present the problem of emerging contaminants including drugs and discuss the use of photocatalysts based on titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles for their degradation. A wide selection of materials, starting from bare TiO2, via its hybrid and composite materials, are discussed including those based on carbonaceous materials or connections with macrocyclic structures. Examples of photodegradation experiments on TiO2-based materials including those performed with various active pharmaceutical ingredients are also included.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mlynarczyk DT, Ziental D, Kolasinski E, Sobotta L, Koczorowski T, Mielcarek J, Goslinski T. Nipagin-Functionalized Porphyrazine and Phthalocyanine-Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Toxicity Study after Deposition on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles P25. Molecules 2021; 26:2657. [PMID: 34062815 PMCID: PMC8124671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aza-porphyrinoids exhibit distinct spectral properties in UV-Vis, and they are studied in applications such as photosensitizers in medicine and catalysts in technology. The use of appropriate peripheral substituents allows the modulation of their physicochemical properties. Phthalocyanine and sulfanyl porphyrazine octa-substituted with 4-(butoxycarbonyl)phenyloxy moieties were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry. A comparison of porphyrazine with phthalocyanine aza-porphyrinoids revealed that phthalocyanine macrocycle exhibits higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yields, reaching the value of 0.29 in DMF. After both macrocycles had been deposited on titanium dioxide nanoparticles P25, the cytotoxicities and photocytotoxicities of the prepared materials were studied using a Microtox® acute toxicity test. The highest cytotoxicity occurred after irradiation with a red light for the material composed of phthalocyanine deposited on titania nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Emil Kolasinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of Three Catalytic Processes in Degradation of HPAM by tBu-TPyzPzCo. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a two-step synthesis process for the cobalt complex of tetra-2,3-(5,6-di-tert-butyl-pyrazino) porphyrazine (tBu-TPyzPzCo). The product was ultrasonically impregnated onto carbon black (CB) to prepare a supported catalyst (tBu-TPyzPzCo/CB). We built a split photoelectric catalytic device to test the performance of photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). The results confirm that HPAM exhibited more efficient degradation in the presence of a supporting catalyst using the photoelectrocatalytic process than by photocatalytic or electrocatalytic oxidation—or even the sum of the two in saline water. The photoelectrocatalytic reaction confirmed that the process conforms to quasi-first order reaction kinetics, while the reaction rate constants were 6.03 times that of photocatalysis and 3.97 times that of electrocatalysis. We also compared the energy consumption of the three processes and found that the photoelectrocatalytic process has the highest energy efficiency.
Collapse
|