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Sustainable Ketalization of Glycerol with Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by the Iron(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework MIL-88A. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217229. [PMID: 36364056 PMCID: PMC9658270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of a simple iron-containing MOF based on fumaric acid, MIL-88A, were investigated in the ketalization of ethyl levulinate with glycerol. The corresponding product is a component of current interest as a renewable building block for many uses. Under the following conditions (solventless, 120 °C, stoichiometric ratio, 1% cat.), the reaction proceeds with good yields (85%), and the catalyst can be recovered and recycled without loss of activity, despite some changes in the crystalline lattice and morphology. Moreover, the residual iron content in the product is in the order of units of ppm (≤2), which demonstrates the robustness of the MOF under the reaction conditions.
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Soumoy L, Célis C, Debecker DP, Armandi M, Fiorilli S, Aprile C. Hafnium-doped silica nanotubes for the upgrading of glycerol into solketal: enhanced performances and in-depth structure-activity correlation. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Parts-Per-Million (Salen)Fe(III) Homogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oils. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work describes the application of a library of iron(III)-salen catalysts in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. The conversion of neutral soybean oil is complete within two hours at 160–180 °C with low catalyst loading (0.10 mol%). A comparative screening reveals that the catalysts containing acetate as a fifth ligand are the most performing, and these have been conveniently used to convert acidic and waste cooking oils (WCO). WCOs were used as received without further purification to produce biodiesel in high yield (85–90%) under optimized conditions (2 h at 180 °C, catalyst loading 0.1 mol%, oil to alcohol molar ratio 1:20). The iron content in the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases of the crude mixture was investigated and the residual concentration in biodiesel was found to be in the order of 10–14 ppm, comparable to that contained in biodiesels from other sources.
Graphical Abstract
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Melchiorre M, Cucciolito ME, Di Serio M, Ruffo F, Tarallo O, Trifuoggi M, Esposito R. Homogeneous Catalysis and Heterogeneous Recycling: A Simple Zn(II) Catalyst for Green Fatty Acid Esterification. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:6001-6011. [PMID: 34306834 PMCID: PMC8297397 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the use of simple zinc(II) salts (ZnCl2, ZnCO3, Zn(OAc)2, ZnO, Zn(ClO4)2, Zn(TfO)2, and Zn(BF4)2) as effective catalysts for the esterification of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols and simple polyols through a homogeneous system that allows the gradual and selective removal of water. The results show that the catalytic activity depends on the nature of the counterion: the most effective are the salts with poorly coordinating anions (perchlorate and triflate) or containing basic Brønsted anions (oxide, acetate, and carbonate). However, only with the latter is it possible to fully recover the catalyst at the end of each run, which is easily filtered in the form of zinc carboxylate, given its insolubility in the ester produced. In this way, it is possible to recycle the catalyst numerous times, without any loss of activity. This beneficial prerogative couples the efficiency of the homogeneous catalysis with the advantage of the heterogeneous catalysis. The process is, therefore, truly sustainable, given its high efficiency, low energy consumption, ease of purification, and the absence of auxiliary substances and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Elena Cucciolito
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martino Di Serio
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Oreste Tarallo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Esposito
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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