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Dautov A, Kotlyar K, Butusov D, Novikov I, Khafizova A, Karimov A. Synthesis under Normal Conditions and Morphology and Composition of AlF 3 Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2413. [PMID: 37686922 PMCID: PMC10489990 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
AlF3 has interesting electrophysical properties, due to which the material is promising for applications in supercapacitors, UV coatings with low refractive index, excimer laser mirrors, and photolithography. The formation of AlF3-based nano- and micro-wires can bring new functionalities to AlF3 material. AlF3 nanowires are used, for example, in functionally modified microprobes for a scanning probe microscope. In this work, we investigate the AlF3 samples obtained by the reaction of initial aluminum with an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution of different concentrations. The peculiarity of our work is that the presented method for the synthesis of AlF3 and one-dimensional structures based on AlF3 is simple to perform and does not require any additional precursors or costs related to the additional source materials. All the samples were obtained under normal conditions. The morphology of the nanowire samples is studied using scanning electron microscopy. We performed an intermediate atomic force microscope analysis of dissolved Al samples to analyze the reactions occurring on the metal surface. The surface of the obtained samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. During the analysis, it was found that under the given conditions, whiskers were synthesized. The scale of one-dimensional structures varies depending on the given parameters in the system. Quantitative energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectra are obtained and analyzed with respect to the feedstock and each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dautov
- Faculty of Electronics, St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.N.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 13B, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Kotstantin Kotlyar
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 13B, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation RAS, Rizhsky 26, 190103 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Butusov
- Computer-Aided Design Department, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 5 Professora Popova St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.B.); (A.K.)
- Youth Research Institute, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 5 Professora Popova St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Novikov
- Faculty of Electronics, St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Aliya Khafizova
- Faculty of Electronics, St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Artur Karimov
- Computer-Aided Design Department, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 5 Professora Popova St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.B.); (A.K.)
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Nifant’ev IE, Komarov PD, Kostomarova OD, Kolosov NA, Ivchenko PV. MAO- and Borate-Free Activating Supports for Group 4 Metallocene and Post-Metallocene Catalysts of α-Olefin Polymerization and Oligomerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3095. [PMID: 37514483 PMCID: PMC10384419 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern industry of advanced polyolefins extensively uses Group 4 metallocene and post-metallocene catalysts. High-throughput polyolefin technologies demand the use of heterogeneous catalysts with a given particle size and morphology, high thermal stability, and controlled productivity. Conventional Group 4 metal single-site heterogeneous catalysts require the use of high-cost methylalumoxane (MAO) or perfluoroaryl borate activators. However, a number of inorganic phases, containing highly acidic Lewis and Brønsted sites, are able to activate Group 4 metal pre-catalysts using low-cost and affordable alkylaluminums. In the present review, we gathered comprehensive information on MAO- and borate-free activating supports of different types and discussed the surface nature and chemistry of these phases, examples of their use in the polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins, and prospects of the further development for applications in the polyolefin industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
| | | | - Nikolay A. Kolosov
- NIOST LLC, Kuzovlevsky Tr. 2-270, 634067 Tomsk, Russia; (O.D.K.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Liu P, Hao H, Celio H, Cui J, Ren M, Wang Y, Dong H, Chowdhury AR, Hutter T, Perras FA, Nanda J, Watt J, Mitlin D. Multifunctional Separator Allows Stable Cycling of Potassium Metal Anodes and of Potassium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105855. [PMID: 34738260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of a multifunctional separator for potassium-metal batteries (KMBs). Double-coated tape-cast microscale AlF3 on polypropylene (AlF3 @PP) yields state-of-the-art electrochemical performance: symmetric cells are stable after 1000 cycles (2000 h) at 0.5 mA cm-2 and 0.5 mAh cm-2 , with 0.042 V overpotential. Stability is maintained at 5.0 mA cm-2 for 600 cycles (240 h), with 0.138 V overpotential. Postcycled plated surface is dendrite-free, while stripped surface contains smooth solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Conventional PP cells fail rapidly, with dendrites at plating, and "dead metal" and SEI clumps at stripping. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) cathode KMBs with AlF3 @PP display enhanced capacity retention (91% at 100 cycles vs 58%). AlF3 partially reacts with K to form an artificial SEI containing KF, AlF3 , and Al2 O3 phases. The AlF3 @PP promotes complete electrolyte wetting and enhances uptake, improves ion conductivity, and increases ion transference number. The higher of K+ transference number is ascribed to the strong interaction between AlF3 and FSI- anions, as revealed through 19 F NMR. The enhancement in wetting and performance is general, being demonstrated with ester- and ether-based solvents, with K-, Na-, or Li- salts, and with different commercial separators. In full batteries, AlF3 prevents Fe crossover and cycling-induced cathode pulverization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Hongchang Hao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Hugo Celio
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Jinlei Cui
- US DOE, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Muqing Ren
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Hui Dong
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Aminur Rashid Chowdhury
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | - Tanya Hutter
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
| | | | - Jagjit Nanda
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - David Mitlin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1591, USA
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