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Kuk-Dzul L, Jiménez LF, Vega-Azamar RE, Gurrola MP, Cruz JC, Trejo-Arroyo DL. Photocatalytic Activity and Self-Cleaning Effect of Coating Mortars with TiO 2 Added: Practical Cases in Warm Sub-Humid Climates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:190. [PMID: 38204042 PMCID: PMC10779537 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the photocatalytic activity of coating mortars with synthetized and commercial TiO2 nanoparticles added has been evaluated at 2, 3 and 5% by weight of cement by calculating the degradation efficiency of methyl orange and red wine dyes exposed to both visible-light and UV radiation; also, the self-cleaning effect of coatings exposed to weather conditions (warm sub-humid climate) was assessed. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method to a low synthesis temperature and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show synthesized TiO2 particles in anatase phase with a crystallite size of 14.69 nm, and hemispherical particles with sizes of submicron order. The addition percentage with the best performance in the coating mortars was 3%, with both commercial and synthesized TiO2; however, coating mortars with synthesized TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for both dyes when they were exposed to visible light, while mortars with commercial TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency when exposed to UV radiation. In addition, in coating mortars with synthesized TiO2, the self-cleaning effect was evident from the beginning of exposure to weather, reaching the largest dye-free surface at the end of exposure. The compressive strength increased significantly in mortars with TiO2 addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Kuk-Dzul
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico; (L.K.-D.); (L.F.J.); (R.E.V.-A.)
| | - Luis F. Jiménez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico; (L.K.-D.); (L.F.J.); (R.E.V.-A.)
| | - Ricardo E. Vega-Azamar
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico; (L.K.-D.); (L.F.J.); (R.E.V.-A.)
| | - Mayra P. Gurrola
- IxM-CONAHCYT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico;
| | - Julio C. Cruz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico; (L.K.-D.); (L.F.J.); (R.E.V.-A.)
| | - Danna L. Trejo-Arroyo
- IxM-CONAHCYT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes 330, Chetumal 77013, Mexico;
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Gomes BR, Lopes JL, Coelho L, Ligonzo M, Rigoletto M, Magnacca G, Deganello F. Development and Upscaling of SiO 2@TiO 2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Methylene Blue Removal. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2276. [PMID: 37630862 PMCID: PMC10458987 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
SiO2@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a simple, reproducible, and low-cost method and tested for methylene blue adsorption and UV photodegradation, with a view to their application in wastewater treatment. The monodisperse SiO2 core was obtained by the classical Stöber method and then coated with a thin layer of TiO2, followed by calcination or hydrothermal treatments. The properties of SiO2@TiO2 core-shell NPs resulted from the synergy between the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 and the adsorptive properties of SiO2. The synthesized NPs were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, and EDS. Zeta potential, specific surface area, and porosity were also determined. The results show that the synthesized SiO2@TiO2 NPs that are hydrothermally treated have similar behaviors and properties regardless of the hydrothermal treatment type and synthesis scale and better performance compared to the SiO2@TiO2 calcined and TiO2 reference samples. The generation of reactive species was determined by EPR, and the photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the methylene blue (MB) removal in aqueous solution under UV light. Hydrothermally treated SiO2@TiO2 showed the highest adsorption capacity and photocatalytic removal of almost 100% of MB after 15 min in UV light, 55 and 89% higher compared to SiO2 and TiO2 reference samples, respectively, while the SiO2@TiO2 calcined sample showed 80%. It was also observed that the SiO2-containing samples showed a considerable adsorption capacity compared to the TiO2 reference sample, which improved the MB removal. These results demonstrate the efficient synergy effect between SiO2 and TiO2, which enhances both the adsorption and photocatalytic properties of the nanomaterial. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was also proposed. Also noteworthy is that the performance of the upscaled HT1 sample was similar to one of the lab-scale synthesized samples, demonstrating the potentiality of this synthesis methodology in producing candidate nanomaterials for the removal of contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara R. Gomes
- CeNTItvc—Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão 4760-034, Portugal; (B.R.G.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Joana L. Lopes
- CeNTItvc—Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão 4760-034, Portugal; (B.R.G.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Lorena Coelho
- CeNTItvc—Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalicão 4760-034, Portugal; (B.R.G.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Mattia Ligonzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino (UNITO), Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.L.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Monica Rigoletto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino (UNITO), Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.L.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuliana Magnacca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino (UNITO), Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.L.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Deganello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
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Photo-Fenton and TiO 2 Photocatalytic Inactivation of Model Microorganisms under UV-A; Comparative Efficacy and Optimization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031199. [PMID: 36770868 PMCID: PMC9920570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic inactivation of pathogens in aqueous waste is gaining increasing attention. Several homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic protocols exist using the Fenton's reagent and TiO2, respectively. A comprehensive study of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis on a range of microorganisms will significantly establish the most efficient method. Here, we report a comparative study of TiO2- and Fe+3-based photocatalytic inactivation under UV-A of diverse microorganisms, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, bacterial spores (Bacillus stearothermophilus spores) and viruses (MS2). We also present data on the optimization of TiO2 photocatalysis, including optimal catalyst concentration and H2O2 supplementation. Our results indicate that both photo-Fenton and TiO2 could be successfully applied for the management of microbial loads in liquids. Efficient microorganism inactivation is achieved with homogeneous photocatalysis (7 mg/L Fe+3, 100 mg/L H2O2, UV-A) in a shorter processing time compared to heterogeneous photocatalysis (0.5 g/L TiO2, UV-A), whereas similar or shorter processing is required when heterogenous photocatalysis is performed using microorganism-specific optimized TiO2 concentrations and H2O2 supplementation (100 mg/L); higher H2O2 concentrations further enhance the heterogenous photocatalytic inactivation efficiency. Our study provides a template protocol for the design and further application for large-scale photocatalytic approaches to inactivate pathogens in liquid biomedical waste.
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Jaffari ZH, Abbas A, Lam SM, Park S, Chon K, Kim ES, Cho KH. Machine learning approaches to predict the photocatalytic performance of bismuth ferrite-based materials in the removal of malachite green. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130031. [PMID: 36179629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the potential capability of numerous machine learning models, namely CatBoost, GradientBoosting, HistGradientBoosting, ExtraTrees, XGBoost, DecisionTree, Bagging, light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), GaussianProcess, artificial neural network (ANN), and light long short-term memory (LightLSTM). These models were investigated to predict the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green from wastewater using various NM-BiFeO3 composites. A comprehensive databank of 1200 data points was generated under various experimental conditions. The ten input variables selected were the catalyst type, reaction time, light intensity, initial concentration, catalyst loading, solution pH, humic acid concentration, anions, surface area, and pore volume of various photocatalysts. The MG dye degradation efficiency was selected as the output variable. An evaluation of the performance metrics suggested that the CatBoost model, with the highest test coefficient of determination (0.99) and lowest mean absolute error (0.64) and root-mean-square error (1.34), outperformed all other models. The CatBoost model showed that the photocatalytic reaction conditions were more important than the material properties. The modeling results suggested that the optimized process conditions were a light intensity of 105 W, catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L, initial MG dye concentration of 5 mg/L and solution pH of 7. Finally, the implications and drawbacks of the current study were stated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Haider Jaffari
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ather Abbas
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sze-Mun Lam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sanghun Park
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil, 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Energy and Infra system, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil, 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sik Kim
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Liang C, Cui M, Zhao W, Dong L, Ma S, Liu X, Wang D, Jiang Z, Wang F. Hybridizing electron-mediated H 5PMo 10V 2O 40 with CdS/g-C 3N 4 for efficient photocatalytic performance of Z-scheme heterojunction in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135315. [PMID: 35716713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic technology has been considered as a promising method to alleviate environmental pollution owing to the dual characteristics of redox. The novel V-based H5PMo10V2O40 (HPA-2) photocatalyst with Z-scheme heterostructure was constructed. The energy level of HPA-2 matches well with CdS and g-C3N4 (CN) according to Mott-Schottky and UV-Vis diffused reflectance tests, which allows the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons. The optimized CdS/HPA-2/CN showed superior ability in Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) under visible light irradiation. The maximum rate constant reached 0.092 min-1 for RhB degradation at 60 min and 0.260 min-1 for Cr (Ⅵ) reduction at 20 min, respectively. The photocatalytic mechanism was analyzed by adding scavengers. The effect of active species for RhB degradation was determined as h+ > ·O2- > ·OH, while ·O2- and e- were essential for the reduction of Cr (Ⅵ). Besides, cyclic tests exhibit excellent repeatability and stable structure of CdS/HPA-2/CN after four cycles. Meanwhile, the detailed degradation process of RhB involving de-ethylation, hydroxylation, substitution and decarboxylation was determined according to LC-MS and evaluated by Fukui function calculation. Furthermore, total organic carbon content decreased to 6.2% of the initial value. In this work, as an electron mediator, HPA-2 provides the inspiration for construction of Z-scheme heterojunction, and CdS/HPA-2/CN exhibits enormous potential in the environmental remediation by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyu Cui
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linyang Dong
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xutang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingkai Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
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Mhemid RKS, Salman MS, Mohammed NA. Comparing the efficiency of N-doped TiO 2 and commercial TiO 2 as photo catalysts for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin photo-degradation under solar irradiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:813-829. [PMID: 36073063 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have gained traction as alternative solutions for eliminating pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater for reuse. In this research, the performance of two photo-catalysts (Commercial TiO2 and synthesis N-doped TiO2) were compared in terms of the degradation of amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin from an aqueous solution using a photo-catalytic batch system under solar irradiation. The influence of five operating factors is: pH (5-11), H2O2 concentrations (200-600) mg/L, catalyst concentrations (25-100 mg/L), Antibiotic concentration (25-100) mg/L and reaction time (30-120 min), on the oxidation of the listed above pollutants were investigated using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The catalyst of N-doping TiO2 was synthesized by sol-gel method, using the urea (CH4N2O) as a nitrogen source. The resulting material was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, it can be observed from the analysis of the characteristics of N-doped TiO2 the homogenous dispersion of nitrogen molecules, small particle sizes, and energy-gap reduction, prompting a 6% increase in antibiotic degradation compared with Com. TiO2. In the RSM analysis, the ideal conditions were found to be a pH of 5, H2O2 conc. of 400 mg/L, catalyst conc. of 50 mg, and antibiotics conc. of 25 mg/L for an antibiotics reduction rate of 89.31% (AMOX/Com. TiO2/Solar), 90.2 (CFX/Com. TiO2/Solar), 95.8% (AMOX/N-TiO2/Solar) and 97.3% (CFX/N-TiO2/Solar). Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions because the predicted R2 matched well with the adjusted R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khalid Sabri Mhemid
- Department of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - Noor A Mohammed
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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The preparation of core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles with different surface carboxyl densities and their application in the removal of methylene blue. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Homagai PL, Poudel R, Poudel S, Bhattarai A. Adsorption and removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution by modified rice husk. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09261. [PMID: 35464698 PMCID: PMC9019243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach to removing crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions was investigated by introducing a xanthate group on charred rice husk. The newly prepared charred rice husk (CRH) and xanthated rice husk (XRH) were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and elemental analysis. A batch technique was used to adsorb CV dye in aqueous suspensions. Different adsorbent quantities, concentrations, pH, and contact times were investigated to find the effect of these parameters. The optimum pH for both CRH and XRH was found to be 10. The adsorption capacity of CV dye onto CRH and XRH was found to be 62.85 mg/g and 90.02 mg/g at pH10, respectively. Langmuir isotherms could be reasonably explained by the experimental data. Within 60 min, equilibrium was achieved. Similarly, the kinetic data are best suited to the pseudo-second-order model. In comparison to XRH with CRH, XRH was found more efficient and can be used as a feasible alternative for removing CV dye from aqueous solutions.
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Narewadikar N, Rajpure K. Study on effect of deposition temperature on photoelectrocatalyatic performance of immobilized TiO2. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baaloudj O, Nasrallah N, Kenfoud H, Algethami F, Modwi A, Guesmi A, Assadi AA, Khezami L. Application of Bi 12ZnO 20 Sillenite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Both Organic and Inorganic Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5409. [PMID: 34576631 PMCID: PMC8470746 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize and characterize a material that can be used as an effective catalyst for photocatalytic application to remove both organic and inorganic compounds from wastewater. In this context, sillenite Bi12ZnO20 (BZO) in a pure phase was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Before calcination, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was done to determine the temperature of the formation of the sillenite phase, which was found to be 800 °C. After calcination, the phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and then refined using the Rietveld refinement technique. The results prove that BZO crystals have a cubic symmetry with the space group I23 (N°197); the lattice parameters of the structure were also determined. From the crystalline size, the surface area was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, which was found to be 11.22 m2/g. The formation of sillenite was also checked using the Raman technique. The morphology of the crystals was visualized using electron scanning microscope (SEM) analysis. After that, the optical properties of BZO were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL); an optical gap of 2.9 eV was found. In the final step, the photocatalytic activity of the BZO crystals was evaluated for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants, namely hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) and Cefixime (CFX). An efficient removal rate was achieved for both contaminants within only 3 h, with a 94.34% degradation rate for CFX and a 77.19% reduction rate for Cr(VI). Additionally, a kinetic study was carried out using a first-order model, and the results showed that the kinetic properties are compatible with this model. According to these findings, we can conclude that the sillenite BZO can be used as an efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment by eliminating both organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Baaloudj
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Noureddine Nasrallah
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Hamza Kenfoud
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Faisal Algethami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Abueliz Modwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahlem Guesmi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Aymen Amine Assadi
- CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Univ. Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
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