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Xiao Z, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Chen J. Enhancing enzyme immobilization: Fabrication of biosilica-based organic-inorganic composite carriers for efficient covalent binding of D-allulose 3-epimerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130980. [PMID: 38508569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
D-allulose, an ideal low-calorie sweetener, is primarily produced through the isomerization of d-fructose using D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE; EC 5.1.3.30). Addressing the gap in available immobilized DAE enzymes for scalable commercial D-allulose production, three core-shell structured organic-inorganic composite silica-based carriers were designed for efficient covalent immobilization of DAE. Natural inorganic diatomite was used as the core, while 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and chitosan organic layers were coated as the shells, respectively. These tailored carriers successfully formed robust covalent bonds with DAE enzyme conjugates, cross-linked via glutaraldehyde, and demonstrated enzyme activities of 372 U/g, 1198 U/g, and 381 U/g, respectively. These immobilized enzymes exhibited an expanded pH tolerance and improved thermal stability compared to free DAE. Particularly, the modified diatomite with PEI exhibited a higher density of binding sites than the other carriers and the PEI-coated immobilized DAE enzyme retained 70.4 % of its relative enzyme activity after ten cycles of reuse. This study provides a promising method for DAE immobilization, underscoring the potential of using biosilica-based organic-inorganic composite carriers for the development of robust enzyme systems, thereby advancing the production of value-added food ingredients like D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqun Xiao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zishen Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Atsakou AE, Remonatto D, Júnior RHM, Paz-Cedeno FR, Masarin F, Andrade GSS, de Lucca Gattas EA, de Paula AV. Synthesis of dietary lipids from pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo. L) oil obtained by enzymatic extraction: a sustainable approach. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:358. [PMID: 37822549 PMCID: PMC10562325 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the nutritional properties of dietary lipids obtained through the modification of aqueous enzymatically extracted pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo. L) oil. The optimal growth conditions for producing pectinase using strain Aspergillus sp. 391 were determined, and partial characterization of pectinase and commercial cellulase was conducted. The enzymatic extraction was performed at pH 4.0, 50 °C, for 24 h, using a combination of pectinase and cellulase for optimum effectiveness. The crude oil obtained was analyzed for acid, peroxide, and fatty acid composition. The study found a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (C18:2), and a 59% oil recovery rate. Subsequently, this oil was subjected to enzymatic acidolysis with capric acid in solvent-free media, catalyzed by lipase Lipozyme RM IM®, resulting in a product with a higher incorporation degree (48.39 ± 0.5 mol%), observed after 24 h at 60 °C using molar ratio oil:acid capric of 1:9 (run 4). The nutritional properties of this oil were improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abra Eli Atsakou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
| | - Daniela Remonatto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
| | - Rodney Helder Miotti Júnior
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
| | - Fernando Roberto Paz-Cedeno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
| | - Fernando Masarin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
| | | | | | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP CEP 14800-903 Brazil
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Remonatto D, Santaella N, Lerin LA, Bassan JC, Cerri MO, de Paula AV. Solvent-Free Enzymatic Synthesis of Dietary Triacylglycerols from Cottonseed Oil in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Molecules 2023; 28:5384. [PMID: 37513254 PMCID: PMC10384263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of structured lipids with nutraceutical applications, such as medium-long-medium (MLM) triacylglycerols, via modification of oils and fats represents a challenge for the food industry. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type dietary triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of cottonseed oil and capric acid (C10) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). After chemical characterization of the feedstock and hydrodynamic characterization of the reactor, a 22 central composite rotatable design was used to optimize capric acid incorporation. The independent variables were cycle number (20-70) and cottonseed oil/capric acid molar ratio (1:2-1:4). The temperature was set at 45 °C. The best conditions, namely a 1:4 oil/acid molar ratio and 80 cycles (17.34 h), provided a degree of incorporation of about 40 mol%, as shown by compositional analysis of the modified oil. Lipozyme RM IM showed good operational stability (kd = 2.72 × 10-4 h-1, t1/2 = 2545.78 h), confirming the good reuse capacity of the enzyme in the acidolysis of cottonseed oil with capric acid. It is concluded that an FBR configuration is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Núbia Santaella
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara (UNIFE), Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juliana Cristina Bassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
- State Center for Technological Education Paula Souza, Faculty of Technology of Barretos (FATEC), Barretos 14780-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Otávio Cerri
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
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Luo M, Wang L, Chen G, Zhao J. Performance of Microenvironment-induced Lipase Immobilization on diversify Surface of Magnetic Particle. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113286. [PMID: 37004389 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of the enzyme molecular on the interface of the carrier affects its activity. Therefore, it is very important to controllably induce the orientation of the enzyme on the surface to improve the performance of the immobilized enzyme. Magnetic nanoparticles were used to construct microenvironments with the different surface hydrophobicity and charge characteristics by controlled modification, and those particles with various microenvironments were further used to study their interaction with the lipase. The amount and activity of immobilized enzyme on different magnetic nanoparticles surfaces were studied by physical adsorption and covalent binding. Through the enzyme surface and particle surface characteristics analysis, the possible preferred orientation of enzyme and enzyme conformation on different surfaces were inferred, which well explained the effect of surface induction on enzyme loading and activity. The methods of surface microenvironment regulation and the strategy of controllable induction of enzyme orientation adopted in this study are enlightening for the rational design of immobilized enzyme methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianxing Luo
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
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Enzymes and Biocatalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, also known as biocatalysts, are proteins produced by living cells and found in a wide range of species, including animals, plants, and microorganisms [...]
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Domingues O, Remonatto D, dos Santos LK, Galán JPM, Flumignan DL, de Paula AV. Evaluation of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Enzymatic/Chemical Hydroesterification for Biodiesel Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5419-5442. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of sugilite glass from basalt for α -amylase immobilization, statistical optimization of the immobilization process and description of free and immobilized enzyme. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09960. [PMID: 35874060 PMCID: PMC9305367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial α-amylase was immobilized on sugilite from modified basalt rock as a new carrier. A set of glass compositions based on sugilite formula KNa2M2Li3Si12O30 (M = Al or Mn or Fe) were prepared. The glasses were prepared through melting–quenching technique and samples of glass were converted to glass ceramic. Among the tested glasses and glass ceramic only sugilite glass based on M = Fe (BSF) give promising results. The sugilite BSF glass was characterized using DSC analysis, FTIR absorption, and SEM. The sugilite glass revealed high thermal resistant till ∼770 °C. Under optimized conditions of the Central composite design, the immobilization yield improved by 4.7-fold. The affinity to starch increased after enzyme immobilization by 4.3-fold. The lower rate of deactivation constant and the increase of t½ and D-value confirm the suitability of BSF and immobilization method in enhancing enzyme stability. The improvement in thermostability of immobilized α-amylase was judged by the change in thermodynamic parameters. In conclusion, the prepared sugilite BSF glass can be utilized as a new carrier suitable for stabilization of α-amylase enzyme by immobilization. Lemon peels induced α-amylase production by isolated Rhizobium sp. strain A1. Using basalt as raw material for sugilite glass synthesis as new immobilization carriers. Sugilite BSF glass the suitable carrier was characterized by DSC, FTIR and SEM. Central composite design increased immobilization yield by 4.7–fold. Thermal and thermodynamic properties emphasize increased stability upon immobilization.
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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Enhanced Enzyme Reuse through the Bioconjugation of L-Asparaginase and Silica-Based Supported Ionic Liquid-like Phase Materials. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030929. [PMID: 35164193 PMCID: PMC8838661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an amidohydrolase that can be used as a biopharmaceutical, as an agent for acrylamide reduction, and as an active molecule for L-asparagine detection. However, its free form displays some limitations, such as the enzyme’s single use and low stability. Hence, immobilization is one of the most effective tools for enzyme recovery and reuse. Silica is a promising material due to its low-cost, biological compatibility, and tunable physicochemical characteristics if properly functionalized. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designer compounds that allow the tailoring of their physicochemical properties for a given task. If properly designed, bioconjugates combine the features of the selected ILs with those of the support used, enabling the simple recovery and reuse of the enzyme. In this work, silica-based supported ionic liquid-like phase (SSILLP) materials with quaternary ammoniums and chloride as the counterion were studied as novel supports for ASNase immobilization since it has been reported that ammonium ILs have beneficial effects on enzyme stability. SSILLP materials were characterized by elemental analysis and zeta potential. The immobilization process was studied and the pH effect, enzyme/support ratio, and contact time were optimized regarding the ASNase enzymatic activity. ASNase–SSILLP bioconjugates were characterized by ATR-FTIR. The bioconjugates displayed promising potential since [Si][N3444]Cl, [Si][N3666]Cl, and [Si][N3888]Cl recovered more than 92% of the initial ASNase activity under the optimized immobilization conditions (pH 8, 6 × 10−3 mg of ASNase per mg of SSILLP material, and 60 min). The ASNase–SSILLP bioconjugates showed more enhanced enzyme reuse than reported for other materials and immobilization methods, allowing five cycles of reaction while keeping more than 75% of the initial immobilized ASNase activity. According to molecular docking studies, the main interactions established between ASNase and SSILLP materials correspond to hydrophobic interactions. Overall, it is here demonstrated that SSILLP materials are efficient supports for ASNase, paving the way for their use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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