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Taleb B, Jahjah R, Cornu D, Bechelany M, Al Ajami M, Kataya G, Hijazi A, El-Dakdouki MH. Exploring Hydrogen Sources in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation: A Review of Unsaturated Compound Reduction. Molecules 2023; 28:7541. [PMID: 38005261 PMCID: PMC10673347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation has emerged as a pivotal chemical process with transformative potential in various industries. This review highlights the significance of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a reaction that facilitates the transfer of hydrogen from one molecule to another, using a distinct molecule as the hydrogen source in the presence of a catalyst. Unlike conventional direct hydrogenation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation offers numerous advantages, such as enhanced safety, cost-effective hydrogen donors, byproduct recyclability, catalyst accessibility, and the potential for catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, particularly with chiral ligands. Moreover, the diverse range of hydrogen donor molecules utilized in this reaction have been explored, shedding light on their unique properties and their impact on catalytic systems and the mechanism elucidation of some reactions. Alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol are prominent hydrogen donors, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in various reductions. Formic acid offers irreversible hydrogenation, preventing the occurrence of reverse reactions, and is extensively utilized in chiral compound synthesis. Unconventional donors such as 1,4-cyclohexadiene and glycerol have shown a good efficiency in reducing unsaturated compounds, with glycerol additionally serving as a green solvent in some transformations. The compatibility of these donors with various catalysts, substrates, and reaction conditions were all discussed. Furthermore, this paper outlines future trends which include the utilization of biomass-derived hydrogen donors, the exploration of hydrogen storage materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), catalyst development for enhanced activity and recyclability, and the utilization of eco-friendly solvents such as glycerol and ionic liquids. Innovative heating methods, diverse base materials, and continued research into catalyst-hydrogen donor interactions are aimed to shape the future of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, enhancing its selectivity and efficiency across various industries and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Taleb
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (B.T.); (R.J.); (M.A.A.); (G.K.); (A.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Jahjah
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (B.T.); (R.J.); (M.A.A.); (G.K.); (A.H.)
| | - David Cornu
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France;
- Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Mubarak Al-Abdullah 32093, Kuwait
| | - Mohamad Al Ajami
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (B.T.); (R.J.); (M.A.A.); (G.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Ghenwa Kataya
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (B.T.); (R.J.); (M.A.A.); (G.K.); (A.H.)
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Akram Hijazi
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (B.T.); (R.J.); (M.A.A.); (G.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
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2
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Ma C, Besson C. Precise control of the degree and regioselectivity of functionalization in nitro- and amino-functionalized di(trispyrazolylborato)iron(II) spin crossover complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:18077-18088. [PMID: 34846411 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Di(trispyrazolylborato)iron(II) ([Tp2Fe]) complexes represent one of the most robust classes of spin-crossover complexes. Their stability renders them particularly suitable for integration in nanoscale devices, e.g. as sensors or information storage units. While prior studies of the functionalization of those derivatives have been focused on the electronic and steric effects of alkyl and -CF3 groups in position 3, a pyrazole exchange reaction between nitropyrazole and either trispyrazolylborate or its iron complex allows the regioselective installation of nitro substituents in positions 3, 4 and 5 of the [Tp2Fe] complexes. The degree of substitution can be varied from 1 to 4 functionalized pyrazoles per complex. The amine-functionalized analogues are accessed by reduction of the nitro analogues under hydrogen transfer conditions. With the exception of di- and tetra-3-NO2 substituted complexes, all derivatives display spin crossover properties in the solid state, with transition temperatures ranging from 180 to 380 K and showing different degrees of abruptness but no hysteresis. The Slichter-Drickamer model was used to extract the empirical thermodynamic transition parameters, allowing a systematic investigation of the influence of stoichiometry, position, and electronic nature of the substitution on the magnetic properties of the complexes. The steric effects dominate for substitution in position 3 but the electronic effects are significant for the other positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA.
| | - Claire Besson
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA.
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3
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Martina K, Cravotto G, Varma RS. Impact of Microwaves on Organic Synthesis and Strategies toward Flow Processes and Scaling Up. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13857-13872. [PMID: 34125541 PMCID: PMC8524417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted organic synthesis has been widely studied and deliberated, opening up some controversial issues as well. Nowadays, microwave chemistry is a mature technology that has been well demonstrated in many cases with numerous advantages in terms of the reaction rate and yield. The strategies toward scaling up find an ally in continuous-flow reactor technology comparing dielectric and conductive heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Martina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and Centre for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), University of Turin, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and Centre for Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), University of Turin, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium@Carbon Catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck Coupling Reactions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-based carbon catalysts (Pd/C) can be potentially applied as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck coupling reactions. Herein, a variety of catalysts of palladium on activated carbon were prepared by varying the content of ‘Pd’ via an in situ reduction method, using hydrogen as a reducing agent. The as-prepared catalysts (0.5 wt % Pd/C, 1 wt % Pd/C, 2 wt % Pd/C and 3 wt % Pd/C) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The catalysts were tested as a coupling catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions involving aryl halides and phenyl boronic acid. The optimization of the catalyst by varying the palladium content on the activated carbon yielded Pd/C catalysts with very high catalytic activity for Suzuki reactions of aryl halides and a Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction of 4-bromoanisol and acrylic acid in an aqueous medium. A high ‘Pd’ content and uniform ‘Pd’ impregnation significantly affected the activity of the catalysts. The catalytic activity of 3% Pd/C was found to make it a more efficient catalyst when compared with the other synthesized Pd/C catalysts. Furthermore, the catalyst reusability was also tested for Suzuki reactions by repeatedly performing the same reaction using the recovered catalyst. The 3% Pd/C catalyst displayed better reusability even after several reactions.
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5
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Sequential catalytic carbonylation reactions for sustainable synthesis of biologically relevant entities. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Application of Variable Frequency Microwaves in Microwave-Assisted Chemistry: Relevance and Suppression of Arc Discharges on Conductive Catalysts. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The application and advantages of variable frequency microwaves (VFM; range, 5.85–6.65 GHz) are reported for the first time in microwave chemistry, particularly when carrying out reactions catalyzed by metallic conductive catalysts so as to avoid the formation of arc discharges, and especially when using a strong microwave absorber such as activated carbon (AC) particulates as supports of metal-based catalysts. Two model reactions performed in low boiling point nonpolar solvents are described wherein arc discharges easily occur under the more conventional fixed frequency microwave (FFM) approach: (i) the synthesis of 4-methylbiphenyl (4MBP) by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling process catalyzed by Pd particles supported on AC particulates (Pd/AC), and (ii) the synthesis of toluene via the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) catalyzed by Pt particles dispersed on AC particulates (Pt/AC). Contrary to the usage of fixed frequency microwaves (5.85 GHz and 6.65 GHz), the use of VFM microwaves increased the chemical yields of 4MBP {49% versus 5–8% after 60 min} and toluene {89% versus 24% after 10 min} by suppressing the formation of discharges that otherwise occur on the catalyst/AC surface with FFM microwaves. Consequently, relative to the latter approach, the VFM technology is significantly advantageous, especially in reactions with solid conductive catalysts, not least of which are the reduction in power consumption, thus energy savings, and the prevention of potential mishaps.
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7
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Petricci E, Cini E, Taddei M. Metal Catalysis with Microwaves in Organic Synthesis: a Personal Account. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Petricci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Via A. Moro, 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Elena Cini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Via A. Moro, 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Via A. Moro, 2 53100 Siena Italy
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Kusy D, Wojciechowska A, Małolepsza J, Błażewska KM. Functionalization of the imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine ring in α-phosphonoacrylates and α-phosphonopropionates via microwave-assisted Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:15-21. [PMID: 31976012 PMCID: PMC6964661 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new phosphonocarboxylates containing an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring has been synthesized via the microwave-assisted Mizoroki–Heck reaction. The efficient modification of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring has been achieved as late-stage functionalization, enabling and accelerating the generation of a library of compounds from a common precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Wojciechowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Małolepsza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Jiménez-Cruz JC, Guzmán-Mejía R, Juaristi E, Sánchez-Antonio O, García-Revilla MA, González-Campos JB, Aviña-Verduzco J. Preparation of aromatic γ-hydroxyketones by means of Heck coupling of aryl halides and 2,3-dihydrofuran, catalyzed by a palladium( ii) glycine complex under microwave irradiation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of phenyl-γ-hydroxyketones through Heck coupling and subsequent opening of the tetrahydrofuran ring by the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule catalyzed by PdCl2·Gly2 under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Jiménez-Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 58030 Morelia
- Mexico
| | - Ramón Guzmán-Mejía
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 58030 Morelia
- Mexico
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Avenida Instituto Politécnico
- 07360 Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Omar Sánchez-Antonio
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Avenida Instituto Politécnico
- 07360 Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | | | - J. Betzabe González-Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 58030 Morelia
- Mexico
| | - Judit Aviña-Verduzco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 58030 Morelia
- Mexico
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10
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Mishra S, Sahu TK, Verma P, Kumar P, Samanta SK. Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Degradation of Brilliant Green by Spinel Zinc Ferrite Sheets. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10411-10418. [PMID: 31460135 PMCID: PMC6648797 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW)-assisted catalytic degradation, being an emerging technique, can potentially fill in the technological gap which promises on-demand, prompt, and efficient catalysis, and therefore, suitable MW catalysts are curiously being hunted. Candidature of spinel zinc ferrite (SZFO) atomic sheets as a MW catalyst has thoroughly been investigated in this article. Analytical techniques prove SZFO atomic sheets to be highly crystalline, thermally stable, good dielectric, and superparamagnetic, which render it a potentially strong MW catalyst. Brilliant green (BG) has been demonstrated to be chemisorbed on the SZFO atomic sheets, which upon MW irradiation gets mineralized within 5 min, and the overall efficiency has been observed to be >99%. Total organic carbon removal of ∼80% has been obtained. Ionic chromatography proves the formation of SO4 2- and NO3 - anions which increase with MW exposure time. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy studies have established intermediate formations during catalysis. SZFO, established as a uniquely suited and highly efficient MW catalyst for BG, is expected to broaden the horizons of MW-assisted catalytic degradation and lead it toward its broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Tumesh Kumar Sahu
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Priyanshu Verma
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
- Birck
Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47906, United States
| | - Sujoy Kumar Samanta
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
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11
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Tadjarodi A, Dehghani M, Imani M. Green synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles supported on zeolite Y by sonochemical method, powerful and efficient catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Tadjarodi
- Research Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Narmak Tehran Iran
| | - Modarres Dehghani
- Research Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Narmak Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Imani
- Research Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Narmak Tehran Iran
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12
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Liu X, Astruc D. Development of the Applications of Palladium on Charcoal in Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Didier Astruc
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 Cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
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13
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Petricci E, Risi C, Ferlin F, Lanari D, Vaccaro L. Avoiding hot-spots in Microwave-assisted Pd/C catalysed reactions by using the biomass derived solvent γ-Valerolactone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10571. [PMID: 30002506 PMCID: PMC6043498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of γ-valerolactone as a new biomass-derived reaction medium for microwave assisted organic synthesis. The interaction of this solvent with microwaves and its heating profile under microwave irradiation has been fully characterized for the first time, demonstrating its stability and the applicability in microwave assisted Pd/C catalysed reactions avoiding the arcing phenomena frequently observed in these conditions. The use of γ-valerolactone demonstrated to be compatible with aliphatic and aromatic amines in the hydrogen transfer Pd/C mediated synthesis of benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Petricci
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Caterina Risi
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferlin
- Università di Perugia, Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Daniela Lanari
- Università di Perugia, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Università di Perugia, Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Perugia, 06123, Italy.
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14
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The Current Status of Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysed Heck and Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071676. [PMID: 29996491 PMCID: PMC6099673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 30 years, C–C cross coupling reactions have become a reliable technique in organic synthesis due their versatility and efficiency. While drawbacks have been experienced on an industrial scale with the use of homogenous systems, many attempts have been made to facilitate a heterogeneous renaissance. Thus, this review gives an overview of the current status of the use of heterogeneous catalysts particularly in Suzuki and Heck reactions. Most recent developments focus on palladium immobilised or supported on various classes of supports, thus this review highlights and discuss contributions of the last decade.
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15
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Ionic liquids, microwave irradiation, and the synthesis of aryl Weinreb amides. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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