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Synthesis of Magnetic Base Catalyst from Industrial Waste for Transesterification of Palm Oil. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12412.53-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Industrial waste is produced in large amounts annually; without proper planning, the waste might cause a serious threat to the environment. Hence, an industrial waste-based heterogeneous magnetic catalyst was synthesized using carbide lime waste (CLW) as raw material for biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil. The catalyst was successfully synthesized by the one-step impregnation method and calcination at 600 °C. The synthesized catalyst, C-CLW/g-Fe2O3, was characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalyst has a specific surface area of 18.54 m2/g and high basicity of 3,637.20 µmol/g. The catalytic performance shows that the optimum reaction conditions are 6 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with the reaction time of 3 h at 60 °C to produce 90.5% biodiesel yield. The catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity and magnetism, indicating that the CLW can be a potential raw material for catalyst preparation and application in the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Nurhayati, Saputra L, Awaluddin A, Kurniawan E. Converting Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Catalyzed by NaOH-Impregnated CaO Derived from Cockle Shell (Anadara granosa). KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421070028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Razzaq L, Mujtaba MA, Soudagar MEM, Ahmed W, Fayaz H, Bashir S, Fattah IMR, Ong HC, Shahapurkar K, Afzal A, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A, Ali MS, El-Seesy AI. Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm biodiesel blends with graphene oxide nanoplatelets and dimethyl carbonate additives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111917. [PMID: 33453625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends with combined Graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GNPs) and 10% v/v dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as fuel additives as well as analysed the tribological characteristics of those blends. 10% by volume DMC was mixed with 30% palm oil biodiesel blends with diesel. Three different concentrations (40, 80 and 120 ppm) of GNPs were added to these blends via the ultrasonication process to prepare the nanofuels. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant was added to improve the stability of these blends. GNPs were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), while the viscosity of nanofuels was investigated by rheometer. UV-spectrometry was used to determine the stability of these nanoplatelets. A ratio of 1:4 GNP: SDS was found to produce maximum stability in biodiesel. Performance and emissions characteristics of these nanofuels have been investigated in a four-stroke compression ignition engine. The maximum reduction in BSFC of 5.05% and the maximum BTE of 22.80% was for B30GNP40DMC10 compared to all other tested blends. A reduction in HC (25%) and CO (4.41%) were observed for B30DMC10, while a reduction in NOx of 3.65% was observed for B30GNP40DMC10. The diesel-biodiesel fuel blends with the addition of GNP exhibited a promising reduction in the average coefficient of friction 15.05%, 8.68% and 3.61% for 120, 80 and 40 ppm concentrations compared to B30. Thus, combined GNP and DMC showed excellent potential for utilisation in diesel engine operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Razzaq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M A Mujtaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - H Fayaz
- Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Department of Physics, Center of Ionics, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Malaysia, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - I M Rizwanul Fattah
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Kiran Shahapurkar
- Department of Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Asif Afzal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mangaluru, 574153, India
| | - S Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32952, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shujaat Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed I El-Seesy
- Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, 13512, Benha, Qalubia, Egypt
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Abstract
Catalyst-type mixed metal oxides with different compositions and Co/Fe ratios were obtained from layered double hydroxides to be used as heterogeneous catalysts in the production of biodiesel. The effect of the Co/Fe ratio on the precursors of the catalysts was analyzed, considering their thermal, textural and structural properties. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric), X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and N2-physisorption. The conversion to biodiesel using the different catalysts obtained was determined by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing us to correlate the effect of the catalyst composition with the catalytic capacity. The conditions for obtaining biodiesel were optimized by selecting the catalyst and varying the percentage of catalyst, the methanol/oil ratio and the reaction time. The catalysts reached yields of conversion to biodiesel of up to 96% in 20 min of reaction using only 2% catalyst. The catalyst that showed the best catalytic activity contains a mixture of predominant crystalline and amorphous phases of CoFe2O4 and NaxCoO2. The results suggest that cobalt is a determinant in the activity of the catalyst when forming active sites in the crystalline network of mixed oxides for the transesterification of triglycerides, with high conversion capacity and selectivity to biodiesel.
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Liu K, Wang R, Yu M. Biodiesel production from soybean oils by a novel nano-magnetic solid base catalyst (K/ZrO2/γ-Fe2O3). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is emerging as a green alternative source to fossil fuels due to its clean and renewable advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Rui Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
| | - Meiqing Yu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering
- Shandong University
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