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Avila E, Nixarlidis C, Shon YS. Water-Soluble Pd Nanoparticles for the Anti-Markovnikov Oxidation of Allyl Benzene in Water. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:348. [PMID: 36678101 PMCID: PMC9866704 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity and selectivity of two different water-soluble palladium nanoparticles capped with 5-(trimethylammonio)pentanethiolate and 6-(carboxylate)hexanethiolate ligands are investigated using the catalytic reaction of allyl benzene. The results show that the regioselective transformation of allyl benzene to 3-phenylpropanal occurs at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure in neat water via a Tsuji-Wacker type oxidation. Conventionally, the Tsuji-Wacker oxidation promotes the Markovnikov oxidation of terminal alkenes to their respective ketones in the presence of dioxygen. Water-soluble Pd nanoparticles, however, catalyze the anti-Markovnikov oxidation of allyl benzene to 3-phenylpropanal in up to 83% yields. Catalytic results of other aromatic alkenes suggest that the presence of benzylic hydrogen is a key to the formation of a p-allyl Pd intermediate and the anti-Markovnikov addition of H2O. The subsequent b-H elimination and tautomerization contribute to the formation of aldehyde products. Water-soluble Pd nanoparticles are characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Catalysis results are examined using 1H NMR and/or GC-MS analyses of isolated reaction mixtures.
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2
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Ortega DD, Pavlakovich N, Shon YS. Effects of lipid bilayer encapsulation and lipid composition on the catalytic activity and colloidal stability of hydrophobic palladium nanoparticles in water. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21866-21874. [PMID: 36043067 PMCID: PMC9361304 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article shows the preparation of a lipid-nanoparticle assembly (LNA) which contains hydrophobic palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) within the hydrophobic regions of the liposomal micelles. To understand the colloidal stability and catalytic activity of LNAs, the structure–property relationships of LNAs are investigated by manipulating the lipid composition and reaction temperature. The studies of LNAs using dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show decreased colloidal stability with the incorporation of PdNPs compared to their counterpart 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) liposomes without PdNPs. LNAs with PdNPs catalyze the hydrogenation of 1-octene and its isomers to octane under one atm hydrogen gas and at room temperature within 24 h. The kinetic studies show that the isomerization of 1-octene to 2-octene occurs more favorably in the early stage of the reactions, which is followed by the subsequent hydrogenation of all octene isomers. The studies on temperature effects indicate that there is a significant increase in conversion yield of substrates when the reaction temperature increases from 22 to 37 °C, which correspond to room temperature and biological temperature, respectively. Phase transition of DSPC-PdNP LNAs from gel to liquid crystalline phase changing the fluidity of the bilayer is proposed to be the main reason for dramatic increases in the catalytic activity of the LNAs. It is also found that the rate of hydrogenation is dependent on the lipid composition of LNAs with the presence of cholesterol having a negative influence on the catalytic activity of LNAs while increasing their colloidal stability. Hydrophobic micellization effect and dynamic lipid bilayer–substrate interactions enhance the catalytic activity of hydrophobic Pd nanoparticles embedded in liposomal assemblies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick D Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
| | - Nicholas Pavlakovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840 Unites States
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Alam AM, Shon YS. Water-Soluble Noble Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts Capped with Small Organic Molecules for Organic Transformations in Water. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3294-3318. [PMID: 34095774 PMCID: PMC8171274 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article recaps a variety of interesting catalytic studies based on solubilized and freely movable noble metal nanoparticle catalysts employed for organic reactions in either pure water or water-organic biphasic systems. Small organic ligand-capped metal nanoparticles are fundamentally attractive materials due to their enormous potential as a well-defined system that can provide spatial control near active catalytic sites. The nanoparticle catalysts are first grouped based on the synthetic method (direct reduction, phase transfer, and redispersion) and then again based on the type of reaction such as alkene hydrogenation, arene hydrogenation, nitroaromatic reduction, carbon-carbon coupling reactions, etc. The impacts of various ligands on the catalytic activity and selectivity of semi-heterogeneous nanoparticles in water are discussed in detail. The catalytic systems using polymers, dendrimers, and ionic liquids as supporting or protecting materials are excluded from the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Mahmnur Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Keck Energy and Materials Program (KEMP), California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Keck Energy and Materials Program (KEMP), California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
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Spataro G, Champouret Y, Coppel Y, Kahn ML. Prominence of the Instability of a Stabilizing Agent in the Changes in Physical State of a Hybrid Nanomaterial. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2454-2459. [PMID: 32893945 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shaping ability of hybrid nanomaterials is a key point for their further use in devices. It is therefore crucial to control it. To this end, it is necessary that the macroscopic properties of the material remain constant over time. Here, we evidence by multinuclear Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic study including 17 O isotope exchange that for a ZnO-alkylamine hybrid material, the partial carbonation of amine into ammonium carbamate molecules is behind the conversion from highly viscous liquid to a powdery solid when exposed to air. This carbonation induces modification and reorganization of the organic shell around the nanocrystals and affects significantly the macroscopic properties of the material such as it physical state, its solubility and colloidal stability. This study, straightforwardly extendable, highlights that the nature of the functional chemical group allowing connecting the stabilizing agent (SA) to the surface of the nanoparticles is of tremendous importance especially if the SA is reactive with molecules present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Spataro
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, University of Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Champouret
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, University of Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Coppel
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, University of Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Myrtil L Kahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, University of Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
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Jang W, Yun J, Ludwig L, Jang SG, Bae JY, Byun H, Kim JH. Comparative Catalytic Properties of Supported and Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles in Homocoupling Reactions. Front Chem 2020; 8:834. [PMID: 33195039 PMCID: PMC7533535 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes strategies to increase the reactive surfaces of integrated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by employing two different types of host materials that do not possess strong electrostatic and/or covalent interactive forces. These composite particles are then utilized as highly reactive and recyclable quasi-homogeneous catalysts in a C-C bond forming reaction. The use of mesoporous TiO2 and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, particles allows for the formation of relatively small and large guest AuNPs and provides the greatly improved stability of the resulting composite particles. As these AuNPs are physically incorporated into the mesoporous TiO2 (i.e., supported AuNPs) and PNIPAM particles (i.e., encapsulated AuNPs), their surfaces are maximized to serve as highly reactive catalytic sites. Given their increased physicochemical properties (e.g., stability, dispersity, and surface area), these composite particles exhibit notably high catalytic activity, selectivity, and recyclability in the homocoupling of phenylboronic acid in water and EtOH. Although the small supported AuNPs display slightly faster reaction rates than the large encapsulated AuNPs, the apparent activation energies (Ea) of both composite particles are comparable, implying no obvious correlation with the size of guest AuNPs under the reaction conditions. Investigating the overall physical properties of various composite particles and their catalytic functions, including the reactivity, selectivity, and Ea, can lead to the development of highly practical quasi-homogeneous catalysts in green reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Energy Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jaehan Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Luke Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Su Guan Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hongsik Byun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
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Tieu P, Nguyen V, Shon YS. Proximity Effects of Methyl Group on Ligand Steric Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Palladium Nanoparticles. Front Chem 2020; 8:599. [PMID: 32754577 PMCID: PMC7381309 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle catalysts functionalized with small, well-defined organic ligands are important because such systems can provide a spatial control in the catalyst-substrate interactions. This article describes the synthesis, stability, and catalytic property evaluations of four different Pd nanoparticles capped with constitutional isomers of pentanethiolate ligands that have either a straight chain or an alkyl chain with one methyl group at different locations (α, β, or γ from the surface-bound sulfur). The structure and composition analyses of Pd nanoparticles confirm that they have similar average core sizes and organic ligand contents. The presence of methyl group at α position is found to lower the capping ability of short ligands and thus make Pd nanoparticles to lose their colloidal stability during the catalytic reactions. The overall activity and selectivity for hydrogenation and isomerization of pentene and allylbenzene derivatives are investigated for each combination of ligand and substrate. Catalysis results indicate that steric interactions between the ligands on the metal catalyst surface and the alkene substrates are a factor in controlling the activity of Pd nanoparticles. In particular, Pd nanoparticles capped with pentanethiolate isomer having a methyl group at α position exhibit poor and inconsistent catalytic activity due to its low colloidal stability. The presence of a methyl group at β position mildly interferes the adsorption of alkene group on the nanoparticle surface resulting in lower conversion yields. Interestingly, a methyl group at γ position only has a minimal effect on the catalytic property of Pd nanoparticles exhibiting similar catalysis results with Pd nanoparticles capped with straight chain pentanethiolate ligands. This indicates the proximity of steric group at the reactive site controls the nanoparticle activity for surface oriented reactions, such as hydrogenation and isomerization of alkenes in addition to their colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Keck Energy and Materials Research Program, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
- Keck Energy and Materials Research Program, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
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Mahdaly M, Zhu JS, Nguyen V, Shon YS. Colloidal Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrogenation of Styrene Derivatives with Reactive Functional Groups. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20819-20828. [PMID: 31858068 PMCID: PMC6906945 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the catalysis investigation of octanethiolate-capped palladium nanoparticles (C8 PdNP) and phenylethanethiolate-capped palladium nanoparticles (PhC2 PdNP) for chemoselective catalytic hydrogenation reactions of styrene derivatives in the presence of other reducible functionalities. The results show that the C8 PdNP is highly active under mild reaction conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure) and selective for hydrogenating monosubstituted alkene groups without reducing other reactive functional groups such as nitro, halo, carbonyls, and so forth. In comparison, the noncovalent interactions between surface phenyl ligands and aromatic substrates are found to hinder the hydrogenation activity of PhC2 PdNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed
A. Mahdaly
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Keck Energy Materials Program, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Keck Energy Materials Program, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Keck Energy Materials Program, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Keck Energy Materials Program, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California 90840, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 562-985-4466. Fax: 562-985-8547
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Abstract
Biomolecule-nanoparticle hybrids have proven to be one of most promising frontiers in biomedical research. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the development of hybrid lipid-nanoparticle complexes (HLNCs) which inherit unique properties of both the inorganic nanoparticles and the lipid assemblies (i.e. liposomes, lipoproteins, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions) that comprise them. In combination of their component parts, HLNCs also gain new functionalities which are utilized for numerous biomedical applications (i.e. stimuli-triggered drug release, photothermal therapy, and bioimaging). The localization of nanoparticles within the lipid assemblies largely dictates the attributes and functionalities of the hybrid complexes and are classified as such: (i) liposomes with surface-bound nanoparticles, (ii) liposomes with bilayer-embedded nanoparticles, (iii) liposomes with core-encapsulated nanoparticles, (iv) lipid assemblies with hydrophobic core-encapsulated nanoparticles, and (v) lipid bilayer-coated nanoparticles. Herein, we review the properties of each hybrid and the rational design of HLNCs for biomedical applications as reported by recent investigations. Future directions in advancing and expanding the scope of HLNCs are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vargas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840-9507, USA
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840-9507, USA
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