1
|
Monterrey DT, Ayuso-Fernández I, Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Design and biocatalytic applications of genetically fused multifunctional enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108016. [PMID: 35781046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins, understood as those created by joining two or more genes that originally encoded independent proteins, have numerous applications in biotechnology, from analytical methods to metabolic engineering. The use of fusion enzymes in biocatalysis may be even more interesting due to the physical connection of enzymes catalyzing successive reactions into covalently linked complexes. The proximity of the active sites of two enzymes in multi-enzyme complexes can make a significant contribution to the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. However, the physical proximity of the active sites does not guarantee this result. Other aspects, such as the nature and length of the linker used for the fusion or the order in which the enzymes are fused, must be considered and optimized to achieve the expected increase in catalytic efficiency. In this review, we will relate the new advances in the design, creation, and use of fused enzymes with those achieved in biocatalysis over the past 20 years. Thus, we will discuss some examples of genetically fused enzymes and their application in carbon‑carbon bond formation and oxidative reactions, generation of chiral amines, synthesis of carbohydrates, biodegradation of plant biomass and plastics, and in the preparation of other high-value products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianelis T Monterrey
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Contente ML, Marzuoli I, Iding H, Wetzl D, Puentener K, Hanlon SP, Paradisi F. Screening methods for enzyme-mediated alcohol oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3019. [PMID: 35194101 PMCID: PMC8864024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation for the generation of carbonyl groups, is an essential reaction for the preparation of fine chemicals. Although a number of chemical procedures have been reported, biocatalysis is a promising alternative for more sustainable and selective processes. To speed up the discovery of novel (bio)catalysts for industrial applications, efficient screening approaches need to be established. Here, we report on an enzyme-mediated alcohol oxidation screening platform to rapidly detect the activities and selectivities of three classes of biocatalysts; ketoreductases (KREDs), alcohol oxidases (AlcOXs) and laccase-mediator systems (LMSs) with diverse substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina L Contente
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Marzuoli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Wetzl
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Puentener
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven P Hanlon
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Process Chemistry and Catalysis (PCC), Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan Z, Han Y, Fu Y, Zhang X, Xu M, Na Q, Zhuang W, Qu X, Ying H, Zhu C. Investigating the Structure‐Reactivity Relationships Between Nicotinamide Coenzyme Biomimetics and Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuotao Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoying Han
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Na
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Qu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drenth J, Yang G, Paul CE, Fraaije MW. A Tailor-Made Deazaflavin-Mediated Recycling System for Artificial Nicotinamide Cofactor Biomimetics. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11561-11569. [PMID: 34557329 PMCID: PMC8453485 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphorylated form NADP are crucial cofactors for a large array of biocatalytically important redox enzymes. Their high cost and relatively poor stability, however, make them less attractive electron mediators for industrial processes. Nicotinamide cofactor biomimetics (NCBs) are easily synthesized, are inexpensive, and are also generally more stable than their natural counterparts. A bottleneck for the application of these artificial hydride carriers is the lack of efficient cofactor recycling methods. Therefore, we engineered the thermostable F420:NADPH oxidoreductase from Thermobifida fusca (Tfu-FNO), by structure-inspired site-directed mutagenesis, to accommodate the unnatural N1 substituents of eight NCBs. The extraordinarily low redox potential of the natural cofactor F420H2 was then exploited to reduce these NCBs. Wild-type enzyme had detectable activity toward all selected NCBs, with K m values in the millimolar range and k cat values ranging from 0.09 to 1.4 min-1. Saturation mutagenesis at positions Gly-29 and Pro-89 resulted in mutants with up to 139 times higher catalytic efficiencies. Mutant G29W showed a k cat value of 4.2 s-1 toward 1-benzyl-3-acetylpyridine (BAP+), which is similar to the k cat value for the natural substrate NADP+. The best Tfu-FNO variants for a specific NCB were then used for the recycling of catalytic amounts of these nicotinamides in conversion experiments with the thermostable ene-reductase from Thermus scotoductus (TsOYE). We were able to fully convert 10 mM ketoisophorone with BAP+ within 16 h, using F420 or its artificial biomimetic FOP (FO-2'-phosphate) as an efficient electron mediator and glucose-6-phosphate as an electron donor. The generated toolbox of thermostable and NCB-dependent Tfu-FNO variants offers powerful cofactor regeneration biocatalysts for the reduction of several artificial nicotinamide biomimetics at both ambient and high temperatures. In fact, to our knowledge, this enzymatic method seems to be the best-performing NCB-recycling system for BNAH and BAPH thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Drenth
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guang Yang
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Q, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Synthesis of proteogenic amino acid-based NAD analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Laccase and Tyrosinase Biosensors Used in the Determination of Hydroxycinnamic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4811. [PMID: 34062799 PMCID: PMC8125614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have focused on developing simple and efficient methods based on electrochemical biosensors to determine hydroxycinnamic acids from various real samples (wine, beer, propolis, tea, and coffee). Enzymatic biosensors represent a promising, low-cost technology for the direct monitoring of these biologically important compounds, which implies a fast response and simple sample processing procedures. The present review aims at highlighting the structural features of this class of compounds and the importance of hydroxycinnamic acids for the human body, as well as presenting a series of enzymatic biosensors commonly used to quantify these phenolic compounds. Enzyme immobilization techniques on support electrodes are very important for their stability and for obtaining adequate results. The following sections of this review will briefly describe some of the laccase (Lac) and tyrosinase (Tyr) biosensors used for determining the main hydroxycinnamic acids of interest in the food or cosmetics industry. Considering relevant studies in the field, the fact has been noticed that there is a greater number of studies on laccase-based biosensors as compared to those based on tyrosinase for the detection of hydroxycinnamic acids. Significant progress has been made in relation to using the synergy of nanomaterials and nanocomposites for more stable and efficient enzyme immobilization. These nanomaterials are mainly carbon- and/or polymer-based nanostructures and metallic nanoparticles which provide a suitable environment for maintaining the biocatalytic activity of the enzyme and for increasing the rate of electron transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin Apetrei
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galaţi, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santi N, Morrill LC, Swiderek K, Moliner V, Luk LYP. Transfer hydrogenations catalyzed by streptavidin-hosted secondary amine organocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1919-1922. [PMID: 33496282 PMCID: PMC8330412 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, the streptavidin-biotin technology was applied to enable organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation. By introducing a biotin-tethered pyrrolidine (1) to the tetrameric streptavidin (T-Sav), the resulting hybrid catalyst was able to mediate hydride transfer from dihydro-benzylnicotinamide (BNAH) to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and some of its aryl-substituted analogues was found to be nearly quantitative. Kinetic measurements revealed that the T-Sav:1 assembly possesses enzyme-like behavior, whereas isotope effect analysis, performed by QM/MM simulations, illustrated that the step of hydride transfer is at least partially rate-limiting. These results have proven the concept that T-Sav can be used to host secondary amine-catalyzed transfer hydrogenations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Santi
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis C Morrill
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Swiderek
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weusthuis RA, Folch PL, Pozo-Rodríguez A, Paul CE. Applying Non-canonical Redox Cofactors in Fermentation Processes. iScience 2020; 23:101471. [PMID: 32891057 PMCID: PMC7479625 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation processes are used to sustainably produce chemicals and as such contribute to the transition to a circular economy. The maximum theoretical yield of a conversion can only be approached if all electrons present in the substrate end up in the product. Control over the electrons is therefore crucial. However, electron transfer via redox cofactors results in a diffuse distribution of electrons over metabolism. To overcome this challenge, we propose to apply non-canonical redox cofactors (NRCs) in metabolic networks: cofactors that channel electrons exclusively from substrate to product, forming orthogonal circuits for electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud A. Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline L. Folch
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Pozo-Rodríguez
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Post Office Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Richardson KN, Black WB, Li H. Aldehyde Production in Crude Lysate- and Whole Cell-Based Biotransformation Using a Noncanonical Redox Cofactor System. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8898-8903. [PMID: 34306803 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to biosynthesize industrially important aldehydes, which are readily consumed by the numerous alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) in cells. In this work, we demonstrate that a nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+)-dependent redox cofactor cycling system enables aldehyde accumulation in Escherichia coli crude lysates and whole cells. By specifically delivering reducing power to a recombinant enoate reductase, but not to endogenous ADHs, we convert citral to citronellal with minimal byproduct formation (97-100% and 83% product purity in crude lysate- and whole cell-based biotransformation, respectively). We envision the system's universal application to lowering the noise in biomanufacturing by silencing the host's metabolic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N. Richardson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2700, United States
| | - William B. Black
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2700, United States
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2700, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spano MB, Tran BH, Majumdar S, Weiss GA. 3D-Printed Labware for High-Throughput Immobilization of Enzymes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8480-8488. [PMID: 32502347 PMCID: PMC9096805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In continuous flow biocatalysis, chemical transformations can occur under milder, greener, more scalable, and safer conditions than conventional organic synthesis. However, the method typically involves extensive screening to optimize each enzyme's immobilization on its solid support material. The task of weighing solids for large numbers of experiments poses a bottleneck for screening enzyme immobilization conditions. For example, screening conditions often require multiple replicates exploring different support chemistries, buffer compositions, and temperatures. Thus, we report 3D-printed labware designed to measure and handle solids in multichannel format and expedite screening of enzyme immobilization conditions. To demonstrate the generality of these advances, alkaline phosphatase, glucose dehydrogenase, and laccase were screened for immobilization efficiency on seven resins. The results illustrate the requirements for optimization of each enzyme's loading and resin choice for optimal catalytic performance. Here, 3D-printed labware can decrease the requirements for an experimentalist's time by >95%. The approach to rapid optimization of enzyme immobilization is applicable to any enzyme and many solid support resins. Furthermore, the reported devices deliver precise and accurate aliquots of essentially any granular solid material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States of America
| | - Brandan H. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States of America
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-3900, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-3958, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu D, Wen Z, Li C, Hu B, Zhang T, Li J, Wu M. Characterization of a robust glucose 1-dehydrogenase, SyGDH, and its application in NADPH regeneration for the asymmetric reduction of haloketone by a carbonyl reductase in organic solvent/buffer system. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
12
|
Guarneri A, Westphal AH, Leertouwer J, Lunsonga J, Franssen MCR, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F, Berkel WJH, Paul CE. Flavoenzyme‐mediated Regioselective Aromatic Hydroxylation with Coenzyme Biomimetics. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Guarneri
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Adrie H. Westphal
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Jos Leertouwer
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
| | - Joy Lunsonga
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Diederik J. Opperman
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. H. Berkel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University Bornse Weilanden 9 Wageningen 6708 WG The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629 HZ The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang R, Chen H, Upp DM, Lewis JC, Zhang YHPJ. A High-Throughput Method for Directed Evolution of NAD(P) +-Dependent Dehydrogenases for the Reduction of Biomimetic Nicotinamide Analogues. ACS Catal 2019; 9:11709-11719. [PMID: 34765284 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineering flavin-free NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenases to reduce biomimetic nicotinamide analogues (mNAD+s) is of importance for eliminating the need for costly NAD(P)+ in coenzyme regeneration systems. Current redox dye-based screening methods for engineering the mNAD+ specificity of dehydrogenases are frequently encumbered by a background signal from endogenous NAD(P) and intracellular reducing compounds, making the detection of low mNAD+-based activities a limiting factor for directed evolution. Here, we develop a high-throughput screening method, NAD(P)-eliminated solid-phase assay (NESPA), which can reliably identify mNAD+-active mutants of dehydrogenases with a minimal background signal. This method involves (1) heat lysis of colonies to permeabilize the cell membrane, (2) colony transfer onto filter paper, (3) washing to remove endogenous NAD(P) and reducing compounds, (4) enzyme-coupled assay for mNADH-dependent color production, and (5) digital imaging of colonies to identify mNAD+-active mutants. This method was used to improve the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+). The best mutant obtained after six rounds of directed evolution exhibits a 50-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K M) and a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg on NMN+, which is comparable to the wild-type enzyme on its natural coenzyme, NADP+. The engineered dehydrogenase was then used to construct an NMNH regeneration system to drive an ene-reductase catalysis. A comparable level of turnover frequency and product yield was observed using the engineered system relative to NADPH regeneration by using the wild-type dehydrogenase. NESPA provides a simple and accurate readout of mNAD+-based activities and the screening at high-throughput levels (approximately tens of thousands per round), thus opening up an avenue for the evolution of dehydrogenases with specific activities on mNAD+s similar to the levels of natural enzyme/coenzyme pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David M. Upp
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yi-Heng P. Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
1,4-NADH Biomimetic Co-Factors with Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase (HLADH), Utilizing [Cp*Rh(bpy)H](OTf) for Co-factor Regeneration, Do in Fact, Produce Chiral Alcohols from Reactions with Achiral Ketones. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Catalysts Comment Article, we will present our latest published results [...]
Collapse
|
15
|
Kulig J, Sehl T, Mackfeld U, Wiechert W, Pohl M, Rother D. An Enzymatic 2-Step Cofactor and Co-Product Recycling Cascade towards a Chiral 1,2-Diol. Part I: Cascade Design. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:2607-2615. [PMID: 31244575 PMCID: PMC6582613 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases are of high interest for stereoselective syntheses of chiral building blocks such as 1,2-diols. As this class of enzymes requires nicotinamide cofactors, their application in biotechnological synthesis reactions is economically only feasible with appropriate cofactor regeneration. Therefore, a co-substrate is oxidized to the respective co-product that accumulates in equal concentration to the desired target product. Co-product removal during the course of the reaction shifts the reaction towards formation of the target product and minimizes undesired side effects. Here we describe an atom efficient enzymatic cofactor regeneration system where the co-product of the ADH is recycled as a substrate in another reaction set. A 2-step enzymatic cascade consisting of a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent carboligase and an alcohol dehydrogenase is presented here as a model reaction. In the first step benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde react to a chiral 2-hydroxy ketone, which is subsequently reduced by to a 1,2-diol. By choice of an appropriate co-substrate (here: benzyl alcohol) for the cofactor regeneration in the alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH)-catalyzed step, the co-product (here: benzaldehyde) can be used as a substrate for the carboligation step. Even without any addition of benzaldehyde in the first reaction step, this cascade design yielded 1,2-diol concentrations of >100 mM with optical purities (ee, de) of up to 99%. Moreover, this approach overcomes the low benzaldehyde solubility in aqueous systems and optimizes the atom economy of the reaction by reduced waste production. The example presented here for the 2-step recycling cascade of (1R,2R)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol can be applied for any set of enzymes, where the co-products of one process step serve as substrates for a coupled reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kulig
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Torsten Sehl
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Ursula Mackfeld
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Martina Pohl
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: BiotechnologyWilhelm-Johnen-Straße52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University, ABBtAachen Biology and Biotechnology52074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|